Studies on the relations of insect and host plant

Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae were caged on the mature leaves of brussels sprout plants receiving different amounts of nitrogen and potassium. An increase in N or decrease in K resulted in an increase in soluble nitrogen levels in the leaves. The fecundity and reproductive rate of M. persicae were correlated with these changes; B. brassicae showed a markedly lower response to the nutrient treatments. The possible relationships of these results to other contrasts between the two aphids are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) und Myzus persicae (Sulz.) wurden in Käfigen auf mittelalten Blättern von Kohlpflanzen gehalten, die unterschiedlich mit Stickstoff und Kali gedüngt wurden. Erhöhung der Stickstoff- oder Verminderung der Kalidüngung steigerte den Gehalt löslichen Stickstoffs in den Blättern der Pflanze. Nachkommenzahl und Vermehrungsrate von M. persicae wurden durch diese Behandlungen mehr gefördert als die von B. brassicae und waren mit dem Gehalt an löslichem Stickstoff gut korreliert. Es ist möglich, daß sich dieser Unterschied zwischen B. brassicae und M. persicae teilweise auch in anderen Unterschieden zwischen den zwei Arten äußert, z.B. im Verhalten zu Blattalter und Wassermangel in der Pflanze. Eine hohe Kalidüngung hemmt die Vermehrung beider Arten und kann möglicherweise, wenn mit dem Eingriff der natürlichen Feinde integriert, eine nützliche Rolle in der Bekämpfung dieser Blattläuse spielen.

     

Cereal aphids, their parasites and predators caught in cages over oat and winter wheat crops

The trapping of alate aphids in emergence cages each 1 yd² (0–83 m²) over cereal crops from mid-June to the end of July, 1964 to 1971, always revealed colonies of cereal aphids within the crop. Four species, Sitobion avenae, S. fragariae, Metopolophium dirhodum and Rhopalosiphum padi occurred every year in different proportions. Alate aphids from winter wheat were most numerous in 1968 and fewest in 1967. Alatae developed slightly earlier in cages than in the field and peak catches were a few days earlier than in a nearby 12-2 m suction trap. Cereal aphid colonies were adversely affected by bad weather in May, e.g. in 1969, and by predators. Coccinellidae (chiefly Propylea 14-punctata) were the dominant predators in 1971 and 1968, Syrphidae in 1966, 1971 and 1968 and Chrysopidae in 1970. Parasites belonging mainly to the genus Aphidius were numerous every year. When hyperparasites such as Asaphes vulgaris, Lygocerus sp., Conostigmus sp. and Phaenoglyphis sp. were abundant as in 1967, they affected numbers of aphids in the current year and increased them in the following year (1968), possibly by hindering early, heavy parasitism. Hyperparasites could have an important influence in fluctuations of cereal aphid populations from year to year. Aphids of one species or another are always present in cereal crops in sufficient numbers during the summer months to provide copious quantities of honey dew, and this is unlikely to be a limiting factor in the biology of the wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata.     

Selection of Brussels sprouts of different water status by apterous and alate Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae in relation to the age of leaves

The feeding preferences of apterae for leaves of different ages are shown largely to determine the distribution of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae on Brussels sprouts in which they colonise particularly the old and young leaves respectively. Alatae contribute to this segregation but less so since alatae of both species settle preferentially on the plant apex. Apterous and to some extent alate M. persicae select the most nutritious leaves as measured by reproduction, but this is less often so with B. brassicae.Water stress causing wilting of the old leaves reduces settling on the plants by alate B. brassicae but not alate M. persicae which avoid the old leaves and instead colonise the apex. Among leaves of different water status apterous M. persicae again select the most nutritious while B. brassicae does so less consistently.These results are compatible with some aspects of the dual discrimination theory of hostplant selection assuming the polyphagous M. persicae responds more to nutrients and less to flavour than the oligophagous B. brassicae.

