内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟蒙古族3个群体5项舌运动类型的研究

1997年9月在内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟调查了947例蒙古族3个群体（厄鲁特蒙古族、巴尔虎蒙古族、布里亚特蒙古族）的卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌形状。研究表明：（1）呼盟蒙古族能卷舌（80.86%）、能尖舌（77.30%）者超过半数,能叠舌（4.86％）、能翻舌（29.25%）、能三叶舌（28.62%）的人较少。（2）除尖舌外,其它4种舌型均不存在性别间的差异。（3）5种舌运动类型间多相关关系。（4）3个群体翻舌出现率具有明显的差异,而另外4项舌运动类型多不存在差异。（5）与其他群体比较,呼盟蒙古族卷舌出现率较高,翻舌出现率较低。     

内蒙古达斡尔族舌运动类型的遗传学研究

调查了内蒙古达斡尔族舌运动类型（卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌）,共480例（男239例,女241例）。研究结果显示：（1）卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌出现率分别为80．42％、4．58％、31．25％、81．88％、31．46％;（2）卷舌、三叶舌出现率存在性别间明显差异;（3）卷舌基因与翻舌、三叶舌基因间存在互作关系,翻舌基因与叠舌、尖舌、三叶舌基因间存在互作关系;（4）卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、三叶舌的出现率存在民族间或种族间差异。     

广东客家人5项舌运动类型的人类学研究

应用随机群体抽样方法对广东梅州地区203例客家人(其中男68例,女135例)的卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌5项体质人类学指标进行调查,与国内外族群资料进行比较,分析了5项指标间的相互关系。结果显示,1)广东客家人卷舌率为63.05%,叠舌率为6.90%,翻舌率为34.48%,尖舌率为67.98%,三叶舌率为3.45%。与国内族群比较,广东客家人卷舌率较低,叠舌率中等,翻舌率较高,尖舌率较低,三叶舌率低。2)广东客家人舌运动类型出现率与四川邛崃汉族最为接近,具有南方族群的特征。3)广东客家人只有卷舌-翻舌间存在着相关。卷舌基因与叠舌基因是相互独立的。     

四川凉山彝族舌运动类型的人类学研究

调查了314例（男204例,女116例）彝族中学生的5项舌运动类型（卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌）。结果表明：1）彝族卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌出现率分别为：73．57％、8．28％、22．29％、72．93％、1．59％。5种舌运动类型的出现率男女性别间均无显著性差畀;2）5项舌运动间相关性较小;3）尖舌基因与卷舌、翻舌基因均存在相关性,三叶舌与叠舌基因相关;4）聚类分析表明,彝族的舌运动类型与独龙族、布依族、仫佬族最为接近。     

内蒙古达斡尔族舌运动类型的遗传学研究

调查了内蒙古达斡尔族舌运动类型（卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌）,共480例（男239例,女241例）。研究结果显示：(1) 卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌出现率分别为80.42％、4.58％、31.25％、81.88％、31.46％;(2) 卷舌、三叶舌出现率存在性别间明显差异;(3) 卷舌基因与翻舌、三叶舌基因间存在互作关系,翻舌基因与叠舌、尖舌、三叶舌基因间存在互作关系;(4) 卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、三叶舌的出现率存在民族间或种族间差异。 Abstact:　A sample of 480 cases (239 males, 241 females) of Daur nationality in Inner Mongolia was investigated on 5 tongue moving types including rolling, folding, twisting, pointed and clover-leaf tongues. The results revealed as follows: The freqencies of rolling, folding, twisting, pointed and clover-leaf tongues were 80.42%, 4.58%, 31.25%, 81.88%, and 31.46%, respectively. Significant sexual difference was showed in the frequency of rolling and clover-leaf tongues. Furthermore, some genetic interaction occured between twisting tongue and the other 4 tongue moving types, rolling tongue and clover-leaf tongue, respectively. The 5 tongue moving types but pointed tongue showed national or racial difference.     

