Aerobic batch degradation of phenol using immobilized Pseudomonas putida

Alginate concentrations between 2 and 4% had little effect on the degradation rate of phenol by alginate-immobilized Pseudomonas putida. Ten-degree shifts from 25°C resulted in approximately 30% slower degradation. Maximal degradation rates were favored at pH 5.5–6.0. The response of degradation rate to increased air flow in the bubble column used was almost linear and an optimal higher than 16 vol vol⁻¹ was indicated, although free cells appeared in the reaction medium above 12 vol vol⁻¹. When the initial phenol concentration was raised, degradation rate was not significantly affected until levels higher than 1200 mg ml⁻¹ where performance was markedly reduced. Increasing the ratio of total bead volume to medium volume gave progressively smaller increases in degradation rate. At a medium volume to total bead volume ratio of 5:1, the maximum degradation rate was 250 mg L⁻¹ h⁻¹. Received 24 November 1998/ Accepted in revised form 27 January 1999     

纳米零价铁耦合假单胞菌协同高效降解五氯苯

【背景】氯苯类化合物广泛应用于工业化合物的生产,由于其具有高毒性和环境持久性的特点,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重威胁,寻找高效降解这类化合物的新方法成为研究热点。【目的】将纳米零价铁与假单胞菌耦合,探究其在好氧条件下对五氯苯的降解效果和降解机理。【方法】建立纳米零价铁和假单胞菌降解五氯苯的反应体系,通过测定各反应体系中五氯苯及其中间产物的浓度,以及观测细菌的生长状况变化等,分析反应体系的降解效果及其可能的降解机理。【结果】纳米零价铁耦合假单胞菌的反应体系相对于两者的单一体系表现出更好的降解效果,36h的降解率可达55.4%,反应过程符合伪一级反应动力学,速率常数为0.02048h~(-1)。根据GC-MS所测的中间产物推测,该体系的反应机理为纳米零价铁在好氧条件下反应产生羟基自由基,攻击五氯苯使其变为低氯苯类化合物,假单胞菌进一步利用这些低氯苯类化合物;同时,假单胞菌又为纳米零价铁提供附着位点,有效地降低了纳米零价铁的聚集性,提高了反应活性。【结论】研究建立的纳米零价铁耦合假单胞菌反应体系对五氯苯具有较好的降解效果,为含有高氯代苯类等有机污染物的复杂环境的修复提供参考。     

Dynamics of phenol degradation by Pseudomonas putida

Pure cultures of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 17484) were grown in continuous culture on phenol at dilution rates of 0.074-0.085 h(-1) and subjected to step increases in phenol feed concentration. Three distinct patterns of dynamic response were obtained depending on the size of the step change used: low level, moderate level, or high level. During low level responses no accumulations of phenol or non-phenol, non-glucose-dissolved organic carbon, DOC(NGP), were observed. Moderate level responses were characterized by the transient accumulation of DOC(NGP) with a significant delay prior to phenol leakage. High level responses demonstrated a rapid onset of phenol leakage and no apparent accumulations of DOC(NGP). The addition of phenol to a continuous culture of the same organism on glucose did not result in transient DOC(NGP) accumulations, although transient phenol levels exceeded 90 mg l(-1). These results were consistent with intermediate metabolite production during phenol step tests coupled with substrate-inhibited phenol uptake and suggested that traditional kinetic models based on the Haldane equation may be inadequate for describing the dynamics of phenol degrading systems. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Simazine treatment history determines a significant herbicide degradation potential in soils that is not improved by bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas sp. ADP

AIMS: To study biological removal of the herbicide simazine in soils with different history of herbicide treatment and to test bioaugmentation with a simazine-degrading bacterial strain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Simazine removal was studied in microcosms prepared with soils that had been differentially exposed to this herbicide. Simazine removal was much higher in previously exposed soils than in unexposed ones. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and multivariate analysis showed that soils previously exposed to simazine contained bacterial communities that were significantly impacted by simazine but also had an increased resilience. The biodegradation potential was also related to the presence of high levels of the atz-like gene sequences involved in simazine degradation. Bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas sp. ADP resulted in an increased initial rate of simazine removal, but this strain scarcely survived. After 28 days, residual simazine removals were the same in bioaugmented and not bioaugmented microcosms. CONCLUSIONS: In soils with a history of simazine treatment bacterial communities were able to overcome subsequent impacts with the herbicide. The success of bioaugmentation was limited by the low survival of the introduced strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Conclusions from this work provided insights on simazine biodegradation potential of soils and the convenience of bioaugmentation.     

