Occurrence of Falcarinol and Falcarindiol In Tomato Plants after Infection with Verticillium albo-atrum and Characterization of Four Phytoalexins by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Falcarinol and falcarindiol were isolated from tomato vascular tissue infected with Verticillium albo-atrum and identified. Separation and characterization of trimethylsilyl derivatives of four tomato phytoalexins could be obtained by capillary gas chromatographymass spectrometry. We are most grateful to Dr. P. J. G. M. de Wit , Agricultural University, Wageningen, to Dr. D. T. Coxon , Food Research Institute, Norwich and to Dr. M. S. Kemp , Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol for making their analytical data available for us. Also thanks are due to Miss J. I. Liem , Mr. G. Verweij and C. Loriaux for their assistance.     

Observations on the fine structure of a methane-oxidizing bacterium

Structural details of membranes, intracellular organelles, and the cell wall of a methane-utilizing bacterium identified as aMethylomonas sp. were studied by electron microscopy. The cell wall structure is similar to that found in other gram-negative bacteria. The cytoplasmic membrane shows invaginations, presumably forming the internal membrane bundles. Two types of polar organelles were encountered. In older cells myelin-like structures were observed. Under certain cultural conditions bleb-formation and possibly accumulation of reserve materials occurred. We wish to thank Mrs. M. H. Bakker-van der Velden, Mrs. W. H. Batenburgvan der Vegte and Miss J. C. de Bruyn for making the electron microscopical preparations and photographs. Thanks are due to Mr R. S. M. Revell of the Philips E. M. Application Laboratory, Eindhoven, for the photographs with the goniometer attachment.     

Some properties ofAchromatium oxaliferum

Studies on cells harvested from the natural habitat showed thatA. oxaliferum is gram-negative and catalase-negative. Electron micrographs of carefully fixed cells revealed the presence of peritrichously arranged appendages with a minimum thickness of 90 Å as well as capsular slime. The hypothesis is advanced that the gliding motility ofAchromatium is caused by peritrichous bacterial flagella beating in a slime layer that surrounds the cell.The skillful help of Mrs. W. M. Batenburg, Miss J. van Hooidonk, Mr. B. Oosterman and Mr. H. W. G. Meesters is gratefully acknowledged.     

Paramagnetic ion effects on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of transfer ribonucleic acid: assignment of the 15--48 tertiary resonance.

We have studied the effects of Co2+ and Mn2+ ions on the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of pure class 1 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) species. With 1.2 mM tRNA in the presence of 15 mM MgCl2 discrete paramagnetic effects were observed for Co2+ at concentrations in the range 0.02--0.1 mM and for Mn2+ in the range 0.002--0.01 mM, indicating fast exchange of these cations with tRNA. Both of these cations paramagnetically relax the s4U8--A14 resonance as well as other resonances from proximal base pairs. The Co2+ site appears to be the same site on G15 which was observed crystallographically [Jack, A., Ladner, J. E., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., & Klug, A. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 111, 315-328]; the initially occupied tight Mn2+ site is the cation site involving the phosphate of U8. There are three base pairs within 10 A of both sites, namely, G15--C48, A14--s4U8, and C13--G22; this has led to the assignment of the G15--C48 and C13--G22 resonances in the NMR spectrum [Jack, A., Ladner, J. E., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., & Klug, A. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 111, 315--328; Holbrook, S. R., Sussman, J. L., Warrant, R. W., Church, G. M., & Kim, Sung-Hou (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 2811--2820; Quigley, G. J., Teeter, M. M., & Rich, A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 64--68].     