内蒙古三个民族舌运动类型的遗传学研究

调查了内蒙古汉、蒙古、回族舌运动类型(卷舌、翻舌、叠舌、三叶舌与尖舌),共716例。研究结果显示:各种舌运动类型出现率性别间均无显著性差异;卷舌基因分别与叠、翻、尖、三叶舌基因间存在着互相作用关系,卷舌基因对叠舌基因是隐性上位基因,对翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌基因是修饰基因;内蒙古3个民族间卷、叠、尖舌出现率接近。本文首次调查并研究了尖舌性状。尖舌在过去国内外文献中未见报道。 Abstract:The tongue moving types(including tongue rolling,tongue twisting,tongue folding,clover-leaf tongue and pointed tongue)of 716 cases of Han,Mongol and Hui nationalities in Inner Mongolia were investigated.The results showed that no difference in the frequencies of various tongue moving types between male and female and that the frequencies of rolling,folding and pointed tongue were close to each other among the three nationalities of Inner Mongolia.However,some interactions between genes were revealed,that the rolling gene is a recessive epistatic gene to folding gene and a modifier gene to twisting,pointed and clover-leaf gene respectively.The research on pointed tongue in this paper has never been reported in China and abroad.     

湖南2个民族5种舌运动类型的研究

报道了湖南侗族328(男150,女178)例和苗族321(男164,女157)例的卷舌、三叶舌、叠舌、尖舌和翻舌各类型的出现率。研究显示,2个民族的卷舌和尖舌频率在国内民族中处于偏低水平,而三叶舌出现率在国内民族中处于偏高水平,同时侗族是一个翻舌能力较强的群体;5种舌运动类型中,除三叶舌外,均表现出明显的民族间差异,但只有尖舌出现率同时在2个民族中表现出明显的性别差异; 5种舌运动类型间相关程度较高。     

兴安盟3个民族5种舌运动类型的研究

人类舌头的一些特殊运动类型(如卷舌、叠舌)是人类群体遗传学的重要指标。国外学者在该方面的研究较早较多[1—3],国内学者近年也已开始涉足该领域[4—6]。本文首次对我国内蒙古兴安盟的3个民族的5种舌运动类型进行调查研究,以探讨其分布频率及特征间相关联系。1　对象与方法于1998年9月测试人员在内蒙古兴安盟乌兰浩特市当地中学进行了卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌的调查,共获有效资料1852例。受试者身体健康,无残疾,11—20岁,其父母均为同一民族。调查遵照学术界公认的方法进行。2　结果与讨论21　各舌运动类型的出现率比较3个民族5种…     

河北回族舌运动类型的研究

目的：对河北回族舌运动类型进行研究,为人类群体遗传学研究提供资料。方法：调查前先向被调查者示范各种舌运动类型,并嘱咐其练习后进行调查。结果：得出了舌运动类型的统计结果：卷舌与非卷舌、翻舌与非翻舌群体中其他舌运动类型的出现频率。结论：河北沧州回族卷舌与非卷舌基因和翻、叠、尖3种舌运动类型基因间分别存在相互作用关系,翻舌基因分别与叠、尖舌基因间均不存在相互作用关系。     

鄂尔多斯蒙古族、汉族4项人类遗传学指标的研究

报道了内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区508例蒙古族人（男223例,女285例）和461例汉族人（男233例,女228例）的蒙古褶,上眼睑皱褶,铲型门齿和耳垂的出现率。调查结果显示：1）有蒙古褶率蒙古族为97．84％,汉族为97．83％,有上眼睑皱褶率蒙古族为81．69％,汉族为85．25％, 有铲型门齿率蒙古族为91．54％,汉族为88．72％;有耳垂率蒙古族为83．86％,汉族为82．86％;2）有蒙古褶率蒙古族汉族均存在性别间的羞异,有耳垂率汉族存在性别间差异;3）4项指标间无相关关系;4）蒙古族与汉族间蒙古褶出现率存在极显著差异。     

白暨豚的舌

在现代生存的四类淡水豚中,恒河豚(Platanista gangetica)和拉河豚(Pontoporia blain-villei)的舌已有详文报道(Arvy和Pilleri,1970;Yamasaki等,1976a)。亚河豚(Iniageoffrend)的舌也在Yamasaki的文章中作为和上述二种淡水豚舌的比较而述及。白暨豚(Liptes vexillifer)的舌除陈宜瑜等(1975)曾提及外,迄今未有其他报道。鉴此,作者对白暨豚的舌作了解剖学和组织学的观察,现将研究结果报告如下: 白暨豚舌的标本取自幼体、亚成体、成体和老年个体等七头个体。为了比较,还收集了亚河豚、其它海豚类和陆生哺乳类的舌。用10％甲醛固定保存,各项量度根据固定标本测量。白暨豚舌的外形描述以NNC 7909号标本为主,以其它个体的观察为辅。其组     

