甲醇营养型酵母表达外源蛋白的特点及策略

酵母作为一类外源基因的表达系统具有很多优点。它们属于单细胞生物,因而保留了细菌易于操作和生长快速的特点;另一方面,酵母具真核生物的亚细胞结构,故具有糖基化,脂肪酸化,蛋白质磷酸化等翻译后修饰功能。大部分重组蛋白的表达都是以酿酒酵母（Xic’,bar．oopcescerevisiae）作为宿主系统的,它的遗传背景及生理特性研究得较透彻。然而,Scerevl’siae表达重组蛋白有其局限性：如产量通常很低,自我复制表达型载体在细胞传代中不稳定,外源糖蛋白的过糖基化作用等。近年来,随着研究的深人,人们用其它的酵母菌株构建了高效稳定的…     

一种简便高效的酵母基因组提取方法

提取基因组进行检测是酵母研究过程中的必要步骤之一。以毕赤酵母菌株GS115作为研究对象,主要成分为0.2 mol/L醋酸锂和1% SDS的酵母裂解液能高效的裂解酵母细胞壁。与两种酵母基因组提取试剂盒相比,该方法从相同体积的酵母培养液中获得的基因组的量高5倍以上,并且操作简便、快速,能在2 h内完成一次提取过程,极大地缩短了时间。以GS115中的内源AOX基因为目的基因,对提取的基因组进行PCR检测和Southern杂交检测,进一步验证了基因组的质量。因此,本文建立了一种简便、快速、经济而高效的酵母基因提取方法。     

重组毕赤酵母甲醇利用表型与基因拷贝数对外源基因表达的影响

毕赤酵母是目前最优秀的外源蛋白表达系统之一。本文着重对重组毕赤酵母甲醇利用表型（Mut+型、MutS型和Mut-型）、基因剂量对外源蛋白高效表达的影响机理进行综述。MutS型的比生长速率和蛋白产率比Mut+型低、发酵周期长、副产物（如乙醇、乙酸等）形成速率不同。外源基因拷贝数对外源蛋白的影响主要有三种情况：（1）高基因拷贝数对外源蛋白表达水平有明显的正效应作用;（2）基因拷贝数增加反而降低了表达水平,即负效应作用;（3）重组蛋白表达与基因剂正相关,之后则表现负相关关系,这可能与外源蛋白翻译后加工有关（如二硫键形成、折叠等）,而与分子伴侣共表达可促进外源蛋白的高表达。     

甲醇营养型酵母高密度培养过程中甲醇和乙醇的GC快速检测

采用气相色谱法（GC）快速检测甲醇营养型酵母发酵液中的甲醇、乙醇含量,具有样品处理简便,测定时间较短,结果重视性好的特点。在1－10mg/mL范围内具有很好的线性关系。在毕赤酵母高密度表达发酵过程中应用此法对甲醇和乙醇进行实时监空,细胞终密度超过300g/L（干重）。本方法为甲醇营养型酵母工程菌的发酵中试工艺研究提供了重要 的发酵生化参数。     

基于易错PCR技术的红酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶的定向进化

采用易错PCR技术对来源于红酵母Rhodotorula gracilis的D-氨基酸氧化酶基因(RgDAAO)进行突变,构建并优化了突变株文库;结合48深孔板的高通量筛选方法,获得突变株M3217,其V_(max)相对于野生型提高了16.8%。对测序结果进行分析,发现突变酶基因序列中有5处点突变,其中3处发生了氨基酸置换,分别为:D242V/Q253R/D304V。利用Swiss-Model对突变株M3217进行三维结构模拟,结果显示所有突变位点都不在催化活性中心的附近,特别是V304的位置在连接F5和F6两个β折叠股的长loop环上。推测D304V这一突变位点很可能增强了RgDAAO二聚体形态的稳定性,或是增强了与辅酶FAD的结合能力,从而间接提高了全酶的催化活力。     

PEG／LiAc转化酵母细胞方法的改进

ＰＥＧ／ＬｉＡｃ法转化酵母适用于酵母双杂交系统的大量筛选,并能获得１０＾６转化子／μｇ质粒以上的转化率,但如果没有进口的ＰＥＧ３３５０而采用分子量接近的国产ＰＥＧ４０００进行转化的话,转化率仅为１０＾４,远低于文献报道的水平。我们报道了一个改进的ＰＥＧ／ＬｉＡｃ方法,采用国产ＰＥＧ６０００,转化率也能达到１０＾６,且能将的热激时间从２０ｍｉｎ缩短为２ｍｉｎ。     