Hyphomicrobia and the oxidation of manganesse in aquatic ecosystems

Biogenic manganese deposits from freshwater pipelines in many parts of the world have been examined chemically and microbiologically. For chemical analysis to indicate the nature of the deposit the sampling procedure must ensure that the biogenic deposit is not contaminated by abiogenic material. Hyphomicrobium is abundant in manganese deposits from world-wide location but it is not the only manganese-oxidizing bacterium. The difficulties of assessing the relative importance of hyphomicrobia and other manganese bacteria, and of formulating satisfactory culture media, are discussed.Examination of accredited deposits and laboratory cultures suggests that some hyphomicrobia preferentially oxidize manganese rather than iron.I gratefully acknowledge all those persons and institutions who supplied samples of manganese deposits, and in particular The Hydro-Electric Commission, Tasmania; The Snowy Mountains Authority; Northern Electricity Authority of Queensland; Miss I. J. Powling, State Rivers and Water Supply Commission, Victoria; Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works; Mr. G. E. Hollis, New Zealand Electricity Department; Mr. J. Henderson, North-West Gloucestershire Water Boards, and Mrs. K. Ormerod, Norsk Institut for Vannforskning. I thank Mrs. P. M. Scarborough, Mr. R. Buckney for technical assistance, and the Australian Research Grants Committee for a grant.     

The rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland of the freshwater and marine alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)

Summary In the alewife the orohypophyseal duct, a remnant of Rathke's pouch, persists in adults as a tube passing from the rostral pars distalis to the pharyngeal region. Its lumen is not open to the buccal cavity. The prolactin cells are situated around the bifurcations of this duct in the rostral pars distalis. Contents from prolactin cells, such as granules, nuclei, mitochondria and Golgi structures were found in these bifurcations. These contents were indistinguishable from those of intact prolactin cells. Evidence of actual release into the duct was often noted. At the presumptive point of release, the cells lining the lumen separate and the contents, probably of an entire prolactin cell, are extruded. The cilia usually found at the point of extrusion arise from prolactin cells. The prolactin cells of freshwater fish were more heavily granulated than those from a marine environment. Prolactin cells of fish entering freshwater streams were not heavily granulated but showed evidence of increased activity. Granule size was not affected by salinity. The ACTH cells are arranged in bands along branches of the neurohypophysis in the rostral pars distalis. No differences in ACTH cells from fish of different salinities were noted.We would like to thank Mr. D. D. Zumwalt of the John G. Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, Dr. E. D. Warner, Mr. R. L. Flayter, Dr. J. G. Stanley of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Mr. L. Wells of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Lakes Fisheries Laboratory, Ann Arbor, and Mr. L. N. Flagg of the Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Maine, for their assistance in obtaining the fish used in this study. Dr. T. N. Tahmisian and Mr. G. T. Chubb of Argonne National Laboratories, and Dr. L. M. Srivastava and Dr. V. Bourne of Simon Fraser University, Canada, kindly made electron microscope facilities available. Finally, we wish to thank Mr. W. Goossens and Mr. D. J. DeJong for valuable assistance. This project was supported by a grant from the National Marine Fisheries Service.     

A genetical and biochemical study of chlorate-resistant mutants ofSalmonella typhimurium

S.typhimurium can form nitrate reductase A, chlorate reductase C, thiosulfate reductase, tetrathionate reductase and formic dehydrogenase. None of these enzymes are formed in chlorate-resistant mutants. Conjugation experiments showed the presence of a strong linkage between thechl andgal markers of the bacterial chromosome. By deletion mapping the gene ordernic A aro G gal bio chl D uvr B chl A was found. Strains with deletions terminating betweenbio anduvr B or betweenuvr B andchl A have a number of aberrant properties. Though resistant against chlorate they reduce nitrate and form gas. After growth with nitrate they form less nitrate reductase than the wild type which may explain the resistance against chlorate. After growth with thiosulfate they form small amounts of thiosulfate reductase and chlorate reductase C. In crosses between anE.coli Hfrchl ⁺ strain and aS.typhimurium chl A strain recombinants were obtained, forming nitrate reductase A and chlorate reductase C. These recombinants do not form gas, which indicates that thechl ⁺ gene fromE.coli does not function normally inS.typhimurium.The author is very gratefull to Miss C. W. Bettenhaussen, Miss W. M. C. Kapteijn and Mr. K. Pietersma for technical assistance. Helpfull suggestions of Dr. P. van de Putte (Medical Biological Laboratory of the National Defence Organization TNO, Rijswijk) are gratefully acknowledged.     

