濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态

为了对濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态评价和预测,通过样地调查和数据统计,研究了秦岭冷杉种群的年龄结构、静态生命表及其与环境因子关系,运用时间序列模型预测了种群数量动态.结果表明,多数秦岭冷杉种群幼龄级个体数较少,中老龄个体数量较大,呈衰退趋势.仅处于低海拔地区的秦岭冷杉-木蓝-苔草群丛中的种群(D种群)由于立地条件较好,幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,种群稳定.不同秦岭冷杉种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管生境条件差异,但存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型;不同种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般Ⅲ～Ⅴ龄级死亡率较高.时间序列分析表明,在未来20、40和80年中,不同秦岭冷杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增后减的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.对影响秦岭冷杉种群增长的10个环境因子通过主成分分析(PCA)发现,乔木层盖度、土壤有机质含量和空气湿度对种群发挥有利影响,而人为干扰和光照强度对秦岭冷杉种群增长发挥不利影响.应充分利用秦岭冷杉性喜荫、耐寒、种子活力较强的特点,加强现有林分就地保护,重点是具有结实能力的中老龄个体;在阴坡地带,对林下灌木比较密集的群丛,通过砍灌、清理林下活地被物等抚育措施,为幼苗发育创造良好的环境条件;就地采种育苗,扩大人工种群.     

Isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci from Phaedranassa tunguraguae (Amaryllidaceae)

Phaedranassa tunguraguae is an endangered species endemic to Ecuador. Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched genomic library for this species. Levels of polymorphism were evaluated using a total of 31 individuals from a single natural population. An average of 14.1 alleles per locus was detected, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.387 to 0.903. All but one locus depart significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These loci are the first microsatellite primers isolated for Amaryllidaceae and will be utilized to investigate patterns of genetic variation of P. tunguraguae, which will contribute data relevant to the conservation of the species.     

濒危植物连香树种群结构与动态研究

以空间代替时间的方法调查了喇叭河自然保护区和宝兴县两个地区连香树种群的结构.绘制大小结构图,编制静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、消失率曲线和死亡率曲线,并进行种群动态谱分析.结果表明:两个地区连香树种群幼苗个体比例都比较大,但死亡率很高;存活曲线介于Deevey Ⅰ型和DeeveyⅡ型之间;消失率和死亡率曲线变化趋势一致;种群动态过程存在周期性,种群数量动态不仅受基波的影响,而且还显示出了小周期的波动.     

珍稀濒危植物桫椤种群结构与动态研究

采用空间序列代替时间变化的方法,对7个地段中的桫椤种群大小结构进行分析,运用C、K、m^*、m^*/m和Iδ5种聚集度指标测定不同地段内桫椤种群的空间分布格局及其动态,并根据植株个体点位图,考察桫椤种群在不同取样尺度上的空间分布格局.结果表明,不同地段中的桫椤种群结构存在增长型、稳定型、成熟型和衰退型4种类型;不同地段中的桫椤种群空间分布格局有所差异,表现为集群分布或随机分布;在桫椤种群生长过程中,分布格局从集群型向随机型转变;种群扩散型指数Iδ随取样尺度的增大而减小.     

稀有濒危植物贵州红山茶种群结构及数量动态变化的研究

贵州红山茶(Camellia kweichowensis)是红山茶组中稀有5室蒴果代表种之一,具有重要物种生物学意义和经济利用价值。为探索贵州红山茶物种稀有濒危原因,该文采用样方法与实测法调查,通过种群年龄结构和生存力分析,开展种群结构动态量化特征和未来发展趋势的研究。结果表明：(1)贵州红山茶原生植被具有亚热带湿润性常绿阔叶林典型特征,常绿落叶阔叶混交林占主体林分,华山松(Pinus armandii)+桦木(Betula luminifera)+枫香(Liquidambar formosana)+蓝果树(Nyssa sinensis)+山茶(Camellia sp.)+铃木(Eurya sp.)+木荷(Schima sp.)等针叶阔叶混交林常见。(2)贵州红山茶植物种群结构为增长型,以小树和中树龄级阶段植株为主体,占种群数量的73.02%;种群存活曲线Deevey-Ⅱ型特征明显,种群生命期望值在幼苗期达到最大值,死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势基本一致;种群幼苗库丰富但响应生境外的干扰敏感,幼苗存活至Ⅶ龄级植株概率陡降至36.17%,整体呈现“Ⅳ龄级前增长-Ⅳ龄级后衰退”的特点。(3)...     