PCR对ES细胞定点整合重组子的鉴定

ＰＣＲ是一种对ＥＳ细胞定点整合重组子进行鉴定的有效方法。由于在定点整合重组子和非定点整合重组子中外源导入基因与基因组ＤＮＡ分子整合的方式各不相同。因此,非重组子、定点整合重组子和非定点整合重组子的基因ＤＮＡ结构也将各不相同。因此,非重组子、定点整合重组子和非定点整合重组子的基因组ＤＮＡ分子结构也将各不相同。当我们设计合适的引物,从ＰＣＲ扩增结果中即可分析、鉴别出定点整合重组子、非定点整合重组子、或     

一种简单高效的酵母单菌落 PCR 方法

目的:为快速简便地挑选出酿酒酵母重组克隆,探索建立一种经济、直接、高效的酵母单菌落 PCR 方法.方法:以 Leu2MX6基同重组或重组质粒转化得到的酵母突变菌为材料,分别采用传统的提取基组或质粒的方法、煮沸法及化学试剂处理法等制备 PCR 模板进行重组克隆鉴定,并对6种 PCR 模板制备方法的效果进行比较与分析;对加热提取法进行优化并进行重组子的提取和验证.结果与结论:直接以1 mm2单克隆菌株95℃处理5 min 后的酵母菌落水悬浮液为模板进行单菌落 PCR,是一种简单高效的酵母重组克隆鉴定方法.该方法能弥补传统方法的不足,且简便快速、结果稳定,可作为筛选和鉴定阳性克隆的有效手段.同时,这种单菌落 PCR 法也可应用重组毕赤酵母的阳性克隆筛选.     

香蕉凝集素BanLec基因转化毕赤酵母及转化子的鉴定

以pMD-BanLec质粒为模板扩增BanLec基因片段,该片段经EcoR I/XbaI双酶切后定向克隆到同样经EcoRI/XbaI双酶切的pPICZα表达载体上。将连接产物转化感受态DH5α,用低盐Zeocin抗性LB固体培养基筛选阳性克隆菌落。将重组质粒电转化毕赤酵母菌GS115后,通过PCR鉴定目的基因整合入酵母菌的基因组中,将有助于进一步研究BanLec蛋白的表达,为探讨香蕉凝集素的活性及生化功能等奠定基础。     

利用套叠PCR技术改造酵母表达载体pAO815的研究

利用套垒PCR技术将α-factor信号肽基因插入pA0815之EcoRⅠ位点,构建成分泌型表达载体pA0815α-A。在不改变原克隆位点EcoRⅠ的条件下,借助pA0815之第873位的HindⅢ位点,将pA0815AOX1启动子873-940片段连同α-factor信号肽基因序列（246bp）插入pA0815之HindⅢ/EcoRⅠ之间,构建成含α-factor信号肽基因的分泌型表达载体pA0815α-A。     

Effect of dilution rate and methanol‐glycerol mixed feeding on heterologous Rhizopus oryzae lipase production with Pichia pastoris Mut+ phenotype in continuous culture

The induction using substrate mixtures is an operational strategy for improving the productivity of heterologous protein production with Pichia pastoris. Glycerol as a cosubstrate allows for growth at a higher specific growth rate, but also has been reported to be repressor of the expression from the AOX1 promoter. Thus, further insights about the effects of glycerol are required for designing the induction stage with mixed substrates. The production of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) was used as a model system to investigate the application of methanol‐glycerol feeding mixtures in fast metabolizing methanol phenotype. Cultures were performed in a simple chemostat system and the response surface methodology was used for the evaluation of both dilution rate and methanol‐glycerol feeding composition as experimental factors. Our results indicate that productivity and yield of ROL are strongly affected by dilution rate, with no interaction effect between the involved factors. Productivity showed the highest value around 0.04–0.06 h^?1, while ROL yield decreased along the whole dilution rate range evaluated (0.03–0.1 h^?1). Compared to production level achieved with methanol‐only feeding, the highest specific productivity was similar in mixed feeding (0.9 UA g‐biomass^?1 h^?1), but volumetric productivity was 70% higher. Kinetic analysis showed that these results are explained by the effects of dilution rate on specific methanol uptake rate, instead of a repressor effect caused by glycerol feeding. It is concluded that despite the effect of dilution rate on ROL yield, mixed feeding strategy is a proper process option to be applied to P. pastoris Mut⁺ phenotype for heterologous protein production. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:707–714, 2015     