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Zusammenfassung Geflügelten Virginoparen von M. persicae und B. brassicae wurde gestattet, von übervölkerten Quell-Pflanzen abzufliegen und Kohlpflanzen (Brassica oleracea L. var. bullata gemmifera) zu besiedeln, die unterschiedlich mit Wasser versorgt waren (feucht, mäßig, trocken). Wassermangel, der (durch Trockenhaltung) zum Welken der alten Blätter führte, verringerte die Besiedlung der Pflanzen durch geflügelte B. brassicae, jedoch nicht durch geflügelte M. persicae, welche dann die alten Blätter mieden und stattdessen die Triebspitzen besiedelten. Auf turgeszenten Pflanzen mied M. persicae die reifen Blätter und besiedelte die Gipfel sowie junge und alte Blätter. Im Gegensatz dazu lehnte B. brassicae die alten Blätter ab und besiedelte in großer Zahl die ausgereiften Blätter sowie die Triebspitzen der Pflanzen. Geflügelte beider Arten erreichten größte Siedlungsdichte im Triebgipfel, besonders B. brassicae.In Zweiweg-Wahlkammer-Versuchen konnten Ungeflügelte beider Arten zwischen Blättern verschiedenen Alters und verschiedener Hydratur wählen. Das Trockenregime wurde dabei in zwei Varianten angeboten: Pflanzen, die welkten und solche, die gerade wieder bewässert wurden. Gemessen an der Reproduktionsrate wählte M. persicae konstant die nährstoffreicheren Bläller, d.h. alte > junge > reife turgeszente Blätter trockener > mäßiger > feuchter Hydratur mit Ausnahme welkender Blätter, die gemieden wurden. B. brassicae wählte weniger eindeutig (Unstimmigkeiten kursiv), d.h. junge > reife > alte turgeszente Blätter, feuchte = mäßige Hydratur in allen Blattalterstufen; trocken > mäßig und feucht bei jongen Blättern; mäßig und feucht > trocken bei reifem und altem Laub.Die Verteilung von M. persicae und B. brassicae auf den Kohlpflanzen wird weitgehend von den Nahrungsansprüchen der Ungeflügelten bestimmt, die besonders die alten bzw. die jungen Blätter besiedeln. Die Ergebnisse decken sich in einigen Hinsichten mit der doppelten Unterscheidungstheorie bei der Wirtspflanzenwahl, indem angenommen werden kann, daß die polyphage M. persicae mehr auf die (primären) Nährstoffe und weniger auf die (sekundären) Duftstoffe anspricht als die oligophage B. brassicae.

     

Influence of crop background on aphids and other phytophagous insects on Brussels sprouts

More Brevicoryne brassicae and other alate aphids were caught in yellow water-traps in a weed-free crop of Brussels sprouts than in a crop with a weedy background. More B. brassicae colonized Brussels sprout plants in bare soil than in weeds; very few alatae were attracted to cruciferous weeds in the crop. Results in 1 yr suggest that initially larger populations on the weed-free sprouts became smaller than populations on the weedy sprouts because the larger aphid population attracted more natural enemies. Aleyrodes brassicae and certain Lepidoptera were also more abundant on sprout plants in bare soil than on sprouts surrounded by weeds; more adult A. brassicae were caught in water traps over the bare soil. More A. brassicae were present on sprout plants surrounded by a green than by a brown cloth background but the differences were not significant (P < 0–05). Numbers of B. brassicae on sprout plants with green and brown backgrounds varied greatly and did not differ significantly. In field cages, B. brassicae alatae were more attracted to potted sprout plants surrounded by bare soil than to ones surrounded by rings of living or cut grass or by artificial green rings. This effect was greater with small than with large sprout plants surrounded by grass rings. The maintenance of a limited weed cover is considered potentially useful in integrated control of some brassica pests.     