How induced cells of Pseudomonas sp. increase the degradation of caffeine

Decaffeination is an important process for the removal of caffeine from wastes generated by coffee and tea industries. Microbial degradation of caffeine is more useful than conventional chemical treatment because of its low cost and because it does not involve the use of toxic solvents. However, biodegradation of caffeine remains a problem because of the difficulty of finding a strain that can resist high concentration of caffeine in addition to be able to degrade caffeine at higher rates. In this study, we used the induced cells of Pseudomonas sp. for the degradation of caffeine. The induced cells (8 mg/ml) showed complete degradation of a initial concentration of caffeine of 1.2 g/l in 6 hours. The optimum pH was 7.0, the agitation rate was 180 rpm and the optimum temperature for degradation was 35 °C. Under these conditions and in the presence of magnesium, complete degradation of 1.2 g/l of caffeine was accomplished in 4 hours. Additional trials determined that induced cells completely degraded an initial concentration of caffeine of 10 g/l in 26 hours. This is the first report on a strain that can degrade high concentrations of caffeine (e.g., 10 g/l) at the maximum rate of 0.385 g/l per hour. These results suggest that the strain can be used to successfully in developing a biological process for the degradation of caffeine.     

Biodegradation of nicotine by newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. CS3 and its metabolites

Aims: Isolation and characterization of nicotine‐degrading bacteria with advantages suitable for the treatment of nicotine‐contaminated water and soil and detection of their metabolites. Methods and Results: A novel nicotine‐degrading bacterial strain was isolated from tobacco field soil. Based on morphological and physiochemical properties and sequence of 16S rDNA, the isolate was identified as Pseudomonas sp., designated as CS3. The optimal culture conditions of strain CS3 for nicotine degradation were 30°C and pH 7·0. However, the strain showed broad pH adaptability with high nicotine‐degrading activity between pH 6·0 and 10·0. Strain CS3 could decompose nicotine nearly completely within 24 h in liquid culture (1000 mg L^?1 nicotine) or within 72 h in soil (1000–2500 mg kg^?1 nicotine) and could endure up to 4000 mg L^?1 nicotine in liquid media and 5000 mg kg^?1 nicotine in soil. Degradation tests in flask revealed that the strain had excellent stability and high degradation activity during the repetitive degradation processes. Additionally, three intermediates, 3‐(3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐5‐yl) pyridine, 1‐methyl‐5‐(3‐pyridyl) pyrrolidine‐2‐ol and cotinine, were identified by GC/MS and NMR analyses. Conclusions: The isolate CS3 showed outstanding nicotine‐degrading characteristics such as high degradation efficiency, strong substrate endurance, broad pH adaptability, and stability and persistence in repetitive degradation processes and may serve as an excellent candidate for applications in the bioaugmentation process to treat nicotine‐contaminated water and soil. Also, detection of nicotine metabolites suggests that strain CS3 might decompose nicotine via a unique nicotine‐degradation pathway. Significance and Impact of the Study: The advantage of applying the isolated strain lies in broad pH adaptability and stability and persistence in repetitive use, the properties previously less focused in other nicotine‐degrading micro‐organisms. The strain might decompose nicotine via a nicotine‐degradation pathway different from those of other nicotine‐utilizing Pseudomonas bacteria reported earlier, another highlight in this study.     