A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of myelination in the optic nerve of suckling rats treated with an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis

Summary The effect of AY-9944, an inhibitory cholesterol biosynthesis, on the myelination of the optic nerve of rats was studied. Suckling rats were injected intraperitoneally with the drug every other day from birth, and were sacrificed at 10, 20 and 30 days of age together with littermate controls. The analysis is based on counting, at the electron-microscope level, the number of unmyelinated axons and the number of myelin lamellae surrounding each myelinating axon. The results indicate that a decrease in endogenous cholesterol by AY 9944, induced an overall retardation of the myelination process in the optic nerve: a larger proportion of myelinated axons and smaller number of myelin lamellae around the myelinating axons, when compared with the littermate controls, was observed. Exogenous cholesterol from the maternal milk did not compensate for a lack in endogenous cholesterol.Degenerating myelin sheaths were frequently seen in the experimental optic nerves at 20 and 30 days of age. Numerous membranous, intracytoplasmic drug-induced inclusions were found at all ages studied. Acknowledgements. The author is particularly indebted to Dr. B. G. Uzman and Dr. G. M. Villegas for their valuable discussion and suggestions. He wishes also to thank Mr. F. Paredes, Mr. J. Aristimuño and Miss Marcia Escala for their technical assistance; Mr. J. Bigorra for the photographic aid, and Miss Sonia Rodríguez for her secretarial help.     

Subcellular location of the tetrapyrrole synthesis enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase in higher plants: an immunological investigation

A recombinant plasmid, pArab8, harbouring the cDNA encoding the mature form of the tetrapyrrole synthesis enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (EC 4.3.1.8; also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase) from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. has been constructed, and used to transform Escherichia coli. The porphobilinogen deaminase protein from Arabidopsis was overexpressed in this strain, and purified to homogeneity (3000-fold) with a yield of 20%. Antibodies were raised against the purified plant enzyme, and used in Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation of enzyme activity and immuno-gold electron microscopy. The results indicate that the enzyme is confined to plastids in both leaves and roots. The implications of this finding for plant tetrapyrrole synthesis are discussed.Abbreviations DEAE diethylaminoethyl - FPLC fast protein liquid chromatography - PBG porphobilinogen This work was supported by Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) and Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) grants to P.M.J. and an AFRC grant to A.G.S. The protein sequencing was carried out by Mr Lawrence Hunt of the SERC MRI Protein Sequencing Unit (Director Dr M.G. Gore) at Southampton University. We acknowledge the Wellcome Foundation for financial support of the Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Facility at the University of Cambridge, where the oligonucleotide primers were synthesised.     

Graph theoretical analysis of the phytosociological structure of plant communities: An application to mixed forest

Summary A sampling method, compatible with the theory elaborated in the previous paper, was used to investigate the mixed-forest community of a woodlot in Southern Ontario. The results provide an illustration of the graph theoretical methods developed for the elucidation of a community's phytosociological structure. Certain conjectures about the community are tested and it is found that Goodall's hypothesis concerning the nature of a plant community is supported. The tests also show that the vegetation of the study area forms a single natural grouping despite the disparity of the position ofAcer saccharum and the polarity evident among the other tree species.Nomenclature follows Gleason (1952).From a thesis submitted to the University of Toronto in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.I wish to thank Dr. G. A. Yarranton for his ideas and helpful supervision, and my father for his advice and encouragement. Thanks ag also due to Miss J. E. Ellard and Mr. S. Roy who helped prepare the figures. This research has been supported by a National Research Council of Canada and by NRCC grant A-2910.     