Brief communication: two-rooted lower canines--a European trait and sensitive indicator of admixture across Eurasia

With the exception of Carabelli's trait, the European dentition is better known for the morphological traits that it does not exhibit rather than the ones that it does. One root trait, however, runs counter to the characterization of reduced and simplified European crowns and roots. Although a rare trait in general, two-rooted lower canines are much more common in Europeans than in any other regional grouping and, given adequate sample sizes, can be useful in evaluating gene flow between Europeans and neighboring groups. In European samples, two-rooted lower canines consistently exhibit frequencies of 5-8%. In our sample from northern Spain, the trait attains a frequency of almost 10%. In contrast, in Sub-Saharan Africans the trait is virtually unknown while in Asian and Asian-derived populations, it varies between 0.0 and 1.0%. Here we show that two-rooted canine frequencies for new migrants along the western frontiers of China and Mongolia ranged from 0-4%. These data suggest European-derived populations migrated into western China (Xinjiang Province) and Mongolia (Bayan Olgii Aimag) sometime during the late Bronze age (1000-400 BCE).     

三种舌运动类型遗传方式的研究 Studies of Hereditary Mode on Three Tongue Moving Types

采用Penrose先证者同胞法和分离分析方法对72个家系资料的分析表明：卷舌、尖舌均为常染色体单基因显性遗传,阳性为显性性状;翻舌为常染色体单基因隐性遗传,阳性为隐性性状。虽然环境因素对这类特征的表现也有一定的影响,但遗传因素仍起主要作用。 Abstract:The data of 72 families were analyzed by the method of proband′s sib and the method of segregation analysis.The results showed that the hereditary mode of rolling tongue or pointed tongue is the dominant heredity of single gene of autosome,and the positive type of them is the dominant character;Twisting tongue is the recessive heredity of single gene of autosome,while the positive type is the recessive character.Present study suggested,although environmental might affect these characters,hereditary factors seemed to be dominant.     

Polymer principles and protein folding.

This paper surveys the emerging role of statistical mechanics and polymer theory in protein folding. In the polymer perspective, the folding code is more a solvation code than a code of local phipsi propensities. The polymer perspective resolves two classic puzzles: (1) the Blind Watchmaker's Paradox that biological proteins could not have originated from random sequences, and (2) Levinthal's Paradox that the folded state of a protein cannot be found by random search. Both paradoxes are traditionally framed in terms of random unguided searches through vast spaces, and vastness is equated with impossibility. But both processes are partly guided. The searches are more akin to balls rolling down funnels than balls rolling aimlessly on flat surfaces. In both cases, the vastness of the search is largely irrelevant to the search time and success. These ideas are captured by energy and fitness landscapes. Energy landscapes give a language for bridging between microscopics and macroscopics, for relating folding kinetics to equilibrium fluctuations, and for developing new and faster computational search strategies.     

Transferrin types in different ethnic groups of the USSR and Mongolia

Transferrin (TF) subtypes were studied in 7 different populations from the Soviet Union (Buryats, Russians, Koreans, Kirghizes and Pamirians) and in 3 different populations from Mongolia. The frequency of the C2 gene varied between 10.4% in Pamirians and 27.4% in Koreans and was generally higher in populations of Mongoloid origin. The frequency of the C3 gene was found to be very low (nonpolymorphic) in the Mongoloid groups, but it was also low (1.5%) in Russians. Rare B and D variants were found in 7 populations. The highest D frequencies were found in the Mongoloid populations.     

4 anthroposcopic markers in the Northern Greece population: hand folding, arm folding, tongue rolling and tongue folding

Four anthroposcopic traits, namely hand clasping, arm folding, tongue rolling and tongue curling have been studied in a total of 7763 individuals from Thessaloniki and its surroundings, representing a sample of the population of Northern Greece. The statistical analysis of the data indicates significant sex differences only concerning tongue rolling. The frequencies obtained for the four traits under study are compared with data from the literature.