濒危植物大花黄牡丹(Paeonia ludlowii)种群数量动态

运用种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了西藏特有的濒危植物大花黄牡丹种群数量动态过程。静态生命表和种群存活曲线反映出大花黄牡丹在树龄10a之前和20~25a之间分别经历了强烈的环境筛和竞争自疏,20a左右为其生理寿命,35a左右为极限寿命;大花黄牡丹种群的净增长率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,表现为衰退型种群;Leslie矩阵模型的模拟结果表明,在20a内种群幼苗数量和总数量呈现出下降趋势,下降了大约30%;大花黄牡丹种群存活表现为Deevey-Ⅰ型,早期个体死亡极高,幼龄苗木严重不足;现行种群数量主要是靠自身的萌蘖繁殖来维持。导致大花黄牡丹濒危的可能原因是大花黄牡丹的生物学特性以及人为干扰。     

Dry spots and wet spots in the Andean hotspot

Aim To explain the relationship between topography, prevailing winds and precipitation in order to identify regions with contrasting precipitation regimes and then compare floristic similarity among regions in the context of climate change. Location Eastern slope of the tropical Andes, South America. Methods We used information sources in the public domain to identify the relationship between geology, topography, prevailing wind patterns and precipitation. Areas with contrasting precipitation regimes were identified and compared for their floristic similarity. Results We identify spatially separate super‐humid, humid and relatively dry regions on the eastern slope of the Andes and show how they are formed by the interaction of prevailing winds, diurnally varying atmospheric circulations and the local topography of the Andes. One key aspect related to the formation of these climatically distinct regions is the South American low‐level jet (SALLJ), a relatively steady wind gyre that flows pole‐ward along the eastern slopes of the Andes and is part of the gyre associated with the Atlantic trade winds that cross the Amazon Basin. The strongest winds of the SALLJ occur near the ‘elbow of the Andes’ at 18° S. Super‐humid regions with mean annual precipitation greater than 3500 mm, are associated with a ‘favourable’ combination of topography, wind‐flow orientation and local air circulation that favours ascent at certain hours of the day. Much drier regions, with mean annual precipitation less than 1500 mm, are associated with ‘unfavourable’ topographic orientation with respect to the mean winds and areas of reduced cloudiness produced by local breezes that moderate the cloudiness. We show the distribution of satellite‐estimated frequency of cloudiness and offer hypotheses to explain the occurrence of these patterns and to explain regions of anomalously low precipitation in Bolivia and northern Peru. Floristic analysis shows that overall similarity among all circumscribed regions of this study is low; however, similarity among super‐humid and humid regions is greater when compared with similarity among dry regions. Spatially separate areas with humid and super‐humid precipitation regimes show similarity gradients that are correlated with latitude (proximity) and precipitation. Main conclusions The distribution of precipitation on the eastern slope of the Andes is not simply correlated with latitude, as is often assumed, but is the result of the interplay between wind and topography. Understanding the phenomena responsible for producing the observed precipitation patterns is important for mapping and modelling biodiversity, as well as for interpreting both past and future climate scenarios and the impact of climate change on biodiversity. Super‐humid and dry regions have topographic characteristics that contribute to local climatic stability and may represent ancestral refugia for biodiversity; these regions are a conservation priority due to their unique climatic characteristics and the biodiversity associated with those characteristics.     

湖南珍稀濒危植物——珙桐种群数量动态

在湖南省珙桐(Davidia involucrata)主要分布区八大公山和壶瓶山自然保护区设置了7个具有代表性的样地,采用样方法对珙桐群落的组成进行调查,研究珙桐种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和生存规律.结果表明:(1)两个保护区珙桐种群的径级结构和高度结构都近似于倒金字塔型,并且珙桐种群幼树死亡率高,珙桐种群有衰退迹象.(2)珙桐种群结构存在波动性,幼年阶段的个体数量少,并且多为萌生苗,实生苗很少;成年个体数量相对也较少,种群趋于Deevey的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型曲线之间.(3)珙桐种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第5龄级阶段出现一个高峰;珙桐种群的生存率单调上升,累计死亡率单调下降,生存率上升趋势前期低于后期,累计死亡率则相反.(4)珙桐种群具有前期稳定、中期锐减和后期衰退的特点.     