NMR studies of ion binding to Escherichia coli tRNAPhe

The effects of magnesium, spermine, and temperature on the conformation of Escherichia coli tRNAPhe have been examined by proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the low-field proton NMR spectra we have characterized two slowly interconverting conformations of this tRNA at low magnesium ion concentrations. The relative proportion of the conformers is ion dependent but not ion specific. Magnesium affects protons in all the stems of tRNA while spermine effects are localized near the s4U-8-A-14 and G-15-C-48 tertiary bonds. The effects seen in the proton NMR spectra are compared and correlated with those observed in the phosphorus spectra to give assignments of some of the resolved signals from the phosphate groups. The phosphorus spectra are compared with those of yeast tRNAPhe [Gorenstein, D. G., Goldfield, E. M., Chen, R., Kovar, K., & Luxon, B. A. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 2141; Salemink, P. J. M., Reijerse, E. J., Mollevanger, L., & Hilbers, C. W. (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. 115, 635], and the ion effects are discussed with reference to the magnesium and spermine sites found in the crystal structures of yeast tRNAPhe [Holbrook, S. R., Sussman, J. L., Warrant, R. W., Church, G. M., & Kim, S.-H. (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 2811; Quigley, G. J., Teeter, M. M., & Rich, A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 64; Jack, A., Ladner, J. E., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., & Klug, A. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 111, 315].     

Microspectrofluorometric identification of formaldehyde induced fluorescence in hypothalamic nuclei of Xenopus laevis tadpoles

Summary To identify the monoamine (s) produced in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in these hypothalamic structures was analysed by microspectrofluorometric techniques. Reference values were obtained by recording excitation and emission spectra of fluorescence in monoamine containing protein models. The maxima of the excitation and emission spectra, both under normal conditions and after treatment with HCl vapour, indicate the presence of dopamine. Based on a number of emission spectra, the PVO and NID might also contain serotonin. With regard to the functional significance of dopamine produced in the hypothalamic nuclei, it may be concluded that the catecholamine is probably identical with the melanotropin inhibiting factor (MIF).The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. P.G.W.J. van Oordt for his stimulating interest and support. The skillful assistance and valuable contributions of Miss A. G. Fennema and Miss M.G.A. de Bruyn are gratefully acknowledged. Many thanks are due to Prof. Dr. A. Oksche for the opportunity of performing measurements on fluorescence, during a visit to his institute (Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie, Gießen, BRD). The measurements were carried out by Dr. H.-G. Hartwig, whose help and advice are highly appreciated.     

Lateral connections between heart muscle cells as revealed by conventional and high voltage transmission electron microscopy

Summary The lateral surfaces of heart muscle cells are interconnected by a varied and extensive network of structures that exist in addition to intercalated discs. Ultrastructural images of this network are vastly improved over those from epoxy-embedded material, particularly for low density components, through the application of a method for removing the embedding matrix from thin or thick sections that are then stereoscopically analyzed with standard or high voltage transmission electron microscopy. The connections include cables, 3–20 nm in diameter, multi-strand cables, 10–40 nm-granules, meshlike mats, and sheets, all extensively interwoven. It is suggested that intercellular connections of varying strength and distribution aid in the integration of mechanical performance of the large population of myocytes during the contractile cycle of the heart.This study was supported by a grant from NIH Biotechnology Resources through the University of Colorado High Voltage E.M. Laboratory, NIH Research Grant HL 24336, a N.Y. Heart Association Grant-in-Aid, and NIH Research Career Development Award HL 00568I thank Dr. E.H. Sonnenblick for continual aid and encouragement and Dr. R. Terry, Ms. Y. Kress, and Ms. J. Fant for use of facilities. I also thank Dr. K.R. Porter for guidance in the use of the HVEM technique, Dr. J.J. Wolosewick and Dr. M. Fotino for valuable suggestions, and Ms. J. Fleming, Mr. G. Wray, and Mr. G. Charlie of HVEM staff at Boulder. I acknowledge Dr. F. Pepe for use of facilities, Dr. R. Bloodgood for comments, and Mrs. L. Cohen-Gould, Ms. T. Downey, Mr. F. Reingold, Mrs. T. Maio, and Mrs. R. Shamoon for excellent assistance     

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and computer-stimulated structural analyses of a heptapeptide sequence found around the N-glycosylation site of a proline-rich glycoprotein from human parotid saliva.