毕赤酵母基因工程菌胞内AOX酶的检测方法

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)作为外源基因的表达宿主,已成功表达出一系列胞内和胞外蛋白[1～6],并已建立起了一套较成熟的发酵工艺.巴斯德毕赤酵母基因工程菌的外源基因,由胞内AOX酶(乙醇氧化酶)基因启动子调控.在非甲醇碳源条件下(如甘油或葡萄糖),AOX酶基因表达被抑制,外源基因也处于不表达状态.而以甲醇为唯一碳源时,AOX酶在胞内大量合成,同时外源基因被调控表达.在一般情况下,AOX酶的变化直接反映了外源基因的表达状况,因此通过分析检测胞内AOX酶的含量和变化速率,就可以确定外源基因所处的状态.     

酶法测定甲醇酵母发酵液中甲醇浓度

用醇氧化酶－过氧化氢酶联合的酶促反应法,测定甲醇酵母发酵诱导阶段变化的发酵液中甲醇浓度,建立一种能够快速测定发酵液中甲醇浓度的方法,测定的最佳浓度范围是0．5－5％。     

双碳源流加对重组毕赤酵母高效表达葡萄糖氧化酶的影响

葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)是一种具有广泛应用前景的工业酶.为了实现葡萄糖氧化酶的高效生产,提高重组毕赤酵母生产GOD的产量和增强生产强度,对重组毕赤酵母诱导阶段的初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度进行了优化.在此基础上,诱导期采用了双碳源(甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇)与甲醇混合流加的模式.研究发现,最佳诱导前初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度分别为100 g/L和18 g/L,此时GOD产量为427.6 U/mL.在诱导阶段采用甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇与甲醇的混合添加均可以提高GOD产量,其中甘露醇与甲醇的混合流加效果最为显著.当甲醇与甘露醇混合流加的比例为20∶1(W/W)时,诱导156h GOD产量和生产强度分别可达711.3 U/mL和4.60 U/(mL·h),比甲醇单一流加策略结果分别提高了66.3％和67.9％.此外采用合适的甘露醇混合流加策略不但不会抑制AOX1启动子的表达,甚至有一定促进作用,AOX酶活性为8.8 U/g(对照为5.2 U/g).双碳源流加方式还能推广到毕赤酵母其他表型中,为该系统高效表达外源蛋白提供一种新策略.     

毕赤酵母Mut+和Muts重组子表达植酸酶基因及其表达物的酶学性质比较

将本实验室已成功构建的植酸酶基因表达载体pPIC9K-phyA酶切线性化后,通过原生质体法整合到巴氏毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115菌株细胞中,利用测定酶活、观察转化子在MM和MD平板上的生长情况以及PCR菌落鉴定,筛选出表型为甲醇利用缓慢型的重组子(His Muts)。在相同培养条件下比较甲醇利用缓慢型的重组子和Mut 重组子在表达植酸酶方面的异同。实验结果表明,诱导表达48h后,Mut 和MutS重组子表达的产物在SDS-PAGE胶上都出现了清晰的目的带。酶学性质测定表明,酶学性质无显著差异。     

Sorbitol as a non-repressing carbon source for fed-batch fermentation of recombinant Pichia pastoris

Glycerol/methanol and sorbitol/methanol mixed-feed fermentation strategies for the production of recombinant proteins by Pichia pastoris were compared in order to examine sorbitol's potential as a carbon source. Although P. pastoris does have a lower cell yield on sorbitol than on glycerol, the specific rate of product formation is higher (60 g protein g^–1 dry wth for sorbitol/methanol, vs 45 g protein g^–1 dry wth for glycerol/methanol), resulting in comparable final recombinant expression levels. Importantly, the presence of residual sorbitol in the growth medium appears to be less repressive to the alcohol oxidase promoter in this organism, providing a more forgiving means of operating mixed-feed fed-batch recombinant P. pastoris fermentations.     