Responses of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae to leaf age and water stress in Brussels sprouts grown in pots

Although intermittent water stress is largely beneficial and continuous water stress largely detrimental to the reproduction and survival of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae feeding on Brussels sprouts, there are differences between the species on different leaf ages. During intermittent water stress in the old leaves, the normal feeding stratum of M. persicae, this aphid is relatively more successful than B. brassicae. During continuous water stress in the young leaves, the normal feeding stratum of B. brassicae, this aphid is relatively more successful than M. persicae. The high suitability of old leaves for M. persicae and, to a lesser extent, their low suitability for B. brassicae, are also apparent on turgid plants, in terms of reproduction, survival and the proportion of alate progeny. For M. persicae substrates which permit greater reproduction also promote fewer alatae but this is not always so for B. brassicae. However, crowding was not controlled in these experiments.It is suggested that these responses result from variation in the provision of the different nutritional and phagostimulant requirements of the two species by different leaf ages and during water stress.In the field irrigation may delay aphid multiplication during dry weather.

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Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionen ungeflügelter Virginoparer von M. persicae und B. brassicae auf verschiedenes Blattalter von Kohlpflanzen (Brassicae oleracea L. var. bullata gemmifera) in Blumentöpfen mit verschiedener Wasserversorgung wurde an der Reproduktionsrate, der Entwicklungs-und Lebensdauer (des Adultstadiums, der Dauer der reproduktiven wie der post-reproduktiven Phase) und der Geflügeltenbildung der Blattläuse untersucht. Dazu wurden zwei Formen des Wassermangels benutzt: (1) vorübergehender, bei welchem das verfügbare (AW) zwischen der Feldkapazität und einen im voraus festgelegten Defizit (10% = Wasser feucht, 50% = mäßig, 90% = trocken) schwankte, und (2) dauernder, bei welchem eine Abnahme des verfügbaren Wässers von einem bekannten Ausgangspunkt allmählich erfolgte.Obwohl für die Aphiden vorübergehender Wassermangel weitgehend vorteilhaft, beständiger aber schädlich ist, bestehen Unterschiede zwischen den Arten auf verschiedenaltrigen Blättern. Auf jungem und reifem Laub steigen Vermehrung und Lebensdauer beider Arten Durch vorübergehenden Wassermangel an, aber auf alten Blättern leidet B. brassicae in dem Maße wie sich der Mangel verstärkt, während M. persicae bei mäßigem Mangel Vorteile hat und nur leidet, wenn periodisches Welken eintritt. Bei beiden Arten verursacht beständiger Wassermangel Hemmung der Reproduktion. Diese Abnahme beschleunigt sich bei Annäherung an den permanenten Welkepunkt (PWP) und war für die Aphiden auf alten Blättern am stärksten. Im Gegensatz zu M. persicae nimmt die Reproduktionsrate von B. brassicae sogar am permanenten Welkepunkt nicht ab. Die. hohe Eignung alter Blätter für M. persicae und — in geringerem Maße — ihre geringe Eignung für B. brassicae waren auch an turgeszenten Pflanzen bei der Reproduktionsrate, der Überlebensdauer und dem Prozentsatz geflügelter Nachkommen deutlich festzustellen.Es wird vermutet, daß sich diese Reaktionen aus Verschiedenheiten in der Befriedigung unterschiedlicher nutritiver und phagostimulatorischer Bedürfnisse der beiden Arten auf verschieden alten Blättern und bei Wassermangel ergeben. Im Freien dürfte bei trockenem Wetter künstliche Bewässerung die Blattlausvermehrung verzögern.

     

The susceptibility of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae to 14C-phorate in artificial diets

Colonies of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae were established on artificial diets and the honeydew produced by them collected on aluminium foils. The diets were later exchanged for others containing a range of ¹⁴C-phorate concentrations. The honey-dew produced while feeding on the treated diets was collected separately and mortalities were recorded. The diets, aphids and their honeydew were subsequently analysed. About 1.6% of the doses applied initially were found in the diets at the end of the bio-assay period. Thin-layer chromatography of diets containing LC₅₀ concentrations of insecticides showed that phorate and its metabolites were present in similar proportions. The LC₅₀ values were 15.5 nM and 277 nM phorate equivalents for B. brassicae and M. persicae respectively.     