The proline-rich glycoprotein from human parotid saliva has a common heptapeptide sequence around four of six N-glycosylation sites (Maeda, N., H. S. Kim, E. A. Azen, and O. J. Smithies, 1985, J. Biol. Chem., 20:11123-11130). A synthetic model of the heptamer protein sequence, NH2-Q(1)-G(2)-G(3)-N(4)-Q(5)-S(6)-Q(7)-CONH2, was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the ECEPP/2-VAO4A (Empirical Conformation Energy Program for Peptides) energy minimization computer algorithm (Scheraga, H. A., 1982, Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange, 454; Powell, M. J. D., 1964, Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange, 60). The NMR spectrum was almost completely assigned in dimethylsulfoxide-d6 (DMSO), and the amide chemical shift temperature dependence, phi dihedral angles, and chi 1 rotamer populations elucidated. These data indicated that a significant population of the heptamer could exist as a type I beta-turn [4----1 between Q(5) and G(2)] and/or a type II' beta-turn [4----1 between (Q)5 and G(2) and/or a gamma-turn [3----1 between Q(5) and G(3)] with the amino acid chi 1 torsion angles weighted toward the gauche- conformation. Starting from these three possible conformations, the ECEPP/2-VAO4A rigid geometry energy minimization program was used to find the localized predominant in vacuo structures of this heptapeptide sequence. The type II' beta-turn conformation best fits the data based on internuclear hydrogen-bonding distances, minimum potential energy considerations, and the NMR parameters.     

The thyrotropin secreting basophils in the adenohypophysis of Anoptichthys jordani

Summary In order to identify the TSH cells in the pituitary gland of Anoptichthys jordani, the development of the adenohypophysial cell types was studied in relation with the differentiation of the thyroids. In addition experiments were performed in young and adult animals with propylthiouracil (PTU) and thyroxine. At the time of the first thyroid development two meso-adenohypophysial cell types in the pituitary gland of Anoptichthys jordani are distinctly differentiated: orangeophilic cells and Alcian Blue (AB)-positive basophils. Because thyroxine and PTU could evoke changes in activity of the latter but had no effect on the orangeophils, it is concluded that the angular AB-positive basophils in the meso-adenohypophysis of Anoptichthys are responsible for the TSH production. PTU and thyroxine were unable to affect TSH cell activity in adult animals.This study was partly supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).I wish to thank Prof. Dr. P. G. W. J. van Oordt for his constant interest and helpful suggestions. I am indebted also to Miss M. I. Willems and Miss Tjitske van Soelen, who both gave conscientious technical assistance and to Mr. E. van der Vlist for making the photographs.     

Age changes in the centrally and peripherally located sensory neurons in rat

Summary Lipofuscin pigment formation and distribution in the Mes. N.5 neurons, trigeminal and spinal ganglia of male Wistar rats of 2, 14, 32 and 49 months as an indication of aging has been investigated. These intraneuronal pigment granules are found as early as 2 months in all the cells, and continue to accumulate in all the cells in varying amounts until the first year of life. The different rate at which lipofuscin accumulates probably shows the difference in the maturation of the functionally related cells. At later stages the obvious findings are complex pigment body formation and localization of the pigment bodies either at one pole as seen in the Mes. N. 5 neurons or arranged submembranously parallel to the long axis of the cells in the ganglia. The vacuolated lipofuscin pigment bodies are bound by a double limiting membrane and among the vacuoles are found tubular membranous structures resembling residual mitochondrial substructures. These findings suggest a mitochondrial origin of lipofuscin, rather than a lysosomal. The intracellular pigment bodies seen in the perineuronal satellite cells of peripheral ganglia appear to be signs of removal of lipofuscin from the ganglion cells. Acknowledgements. We wish to thank Mr. J. Kirchhoff, Miss E. Heyder, Mr. W. Dresp and Mrs. M. del C. Weinrichter for the technical assistance, Mr. R. Dungan and Mrs. S. Ruelke for the photographic work. We are grateful to the DAAD and the Universitätsbund of the University of Göttingen for the financial assistance. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Grant No. G1 28, 16/17.DAAD fellow on leave from the Department of Anatomy, A.I.I.M.S., New Delhi 16, India.     

Torulopsis bombicola sp. n.