濒危树种五莲杨种群结构与动态特征

五莲杨（Populus wulianensis）为山东特有种,属于极小种群野生植物。以昆嵛山国家级自然保护区内的五莲杨种群为研究对象,旨在通过建立静态生命表,绘制种群存活曲线来描述其种群的结构特征,使用4个生存函数进行种群的生存分析,运用数量动态指数定量描述种群的数量动态特征,并采用谱分析方法揭示种群年龄结构更替过程的周期性和结构的波动性。结果表明：（1）五莲杨种群龄级结构呈基部极宽顶部狭窄的金字塔形,种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅲ型,幼龄个体数量丰富但存活率极低,种群增长性低;（2）死亡率和消失率曲线呈现"降低-增长-降低-增长"的复杂动态变化,种群在Ⅰ龄级死亡率最高;（3）生存分析表明该种群生存力低,具有前期锐减,中期和后期衰退的特点,呈现衰退特征;（4）种群数量动态指数显示种群呈增长趋势,但种群稳定性差且抗干扰能力弱;（5）谱分析表明该种群除受到基波影响外还受到个别小周期波动的显著影响。繁殖策略、有限的空间和资源是限制五莲杨种群增长的主要因素。建议对五莲杨种群进行原地保护的同时,通过输入实生苗防止种群在多个世代后因无性繁殖而导致抗性和遗传多样性降低。     

Population dynamics of endangered species in a transplanted montane meadow

Species turnover and mobility on a scale of 25 m² was studied in a montane meadow, which had been transplanted to a location 200 m away from the initial site in the Harz Mountains. The transplantation was performed to preserve this grassland area, which otherwise would have been destroyed by a road construction project. The frequency of 18 endangered species was recorded annually from 1992 to 1996 in 122 quadrats, having a size of 5 × 5 m and being arranged in a coherent block with a total area of 3,000 m². Many species showed considerable dynamics in settling in the quadrats.     

濒危树种庙台槭种群数量特征及动态分析

庙台槭(Acer miaotaiense Tsoong)为我国三级保护植物,是秦岭特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值。通过对庙台槭主要分布区野生资源进行调查,研究其种群的年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和死亡曲线,用动态指数(Vpi、Vpi')和时间序列模型预测其种群发展趋势。结果显示,庙台槭种群幼龄个体多,中龄和老龄个体少,其生存曲线呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示,庙台槭种群的存活率与径级表现出显著负相关,而种群死亡率曲线总体呈先下降后增加的趋势;种群数量动态分析显示,庙台槭种群整体结构处于增长型,在缺乏成年个体的情况下,种群对外部环境的抗干扰能力下降;时间序列预测发现,经过幼苗、幼树阶段,同一时间曲线的庙台槭种群数量在高径级所占比例略有增加,但高龄级个体相对较少;庙台槭分布地区的主要植被类型为落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林,但庙台槭个体受保护较少,人为活动及病虫害影响较大,天然更新困难,生存和保护状况不容乐观。     

濒危植物大花黄牡丹（Paeonia ludlowii）种群数量动态

运用种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了西藏特有的濒危植物大花黄牡丹种群数量动态过程。静态生命表和种群存活曲线反映出大花黄牡丹在树龄10a之前和20～25a之间分别经历了强烈的环境筛和竞争自疏,20a左右为其生理寿命,35a左右为极限寿命;大花黄牡丹种群的净增长率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,表现为衰退型种群;Leslie矩阵模型的模拟结果表明,在20a内种群幼苗数量和总数量呈现出下降趋势,下降了大约30%;大花黄牡丹种群存活表现为Deevey-Ⅰ型,早期个体死亡极高,幼龄苗木严重不足;现行种群数量主要是靠自身的萌蘖繁殖来维持。导致大花黄牡丹濒危的可能原因是大花黄牡丹的生物学特性以及人为干扰。     

Sesquiterpenoids from the Chinese endangered plant Manglietia aromatica

One new bourbonane-type (1) and one new cadinane-type (2) sesquiterpenoids, along with one known aromodendrane-type (3) and five known megastigmane-type (4–8) compounds, were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Manglietia aromatica, a Chinese endangered plant that has not been previously phytochemically investigated. The structures and absolute configurations of the new isolates, (1R,4S,5S,6S,7S,10S)-4-hydroxy-bourbon-8-one (1) and (1R,6S,7S)-1-hydroxy- cadin-4,9-dien-8-one (2), were established by means of spectroscopic methods and a combination of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Among the isolates, compound 2 was found to show a moderate inhibitory effect against the human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B) enzyme, a target for the treatment of type-II diabetes and obesity, with an IC₅₀ value of 83.5 μM.     