Pseudomonas sp. RT-1低温脂肪酶的纯化及酶学特性

Pseudomonas sp. RT-1是从低温环境下分离的低温脂肪酶产生菌,对该菌产生的胞外脂肪酶(PL-1)进行纯化,并对其酶学特性进行初步研究。Pseudomonas sp. RT-1的发酵上清液经60%(NH4)2SO4沉淀、12~14000截留相对分子质量(MWCO)透析袋透析、Sephadex G75分子筛和超滤浓缩后,得到了电泳纯的P-L1。SDS-PAGE电泳估算其表观相对分子质量为4.43×104。对其酶学特性研究表明:PL-1是低温碱性脂肪酶且对有机溶剂的耐受性较好。10~40℃内有较好的催化活性,最适作用温度为18℃;0~50℃该酶的稳定性较好,当温度超过50℃时则容易失活;最适作用pH为10.2,且pH在9~11时较稳定;该酶对有机溶剂的耐受性较好,10mmol/L的Ca2+、K+、Na+和Fe3+对PL1的酶活力有促进作用,其中Ca2+促进作用最大,提高了146.07%,而10mmol/L的Cu2+、Co2+、Mn2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Ba2+和Al3+对酶活力具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中Al3+抑制作用最强,抑制了98.55%;PL-1对C链长度小于或等于12的短链脂肪酸形成的甘油三酯具有较强的水解能力;1mmol/L的去氧胆酸盐(desoxycholate)和0.01%的Triton X100对酶活力具有提高作用,分别提高了30.74%和11.83%;0.01%的SDS和Tween-80、1mmol/L的EDTA和尿素对酶活都有抑制作用,其中EDTA的抑制作用最大,抑制了80%。     

对硝基苯酚降解菌Pseudomonas sp. PDS-7的降解特性及 其降解相关基因的克隆

[目的]本研究的目的是分离对硝基苯酚(PNP)降解菌,研究其对PNP的降解特性;克隆其降解相关基因,并进行表达.[方法]本研究通过富集培养法和系列稀释平板涂布法分离PNP降解菌株;采用形态观察、生理生化特征测定和16S rDNA分析对菌株进行初步鉴定;通过摇瓶试验研究菌株降解特性;利用SEFA-PCR技术克隆降解相关基因,并亚克隆到表达载体pET29a中,构建重组表达质粒pETpnpC,再转入受体菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达;通过分光光度法测定表达产物的酶活力.[结果]分离到一株PNP降解菌PDS-7,将该菌株鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonassp.);该菌株能够以PNP作为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长,菌株对PNP的最高耐受浓度为80 mg/L,最适降解温度为30℃,偏碱性条件有利于菌株对PNP的降解;克隆了PNP降解过程中的偏苯三酚1,2-双加氧酶基因pnpC及马来酰醋酸还原酶基因pnpD(GenBank登陆号EU233791);将pnpC在E.coli BL21(DE3)菌株进行了诱导表达,表达产物对偏苯三酚和邻苯二酚均有邻位开环活性,比活力分别为0.45 U/mg protein和0.37 U/mg protein,表明偏苯三酚1,2-双加氧酶基因pnpC得到了活性表达.[结论]分离鉴定了一株PNP降解菌Pseudomonas sp.PDS-7,研究了该菌株的降解特性,克隆和表达了降解相关基因.     

Mineralization of phenol and its derivatives by Pseudomonas sp. strain CP4

A Pseudomonas sp. strain, CP4, was isolated that used phenol up to 1.5 g/l as sole source of carbon and energy. Optimal growth on 1.5 g phenol/l was at pH 6.5 to 7.0 and 30°C. Unadapted cells needed 72 h to decrease the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of about 2000 mg/l (from 1 g phenol/l) to about 200 mg/l. Adapted cells, pregrown on phenol, required only 65 h to decrease the COD level to below 100 mg/l. Adaptation of cells to phenol also improved the degradation of cresols. Cell-free extracts of strain CP4 grown on phenol or o-, m- or p-cresol had sp. act. of 0.82, 0.35, 0.54 and 0.32 units of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and 0.06, 0.05, 0.05 and 0.03 units of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, respectively. Cells grown on glucose or succinate had neither activity. Benzoate and all isomers of cresol, creosote, hydroxybenzoates, catechol and methyl catechol were utilized by strain CP4. No chloroaromatic was degraded, either as sole substrate or as co-substrate.The authors are with the Department of Microbiology and Bioengineering, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013, India     

假单胞菌菌株CTN-3对百菌清污染土壤的生物修复

百菌清被美国环境保护署列为优先控制污染物,利用微生物的降解作用修复被污染的土壤、清除环境中的污染物等具有重要的现实意义.假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)菌株CTN-3是一株从污染土壤中分离得到的百菌清降解菌,考察了其在实验室条件下对百菌清污染土壤的生物修复能力及其影响因素.结果表明:降解菌株在灭菌土壤中的降解效果略好于未灭菌土壤;在外源添加降解菌106 CFU·g-1、温度15 ～ 30℃和pH5.8～8.3条件下,该菌株能有效降解土壤中10 ～200 mg·kg-1的百菌清.菌株CTN-3在百菌清污染土壤的生物修复中具有良好的应用前景.     