Effect of sinigrin on the efficiency of acquisition of turnip mosaic virus byMyzus persicae andBrevicoryne brassicae

The efficiency of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) acqusition fromSinapis alba L. without sinigrin andBrassica nigra (L.) Koch with a high content of sinigrin by non-fastedMyzus persicae (Sulz.) andBrevicoryne brassicae (L.) was investigated in order to determine the effect of the phagostimulatory glucoside sinigrin on virus transmission. There was a significantly higher acquisition of TuMV fromS. alba byM. persicae than fromB. nigra. Conversely,B. brassicae acquired the virus more efficiently fromB. nigra than fromS. alba. The efficiency of transmission was positively correlated with the response of both aphid species to sinigrin. Saturation ofS. alba leaves with a 1 % solution of sinigrin did not significantly affect the acquisition of TuMV, in neitherM. persicae norB. brassicae, whether the aphids were fasted or not.     

Serological Detection of Beet Western Yellows Luteovirus in the Non-vector,Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The interaction between beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV) and the aphid species Brevicoryne brassicae was investigated using virus transmission and serological detection experiments. This species failed to transmit a BWYV isolate from infected to healthy oilseed rape plants, although virus was readily detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) in single B. brassicae adults. When virus-carrying adults were tested by ELISA after different inoculation access periods, the number of virus-positive individuals decreased after 5 days, whereas with the efficient vector Myzus persicae, virus-positive individuals were found even after 10 days. This confirms the inability of B. brassicae to transmit BWYV, even though it may acquire the virus. It is suggested that B. brassicae, as compared with the efficient vector M. persicae, may serve as an experimental model for studying the mechanisms of the luteovirus-vector specificity     

Influence of crop background on natural enemies of aphids on Brussels sprouts

The most abundant natural enemies of aphids on Brussels sprout crops were Syrphidae, different species being attracted differentially to weedy or weed-free plots according to whether they were more host-plant-orientated (e.g. Melanostoma spp., Platycheirus spp.) and thus affected directly by the background, or more aphid-orientated (e.g. Syrphus balteatus) and so less affected by background than by aphid numbers. Oviposition by Melanostoma spp. was usually much greater in weedy sprout crops than on sprouts in bare soil, and their eggs were also very abundant on weeds. Eggs of other syrphid species were scarcer on weeds. In contrast to Melanostoma, Platycheirus spp. usually oviposted preferentially on sprouts growing in bare soil. Oviposition by S. balteatus was in response to aphid abundance and thus tended to become greater on sprouts in bare soil. Notably more adults of non-aphido-phagous Syrphidae were caught over weedy than over non-weedy Brussels sprout plants. Anthocoris nemorum nymphs and adults were very common on sprout plants and weeds in the weedy crop but were scarce on sprouts in bare soil; A. nemorum oviposited on white and yellow charlock (Raphanus raphanistrum and Sinapis arvensis) occasionally. Parasitism of Brevicoryne brassicae by Diaeretiella rapae appeared to be related to aphid numbers and was only indirectly influenced by the crop background. Field experiments with green and brown cloth backgrounds showed that some syrphids were attracted to green; A. nemorum was relatively scarce over both artificial backgrounds. It is concluded that decreased natural enemy action is partly responsible for the initially greater abundance of B. brassicae in a weed-free crop of Brussels sprouts than in a weedy crop.     

Selection of aphid prey by a generalist predator: do prey chemical defences matter?

