Engineering analysis of the high-density heterotrophic cultivation of mung bean sprouts

This study investigated the heterotrophic growth behavior of mung beans cultivated in an individual bed under water supply. The fresh weight of mung beans in the bed was estimated, and changes in temperature, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were recorded during the cultivation period. The specific growth rate, oxygen uptake rate, and carbon dioxide evolution rate, based on the fresh weight in the bed, were calculated. Growth under heterotrophic cultivation can be classified into the following three stages. Reductions in specific oxygen uptake rate, specific carbon dioxide evolution rate, and specific energy production rate corresponded to that of specific growth rate. Indicators of biological activity related to oxygen and carbon dioxide were evaluated quantitatively for beds under high-density heterotrophic cultivation. Moreover, the results obtained from this study successfully demonstrate that there is a relationship between the growth of mung beans and indicators of biological activity.     

丙酸杆菌素抑菌效果评价及在芽菜保鲜中的应用

研究谢氏丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium shermanii,CICC10019)发酵过程中产生丙酸杆菌素对食源性致病菌及芽菜内生菌的抑菌效果。将丙酸杆菌素溶液发酵液用于绿豆芽保鲜,评价了其对绿豆芽菌落总数、pH和挥发性盐基氮的影响。结果表明:谢氏丙酸杆菌发酵时间为120 h时,产酸最多,pH为4.52,还原糖总量消耗大,发酵液抗菌活性最高;丙酸杆菌素溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,ATCC6538)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,ATCC35401)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,ATCC9372)、志贺氏菌(Shigella,ATCC12022)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella,ATCC14028)和副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio Parahemolyticus,ATCC17802)均产生显著的抑菌效应,对阪崎肠杆菌(E.sakazakii)没有抑制作用。用丙酸杆菌素溶液清洗绿豆芽,可将豆芽菌落总数降低1.20 lg CFU/g;4℃保存第10 d时处理过的豆芽pH为6.20,比对照组降低了1.60;挥发性盐基氮含量为28.70 mg/100 g,为对照组的50%。冷藏条件下芽菜保质期延长了2 d。     

Scanning electron microscopy on microsporum audouini complex

Several strains of Microsporum audouini, M. langeroni and M. rivalieri were observed by light and scanning electron microscopies. The macroaleuriospore shape and ornamentation were illustrated and compared for the 3 species as the pectinate hyphae for M. langeroni and M. rivalieri and the chlamydospores and particular hyphae for M. audouini and M. langeroni. The 3 species are morphologically very close but they are distinguishable from each other on the basis of morphology, geographic distribution and pathogenicity.     

Scanning electron microscopy of Penicillium conidia

The morphology of conidia in 211 species and 12 varieties belonging to the genus Penicillium Link ex Gray have been studied and compared.According to surface ornamentation, conidia have been classified into six groups: A, smooth-walled (7% of the species); B, delicately roughened (13%); C, warty (28%); D, echinate (10%); E, striate with low irregular ridges (36%); and F, striate with scarce high ridges or bars (6%). Whereas the first two groups are closely related in both shape and average size, a gradual reduction was observed in size and in the length/width (l/w) ratio in the remaining groups. Echinate conidia were globose, having the largest average size. Only four species produced conidia not surpassing 2 m in diameter. Maximum length observed was 8 m, and most elongated conidia had a l/w ratio of 3.5. Forty per cent of the species studied had globose conidia.Conidia of the monoverticillate species were generally smaller, more globose and frequently with ridges. In the Asymmetrica, the conidia were generally larger, and showed ridges in comparatively few species. Conidia of the Symmetrica, which were frequently striate with ridges, presented the most elongated forms. The largest average size was found in the conidia of the Polyverticillata which were generally warty. Finally, we have considered the variations in surface ornamentation of conidia during the evolution of the genus Penicillium and drawn attention to their possible relationship with certain habitats and ways of conidial dispersion.     

Scanning electron microscopy of vaginal colonization

Changes in the appearance of the vaginal epithelium of rats during the estrous cycle were seen by scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial colonization of this tissue appeared to be influenced by these changes.     

Scanning electron microscopy of experimental adiaspiromycosis

Adiaspiromycotic granulomas of mice experimentally inoculated with fungusEmmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Their morphology, surface structures, and germinating adiaspores isolated from granulomas are described.     

Scanning electron microscopy of echinoid podia

Summary Tube feet of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus were studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). By use of fractured preparations it was possible to obtain views of all components of the layered tube-foot wall.The outer epithelium was found to bear tufts of cilia possibly belonging to sensory cells. The nerve plexus was clearly revealed as being composed of bundles of varicose axons. The basal lamina, which covers the outer and inner surfaces of the connective tissue layer, was found to be a mechanically resistant and elastic membrane. The connective tissue appears as dense bundles of (collagen) fibers. The luminal epithelium (coelothelium) is a single layer of flagellated collar cells.There is no indication that the muscle fibers, which insert on the inner basal lamina of the connective tissue layer are innervated by axons from the basiepithelial nerve plexus.The results agree with previous conclusions concerning tube-foot structure based on transmission electron microscopy, and provide additional information, particularly with regard to the outer and inner epithelia.This investigation was supported by the Sonderforschungsbereich 138 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The work was carried out at the Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington. The authors are indebted to the Director, Professor A.O.D. Willows for use of the facilities, and to Drs. Christopher Reed and Tom Schroeder for invaluable instruction and assistance     

Scanning electron microscopy of chloroplast ultrastructure

A range of fracturing and sectioning techniques are now available which permit intracellular structures to be observed in the scanning electron microscope. One such technique, based on the method of Tanaka (1981), has been used to study chloroplast ultrastructure in Japan laurel, Aucuba japonica. Small pieces of leaves were fixed, fractured whilst frozen and transferred to a dilute solution of osmium tetroxide in which cytoplasmic maceration took place. Specimens were dehydrated, critical point dried and examined was required to remove the stroma from fractured chloroplasts. Following this treatment details of the chloroplast envelope, frets, grana and plastoglobuli could be observed. The results were compared with conventionally prepared thin sections examined in the transmission electron microscope and with the three dimensional reconstructions described in the literature.     

Scanning electron microscopy of barley protoplasts

Summary Scanning electron micrographs of barley protoplasts were compared using various preparatory techniques. Numerous features were observed which turned out to be artifactual characteristics of the processing procedure used in collecting and dehydrating the samples. The most successful technique gave protoplasts which presumably maintained their natural structural integrity, as judged by retention of sphericity and absence of holes in the plasma membrane. The relative numbers of fragmented protoplasts and cellular organelles was also greatly reduced.