A new yeast species,Torulopsis bombicola, is described, that produces extracellular hydroxy fatty acid sophorosides. It utilizes relatively few carbon compounds. It forms a mannan having a proton magnetic resonance spectrum similar to the spectra of the galactomannans ofTorulopsis apis, Torulopsis nodaensis andT. magnoliae, but differing from those ofT. gropengiesseri galactomannan andT. apicola mannan.Issued as N.R.C.C. No. 11234.The authors wish to thank Mr. M. Mazurek for the determination of the p.m.r. spectra, and Mr. N. R. Gardner and Mr. R. J. Magus for valuable technical assistance.     

Structural interpretation of the amino acid sequence of a second domain from the Artemia covalent polymer globin

Artemia has a complex extracellular hemoglobin of Mr 260,000 comprising two globin chains (Mr 130,000) each of which is a polymer of eight covalently linked domains of Mr 16,000. The primary structure of this polymeric globin was studied to understand how globin folded domains are ordered within a globin chain and, in turn, how the latter associate into a functional hemoglobin molecule. Here we report the amino acid sequence of a second domain, E7 (Mr 16,081, excluding the heme), and interpretations of sequence data by computer-assisted alignment and modeling. This clearly shows that, as with domain E1 (Moens, L., Van Hauwaert, M.-L., De Smet, K., Geelen, D., Verpooten, G., Van Beeumen, J., Wodak, S., Alard, P., & Trotman, C. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4679-4685), domain E7 is compatible with a globin folded structure of the beta-type chain. Several specific differences of domains E7 and E1 from the classic globins are identified. They possibly can be interpreted in terms of specific requirements for a double octameric functional molecule.     

Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe: Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products , vol. 51. Founded by L. Z echmkister . Ed. by W. H erz , H. G risebach , G. W. K irby and C. T amm .
Immobilized Cells: Principles and Applications. By J. T ampion and M. D. T ampion .
Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, Volume 3. Case Histories: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and Palms. Ed. by J. M. B onga and D. J. D urzan .
Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Second Edition. Vol III. Magnoliales, Illiciales, and Law ales. By C. R. M etcalfe .
The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. By J anet I. S prent .     