Influence of phenol on the biodegradation of pyridine by freely suspended and immobilized Pseudomonas putida MK1

AIMS: To study the effect of co-contaminants (phenol) on the biodegradation of pyridine by freely suspended and calcium alginate immobilized bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: Varying concentrations of phenol were added to free and calcium alginate immobilized Pseudomonas putida MK1 (KCTC 12283) to examine the effect of this pollutant on pyridine degradation. When the concentration of phenol reached 0.38 g l(-1), pyridine degradation by freely suspended bacteria was inhibited. The increased inhibition with the higher phenol levels was apparent in increased lag times. Pyridine degradation was essentially completely inhibited at 0.5 g l(-1) phenol. However, immobilized cells showed tolerance against 0.5 g l(-1) phenol and pyridine degradation by immobilized cell could be achieved. CONCLUSIONS: This works shows that calcium alginate immobilization of microbial cells can effectively increase the tolerance of P. putida MK1 to phenol and results in increased degradation of pyridine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Treatment of wastewater stream can be negatively affected by the presence of co-pollutants. This work demonstrates the potential of calcium alginate immobilization of microbes to protect cells against compound toxicity resulting in an increase in pollutant degradation.     

Prevalence of monochloroacetate degrading genotypes among soil isolates of Pseudomonas

This study reports the isolation of Pseudomonas sp strains with monochloroacetate (MCA) degradation function, from uncontaminated soil, and the use of Southern blot hybridization technique to detect MCA degrading catabolic genes and their divergence. Based on their capacity to remove Cl^- from MCA in a minimal medium containing 185 ppm Cl^-, the strains were classified into three groups: poor degraders (Cl^- release between 0–15 ppm), medium degraders (Cl^- release between 16–30 ppm), and high degraders (Cl^- release between 31–45 ppm).We have applied a gene probe assay for determining the diversity of MCA degradative genotypes of 61 strains. Two different gene probes, dehCI and dehCII were used in Southern blot hybridization assays. Majority of the DNA samples that produced signals on the membrane blots (18 out of 24)hybridized with only dehCI DNA probe, while 6strains hybridized with only dehCII probe. On the other hand, 37 isolates did not hybridize to either of the gene probes used. The results indicated the high specificity of the DNA hybridization method and the divergence of metabolic functions and/or genotypes among the native MCA-degrading Pseudomonas sp. populations in the soil. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Degradation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate by Pseudomonas sp. BN9

Abstract The aerobic degradation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate by Pseudomonas sp. BN9 was studied. Intact cells of Pseudomonas sp. BN9 grown with 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate oxidized 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate but not salicylate. Cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas sp. BN9 converted 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate after the addition of NAD(P)H. A partially purified protein fraction converted 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate with NADH to 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene was converted by a 1,2-dioxygenase to maleylpyruvate, which was reduced by a NADH-dependent enzyme to 3-oxoadipate. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate 1-monooxygenase, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene 1,2-dioxygenase and maleylpyruvate reductase were induced in Pseudomonas sp. BN9 after growth with 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate.     

假单胞菌S-2降解甲胺磷性能的研究

从甲胺磷生产车间分离到一株假单胞菌编号为S-2。S-2可利用甲胺磷为唯一氮源,但不能利用甲胺磷为唯一磷源。该文对S-2体内具有的降解甲胺磷的酶类进行了研究,初步断定：S-2可代谢产生酸性磷酸酶,主要在胞外降解甲胺磷。S-2在甲胺磷诱导的情况下,这些降解酶类可大量聚积。用诱导过的菌液降解甲胺磷比未经诱导的快了2d左右。     

Effect of temperature and additional carbon sources on phenol degradation by an indigenous soil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonad</Emphasis>