Heterologous expression,purification, and functional characterization of recombinant ovine angiotensinogen in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

Angiotensinogen (AGT), a glycosylated plasma noninhibitory serpin, serves as a precursor for angiotensin peptides which regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. AGT is specifically cleaved by renin to produce angiotensin-I, the first product of the angiotensin-processing cascade. Ovine angiotensinogen (oAGT) is considered an effective substrate for human renin and consequently finds application in clinical renin assays. In this study, oAGT was cloned into the genome of Pichia pastoris and expressed under the control of alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter for high-level production. Compared to the shake flask study, the high cell density cultivation in bioreactor resulted in multifold increase in oAGT titer (420 ± 9.26 mg/L), which is its highest reported titer to date. We purified recombinant oAGT to homogeneity using two chromatography steps. The characterization studies revealed oAGT underwent a two-state transition during thermal denaturation process as assessed by differential scanning fluorimetry, and the melting temperature (T_m) of the purified oAGT from P. pastoris was 48.3°C. Renin reactivity with recombinant oAGT from P. pastoris (0.51 nM angiotensin-I/min) was slightly lower than the renin reactivity for recombinant oAGT from Escherichia coli (0.67 nM angiotensin-I/min), possibly because of its mannosylated N-glycan content. Enhanced production of functionally active recombinant oAGT using P. pastoris expression system reported in this study envisage the effective utilization of oAGT in clinical studies related to renin in near future.     

丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白基因在毕赤酵母中克隆与分析

目的:克隆丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白基因及其上游DNA序列,为此基因的表达研究作准备。方法:用反转录和PCR方法从HCV的总RNA中扩增得到核心蛋白基因及其上游DNA序列,连接到pMD18-T载体上,用限制性内切酶切下目的基因,插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,构建成重组质粒,测序证明正确后,再将目的基因在毕赤酵母中进行克隆,鉴定。结果:重组质粒转化毕赤酵母后,经PCR鉴定,证明形成了目的基因的克隆。结论:应用毕赤酵母作为受体菌,pPIC9K为载体,成功克隆了HCV核心蛋白基因。     

Influence of specific growth rate on specific productivity and glycosylation of a recombinant avidin produced by a Pichia pastoris Mut+ strain

A recombinant avidin-producing Mut+ Pichia pastoris strain was used as a model organism to study the influence of the methanol feeding strategy on the specific product productivity (q(p)) and protein glycosylation. Fed-batch cultivations performed at various specific growth rates (micro) and residual methanol concentrations showed that the specific avidin productivity is growth-dependent. The specific productivity increases strongly with the specific growth rate for micro ranging from 0 to 0.02 h(-1), and increases only slightly with the specific growth rate above this limit. N-terminal glycosylation was also found to be influenced by the specific growth rate, since 9-mannose glycans were the most abundant form at low growth rates, whereas 10-mannose carbohydrate chains were favored at higher micro. These results show that culture parameters, such as the specific growth rate, may significantly affect the activity of glycoproteins produced in Pichia pastoris. In terms of process optimization, this suggests that a compromise on the specific growth rate may have to be found, in certain cases, to work with an acceptable productivity while avoiding the addition of many mannoses.     

产乙醇酸氧化酶的重组毕赤酵母的构建及催化合成乙醛酸的研究

乙醇酸氧化酶（Go）是植物光呼吸途径中的一种关键酶,可以催化乙醇酸生产乙醛酸。从新鲜菠菜叶中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术获得编码GO基因的cDNA片断。通过基因重组将GO基因克隆到载体pA0815中,构建了胞内表达载体pA0815／GO,重组质粒经电转整合至甲醇营养酵母GS115染色体。在混合碳源为10g/L山梨醇和0．5g/L甲醇的培养条件下,细胞的GO酶活达到474IU／g（DCW）。利用该重组毕赤酵母作为催化剂生产乙醛酸,结果表明：在乙醇酸浓度为0．25mol／L,重组酵母湿菌体为10dL,黄素单核苷酸（FMN）浓度为0．01mmol／L,pH8．0,20℃,反应18h后乙醛酸的产率达到51．8％。