1. For predators, prey selection should maximise nutrition and minimise fitness costs. In the present study, it was investigated whether a generalist predator [Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) lacewing larvae] rejected harmful, chemically‐defended prey [Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) aphids] when non‐defended prey [Myzus persicae (Sulzer) aphids] were available. 2. It was tested: (i) whether consuming different prey species affects predator mortality; (ii) whether naïve predators reject chemically‐defended prey while foraging when non‐defended prey are available; (iii) whether the relative abundance of each prey affects the predator's prey choice; and (iv) whether predators learn to avoid consuming chemically‐defended prey after exposure to both prey species. 3. Consumption of B. brassicae yielded greater C. carnea mortality than M. persicae consumption, but naïve C. carnea did not reject B. brassicae in favour of M. persicae during foraging. When presented at unequal abundances, naïve predators generally consumed each aphid species according to their initial relative abundance, although, predation of non‐defended prey was less than expected when defended prey were initially more abundant, indicating a high consumption of B. brassicae impeded M. persicae consumption. With experience, C. carnea maintained predation of both aphid species but consumed more M. persicae than B. brassicae, indicating a change in behaviour. 4. Although prey choice by C. carnea may change with experience of available prey, prey chemical defences do not appear to influence prey choice by naïve predators. This inability to avoid harmful prey could facilitate wider, indirect interactions. Myzus persicae may benefit where high consumption of B. brassicae hinders predators in the short term, and in the long term, increases predator mortality.     

Resistance to attack by Brevicoryne brassicae among plants of Brussels sprouts

Because they remained almost uncolonized by the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)) throughout the growing season, plants of Brussels sprouts were singled out in each of 4 years, from plots heavily infested with the aphid, as possibly being resistant to attack. Clones of these plants were established from cuttings and tested in a controlled environment by inoculation with B. brassicae and later, in the field, by natural infestation. The tests confirmed that some of the plants were resistant to the aphid, and the most resistant of those from the first year of the work proved at least as resistant as any subsequently found. The resistance was expressed as antibiosis, but in the field host non-preference was also shown by incoming winged aphids. The possibility that biotypes of B. brassicae might exist, to which the resistant sprout clones were not necessarily resistant, was investigated using B. brassicae collected from sprouts from each of several areas in England. Eight sprout clones, seven of which were known to be resistant, and the other susceptible, to B. brassicae from Wellesbourne were tested with these other B. brassicae. The results showed that biotypes of the aphid, with differing abilities to colonize respective sprout clones, existed in each area, and of the seven sprout clones resistant to the Wellesbourne aphid, only one appeared never to be fully susceptible to one or more of the other biotypes of B. brassicae.     

A comparison of the reproduction of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae in relation to soluble nitrogen concentration and leaf age (leaf position) in the brussels sprout plant

Wide variations in total soluble nitrogen occurred in different leaves of Brussels sprout plants. These variations were partly the result of leaf age (leaf position) and partly the result of different fertiliser application to the plants. The fecundity of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae caged on such leaves also varied greatly and was correlated with total soluble nitrogen within leaves of the same age, but not between leaves of different ages. The value of total soluble nitrogen concentrations, based on analysis of leaf tissue, for indicating plant suitability for aphids is discussed as well as the difference in response of the two aphid species to experimental conditions favouring proteolysis in the leaf.

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Ein vergleich der vermehrung von Brevicoryne brassicae und Myzus persicae in beziehung zum gehalt löslichen stickstoffs und dem blattalter von rosenkohlpflanzen

Zusammenfassung Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) und Myzus persicae (Sulz.) wurden an Kohlblättern gekäfigt, die infolge verschiedener physiologischer Ursachen sehr unterschiedliche Mengen löslichen Stickstoffs enthielten. Den Pflanzen wurden zwei Düngerstoffe ((NH₄)₂SO₄ und KCL) verabreicht und die Blattläuse auf jungen, mittelalten und alten Blättern gekäfigt. Dadurch wurde der Gehalt löslichen Stickstoffs in den Blättern zwischen 0,543% und 1,286% variiert. Die Nachkommenzahl der Blattläuse bei diesen Düngungen und auf verschiedenaltrigen Blättern war sehr unterschiedlich (zwischen 7,3 und 30,2 bei B. brassicae; 17,6 und 59,4 bei M. persicae) und konnte in jedem Blattalter mit dem Stickstoffgehalt korreliert werden. Der Befund, daß die Korrelationen zwischen Blattlausnachkommenzahl und Stickstoffgehalt nicht unabhängig vom Blattalter waren, deutet darauf hin, daß der Stickstoffgehalt in physiologisch aktiven Blattgeweben nicht relativ mit dem der Siebröhren übereinstimmt. M. persicae vermochte in höherem Maße als B. brassicae Blätter auszunützen, in denen der Eiweißabbau durch Düngung oder Alter begünstigt war. Dieser Unterschied zwischen den beiden Arten steht möglicherweise mit ihren verschiedenen Nährstoffbedürfnissen in Zusammenhang.