Books

Books reviewed in this article: Adar , M. (ed.). 1993. Bird Sounds (in Hebrew) Baumel , J.J., King , AS., Breazile , J.E., Evans , H.E. & Van den Berge Bergman , H.-H. 1993. Der Buchfink. Born , E.G. & Flores , D. 1993. The Mississippi Kite. Bhushan , B., Fry , G., Hibi , A., Mundkur , T., Prawiradilaga , D.M., Sonobe , K. & Usui , S. 1993. Clement , P., Harris , A. & Davis , J. 1993. Finches & Sparrows. An identification guide. Crawley , M.J. 1993. GLIM for Ecologists. Methods in ecology series. Dowsett , R.J. & Forbes -Watson , A. 1993. Checklist of Birds of the Afrotropical and Malagasy Regions. Dowsett , R.J. & Dowsett -Lemaire , F. 1993. A Contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy Birds. Dvorak , M., Ranner . A. & Berg . H.-M. 1993. Atlas der Brutvögel Österreichs Glutz von Blotzheim , U.N. & Bauer , K.M. 1991. Handbuch der Vogel Mitteleuropas. Band 12/I and II: Passeriformes (3. Teil). Sylviidae. Harrison , C. & Greensmth , A. 1993. Birds of the World. Eyewitness Handbooks Hume , R. & Pearson , B. Seabirds. Martin , B. P. & Proud , A. 1993. Wildfowl of the British Isles and North-west Europe. Maclean , G.L. (ed.). 1993. Robert's Birds of Southern Africa. Mc Ferran , J.B. & Mc Nulty , M.S. (eds). Mc Gregor , P.K. (ed.). Mc Nicholl , K.M. & Cranmer -Byng , J.L. (eds). 1994. Ornithology in Ontario. Muñiz , A.M. & Rosello , E. (eds). 1993. Archaeornithology: Birds and the archaeological record. Archaeofauna (Revista de la Asociacion Española de Arqueozoología): 2. Norman , D. 1994. The Fieldfare. Ogilvie , M. & Pearson , B. 1994. Wildfowl Osing , H. 1993. Der Flußregenpfeifer (Charadrius dubius). Redig , P.T., Cooper , J.E., Remple , J.D. & Hunter Ryabitsev , V.K. 1993. Territorial Relationships and Bird Community Dynamics in the Subarctic (In Russian, English contents.) Schepers , F.J. & Marteijn , C.L. (eds). 1993. Coastal Waterbirds in Gabon. Smley , C.G. & Monroe , B.L., Jr . 1993. A Supplement to Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Monroe , B.L., Jr . & Sibley , C.G. 1993. A World Checklist of Buds. Whylde , A. 1993. Threatened Mammals, Birds, Amphibians and Fish in Ireland. Irish Red Data Book 2: Vertebrates. Alderton , D. 1993. The Handbook of Cage and Aviary Birds. Boutin , J. 1993. Les Oiseaux de Camargue. Bransbury , J. 1992. Where to Find Birds in Australia. Camphuysen , C.J., Ensor , K., Furness , R.W., Garthe , S., Hüppop , O., Leaper , G., Offringer , H. & Tasker , M.L. 1993. Seabirds Feeding on Discards in Winter in the North Sea: Final report to the European Commission. Castroviejo , J. 1993. Mappa del Parque nacional de Doñana. Davis , S.M. & Ogden . J.C. (eds). 1994. Everglades: The ecosystem and its restoration. Department of the Environment . 1994. Biodiversity: The UK action plan. Epple , W. 1993. Eulen: Die geheimnisvollen Vagel der Nacht. Ken-nenlernen, erleben, schützen. Fernández -Cordeiro , A. & Dominguez , J. (eds). 1991. Actas do Pri-meiro Congreso Galego de Ornitoloxía. Cursos e Congressos da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela no. Finlayson , C.M., Chuikov , Y.S., Prentice , R.C. & Fischer , W. (eds). 1993. Biogeography of the Lower Volga. Russia: An overview. Fisher , C. & Jones , P. (eds). 1993. Papers from the History of Ornithology Conference Gales , R. 1993. Co-operative Mechanisms for the Conservation of Albatross. Garcia , E. & Paterson , A. 1994. Where to Watch Buds in Southern Spain, Andalucía. Extremadura and Gibraltar. Grishchenko , V.N. & Skil's‘kii , I.V. (eds). 1994. Materials of the 1st Conference of Young Ornithologists Ukraine, March 46.1994, Lutsk (in Russian). Library of journal “Berkut” 1. Holden , P. & Langman , M. 1994. Migrants and Migration. Kaufman , J. & Meng , H. 1992. Falcons Return. Keller , C.E. & Keller , T.C. 1993. Birds of Indianapolis: A guide to the region. Mc Eneaney , T. 1993. The Birder's Guide to Montana. Merritt , J.F. & Hannakan , C.J. (eds). 1992. Guide to Biological Field Stations: Directory of members Meschini , E. & Frugis , S. (eds). 1993. Atlante degli uccelli nidificanti in Italia. Supplemento alle Ricerche di Biologia deb Selvaggina. Nethercoat , I. & Langman , M. 1994. Bird Identification and Field Craft. Hamlyn Young Ornithologists' Guides Oman Bird Records Commitee . 1994. Oman Bird List. The official list of the birds of the Sultanate of Oman. Renno , K.O. (compiler). 1993. Eesti Linnutatlas: Eesti haudelindude levikuatlas. Sen -Hsiong Wu & Hsiou Yin Yang . 1991. A guide to the birds of Taiwan (in Chinese). Simpson , K. & Day , N. 1994. Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. The most complete one-volume book of identification. Thalmann , G. (ed.). 1994. Thorburn's Atlas of European Birds. Tomer , J.S. & Brodhead , M.J. (eds). 1992. A Naturalist in Indian Territory. The journals of S.W. Woodhouse, 1849–50. Watkins , D. 1993. A National Plan for Shorebird Conservation in Australia. Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network . 1993. Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network site profiles. World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge Wynne , G. 1994. Biodiversity Challenge: An agenda for conservation action in the UK.