江西武夷山珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群动态与空间分布

明晰江西武夷山国家级自然保护区内180年生的珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉(Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis)的种群特征,并提出针对性的保护策略,对南方铁杉种群的就地保护具有现实意义。通过分析保护区内6.4 hm~2动态监测固定样地的南方铁杉种群数据,编制了静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线、死亡率和消失率曲线、生存函数曲线,采用了时间序列模型对种群数量特征进行未来预测;同时,运用点格局分析Ripley′s K函数中的成对相关函数g(r)判断不同生长阶段的南方铁杉种群在不同尺度下的空间分布格局。结果表明：(1)南方铁杉种群的年龄结构呈“金字塔”型,属于衰退型种群;各龄级间的数量变化动态关系显示该种群在当前阶段呈增长型,但是种群的天然更新能力较差;(2)南方铁杉种群的存活曲线表现为Deevey-I型,种群个体在进入生理死亡阶段后产生一定的波动;(3)南方铁杉种群的生存率随龄级增加而逐渐下降,累积死亡率逐渐递增;死亡密度整体偏低,在第1—2龄级较高,总体波动幅度较小;危险率曲线总体呈现上升的趋势;(4)在经过不同龄级的时间后,南方铁杉幼龄树数量降低,中龄树和老龄树数量持平...     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉群落数量特征及其动态

对石人山自然保护区秦岭冷杉群落特征和动态进行了研究,结果表明:秦岭冷杉群落共有种子植物61种,分属27科40属,群落垂直结构简单,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。秦岭冷杉和华山松种群大、中胸径的个体占绝对优势,幼苗、幼树较少,属于衰退种群;湖北花楸小、中胸径的个体占优势,属于进展种群。通过聚类分析,将秦岭冷杉群落分为5个群丛类型:①秦岭冷杉 湖北花楸-山刺玫-结缕草群丛;②秦岭冷杉 华山松-秀雅杜鹃-藜芦群丛;③秦岭冷杉 血皮槭-黄刺玫-野菊群丛;④秦岭冷杉 华山松-箭竹-牛蒡群丛;⑤秦岭冷杉 锐齿栎-箭竹-水芹群丛。5个群丛类型均处于动态变化中,种群恢复应实行就地保护,减少人为干扰,促进天然更新。     

长白山区濒危植物朝鲜崖柏种群数量特征及动态

朝鲜崖柏为国家二级重点保护植物,是长白山区特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值.在对朝鲜崖柏主要分布区野生资源进行调查基础上,首次利用个体基径和年龄数据建立不同群落朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构、静态生命表和生存函数,用动态指数和时间序列分析预测其种群发展趋势.结果表明: 朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构呈“∩”型,属衰退型;分布于暗针叶林下的朝鲜崖柏种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,纯林群落种群趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型;种群生存分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的生存函数呈现不规则的波动状态,种群分布表现为早期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的动态特征,纯林群落中,种群分布表现为早期稳定、中期增长、后期缓慢衰退的特点;动态指数和时间序列分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的衰退速度略高于纯林群落.综合分析表明,朝鲜崖柏种群具有一定的恢复能力,应适当采取人工抚育,促进其种群正常更新.     

濒危植物单性木兰种群径级结构和生命表分析

单性木兰是我国特有的濒危植物。对广西北部木论自然保护区内的单性木兰代表种群进行调查,分析其种群径级结构和存活曲线,编制了静态生命表。结果表明:雄株与雌株的比例约1.06:1,幼苗和幼树在种群中占有较大的比重,单性木兰种群的径级结构呈非典型的金字塔型分布,为稳定型种群;存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,种群在两个低龄级Ⅰ和Ⅲ出现相对较高的死亡高峰,死亡率分别为0.23和0.35,而高径级趋于稳定。