     

Hoverfly oviposition response to aphids in broccoli fields

The oviposition response of predacious hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) to Brevicoryne brassicae L. and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in commercial broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica L., Plenck (Brassicaceae), fields was investigated at two sites over the course of a growing season. The hoverfly oviposition responses to these aphid species on different parts of the broccoli plant canopy were also examined. There were no hoverfly eggs on broccoli plants without aphids, egg numbers were very low on plants with fewer than 50 aphids, and no peak in oviposition relative to aphid numbers was observed. Within individual plants that were colonized by aphids, there was some oviposition on individual leaves without aphids, and no hoverfly eggs were seen on leaves that had more than 400 aphids. Leaves in the broccoli plant canopy, and the datasets associated with them, were divided into three sections vertically, ‘upper’, ‘middle’, and ‘lower’. Brevicoryne brassicae was more abundant in the upper and middle canopy sections, while M. persicae was found mostly in the lower section. The rate of hoverfly oviposition per aphid was higher in the upper section than in the two other sections. Modeling of the oviposition response using logistic regression showed that the presence of hoverfly eggs was positively correlated with numbers of each aphid species and sampling date.     

Influence of elevated CO2 on interspecific interactions at higher trophic levels

Abstract We report the results of a study investigating the influence of elevated CO₂ on species interactions across three trophic levels: a plant (Brassica oleracea), two aphid herbivores (the generalist Myzus persicae and the specialist Brevicoryne brassicae), and two natural enemies (the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens (ladybird) and the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae). Brassica oleracea plants reared under elevated CO₂ conditions (650 ppmv vs. 350 ppmv) were larger and had decreased water and nitrogen content. Brevicoryne brassicae reared on plants grown in elevated CO₂ were larger and accumulated more fat, while there was no change in M. persicae traits. Fecundity of individual aphids appeared to be increased when reared on plants grown in elevated CO₂. However, these differences were generally lost when aphids were reared in colonies, suggesting that such changes in plant quality will have subtle effects on aphid intraspecific interactions. Nevertheless, CO₂ treatment did influence aphid distribution on plants, with significantly fewer M. persicae found on the shoots, and B. brassicae was only found on senescing leaves, when colonies were reared on plants grown in elevated CO₂. We reared B. brassicae and M. persicae in competition on plants grown at both the CO₂ concentration treatments. We found a significantly lower ratio of M. persicae: B. brassicae on plants grown under elevated CO₂ conditions, strongly suggesting that increasing CO₂ concentrations can alter the outcome of competition among insect herbivores. This was also reflected in the distribution of the aphids on the plants. While the CO₂ treatment did not influence where B. brassicae were found, fewer M. persicae were present on senescing leaves under elevated CO₂ conditions. Changes in plant quality resulting from the CO₂ treatments did not appear to alter aphid quality as prey species, as the number consumed by the ladybird H. convergens, and the number parasitised by the parasitoid wasp D. rapae, did not change. To our knowledge, this study provides the first empirical evidence that changes in host plant quality mediated by increasing levels of CO₂ can alter the outcome of interspecific competition among insect herbivores.     