A new indigenous soil bacterium Pseudomonas sp. growing on phenol and on a mixture of phenol, toluene, o-cresol, naphthalene and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene (1,2,3-TMB) was isolated and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested its classification to Pseudomonadaceae family and showed 99.8% DNA sequence identity to Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes species. The isolate was psychrotroph, with growth temperatures ranging from ca. 0 to 40 °C. The GC–MS structural analysis of metabolic products of phenol degradation by this microorganism indicated a possible ortho cleavage pathway for high concentrations (over 200 mg L^–1) of phenol. Biodegradation rates by this species were found to be three times more effective than those previously reported by other Pseudomonas strains. The effect of temperature on phenol degradation was studied in batch cultures at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40°C and different initial phenol concentrations (up to 500mgL^–1). Above 300mgL^–1 of initial phenol concentration no considerable depletion was recorded at both 10 and 40°C. Maximum degradation rates for phenol were recorded at 30°C. The biodegradation rate of phenol was studied also in the presence of additional carbon sources (o-cresol, toluene, naphthalene, 1,2,3-TMB) at the optimum growth temperature and was found significantly lower by a factor of eight in respect to the strong competitive inhibition between the substrates and the more available sources of carbon and energy. The Haldane equation =_m S/(K_S+S+S²/K_I) was found to best fit the experimental data at the optimum temperature of 30°C than the Monod equation with kinetic constants _m=0.27h^–1, K_S=56.70mgL^–1, K_I=249.08mgL^–1.     

Isolation and characterization of a novel simazine-degrading bacterium from agricultural soil of central Chile, Pseudomonas sp. MHP41

s -Triazine herbicides are used extensively in South America in agriculture and forestry. In this study, a bacterium designated as strain MHP41, capable of degrading simazine and atrazine, was isolated from agricultural soil in the Quillota valley, central Chile. Strain MHP41 is able to grow in minimal medium, using simazine as the sole nitrogen source. In this medium, the bacterium exhibited a growth rate of μ=0.10 h⁻¹, yielding a high biomass of 4.2 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹. Resting cells of strain MHP41 degrade more than 80% of simazine within 60 min. The atzA, atzB, atzC, atzD, atzE and atzF genes encoding the enzymes of the simazine upper and lower pathways were detected in strain MHP41. The motile Gram-negative bacterium was identified as a Pseudomonas sp., based on the Biolog microplate system and comparative sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis allowed the differentiation of strain MHP41 from Pseudomonas sp. ADP. The comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses suggested that strain MHP41 is closely related to Pseudomonas nitroreducens and Pseudomonas multiresinovorans . This is the first s -triazine-degrading bacterium isolated in South America. Strain MHP41 is a potential biocatalyst for the remediation of s -triazine-contaminated environments.     

Silica-immobilized Methylobacterium sp. NP3 and Acinetobacter sp. PK1 degrade high concentrations of phenol

Aims: To immobilize Methylobacterium sp. NP3 and Acinetobacter sp. PK1 to silica and determine the ability of the immobilized bacteria to degrade high concentrations of phenol. Methods and Results: The phenol degradation activity of suspended and immobilized Methylobacterium sp. NP3 and Acinetobacter sp. PK1 bacteria was investigated in batch experiments with various concentrations of phenol. The bacterial cells were immobilized by attachment to or encapsulation in silica. The encapsulated bacteria had the highest phenol degradation rate, especially at initial phenol concentrations between 7500 and 10 000 mg l^?1. Additionally, the immobilized cells could continuously degrade phenol for up to 55 days. Conclusions: The encapsulation of a mixed culture of Methylobacterium sp. NP3 and Acinetobacter sp. PK1 is an effective and easy technique that can be used to improve bacterial stability and phenol degradation. Significance and Impact of the Study: Wastewater from various industries contains high concentrations of phenol, which can cause wastewater treatment failure. Silica‐immobilized bacteria could be applied in bioreactors to initially remove the phenol, thereby preventing phenol shock loads to the wastewater treatment system.     

Degradation of o-toluate by Pseudomonas sp. strain WR401

Abstract A Pseudomonas sp. strain WR401 was isolated for growth on 3-, 4-, and 5-methylsalicylate. The organism was capable of growth on o -toluate. The data on enzyme activities in cell-free extracts, DHB dehydrogenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, as well as the cooxidation of the substrate analog 2-chlorobenzoate yielding 3-chlorocatechol indicated a pathway for o -toluate degradation through 6-methyldihydrodihydroxybenzoate, 3-methylcatechol and further through the meta -pathway. In contrast to other toluate dioxygenating enzymes found in m - and p -toluate degrading organisms, strain WR401 was able to dioxygenate a wider range of chlorobenzoates including 2-chlorobenzoate.