Effect of cultivars with varying levels of resistance to aphids on development time,sex ratio,size and longevity of the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius colemani</Emphasis>

The influence of cultivars of common cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata with varying levels of resistance to Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on key biological characteristics of Aphidius colemani (Viereck) was investigated under laboratory conditions. The total development time for female parasitoids reared on M. persicae did not differ significantly between Minicole (green-leaved, partially resistant with antibiosis factors for B. brassicae) and Derby Day (green-leaved, susceptible to both aphid species); but development was significantly faster (ca 10%) on Ruby Ball (red-leaved, partially resistant with antixenosis factors for B. brassicae). Total development time for females reared on B. brassicae was slightly shorter on Ruby Ball than on Minicole. Males reared on M. persicae developed into adults significantly faster (ca 10%) on Ruby Ball than on Minicole. However, when B. brassicae was the host, no significant variations in development time were observed. Sex ratios, size and longevity of both male and female parasitoids on either host were not significantly influenced by cultivar. The results are discussed in relation to the compatible utilisation of host-plant resistance and biological control in the integrated management of aphids.     

The performance of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae in relation to plant age and leaf amino acids

With increasing plant age, total soluble nitrogen of Brussels sprout plants decreased after a peak at 6–9 weeks. The plants then became less suitable for Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae (particularly the latter) as shown by estimates of the mean relative growth rate (RGR) of the aphids in two experiments. This growth statistic was, however, only poorly correlated with total soluble N and this lack of correlation was particularly marked on plants less than 9 weeks old. Multiple regression on the leaf amino acid spectrum indicated that much of the variability in aphid RGR could be assigned to relatively few amino acids. The complex of asparagine and glutamine gave a positive coefficient for both aphids, but otherwise different amino acids were involved in the regression for each aphid. Attention is drawn to the presence in each regression of an amino acid with a negative coefficient; the inverse correlation of M. persicae RGR with amino-butyric acid may be particularly important in the aphid/hostplant relationship.

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Zusammenfassung In einem ersten Versuch zeigte sich, daß der Gehalt an löslichem Stickstoff in den Blättern mit dem Alter der Pflanzen zwischen 8 und 20 Wochen ständig abnahm. Die relative Wachstumsrate (RGR) von Brevicoryne brassicae veränderte sich dabei kaum, jedoch waren die einzelnen Werte der RGR und des löslichen Stickstoffgehalts der entsprechenden Pflanzen gut korreliert. Dagegen reagierte Myzus persicae unmittelbarer auf das Pflanzenalter als auf den Stickstoffgehalt und ihre RGR nahm ab, je älter die Pflanzen wurden.Im zweiten Versuch wurden jüngere Pflanzen benützt. Hier stieg der Gehalt an löslichem Stickstoff bis zu einem Höhepunkt in der neunten Woche an. Unabhängig vom Stickstoffgehalt nahm die RGR bei M. persicae wieder ab, je älter die Pflanzen wurden. In diesem Versuch wurde auch der, Aminosäuregehalt der Blätter analysiert. Die Variabilität der RGR beider Blattlausarten war mit 4 Aminosäuren korreliert. Sowohl Asparagin wie Glutamin zusammen waren dabei für beide Blattlausarten wichtig; daneben erschienen Threonin und Phenylalanin in der Korrelationsgleichung für B. brassicae, Methionin und Aminobuttersäure in der für M. persicae. Für M. persicae konnten so 42% der gesamten Variabilität der RGR durch die Korrelationsgleichung erklärt werden; für B. brassicae nur 21%.Von besonderem Interesse ist 1) daß sich 42% der M. persicae-Variabilität mit der Verfügbarkeit von nur 4 Aminosäuren erklären lassen, 2) daß die Korrelation zwischen Blattlaus-Wachstumsrate und Asparagin + Glutamin vielleicht dem oft nachgewiesenen Zusammenhang zwischen Pflanzenempfindlichkeit und löslichem Stickstoff entspricht, 3) daß die Wachstumsraten der beiden Blattlausarten negativ mit je einer Aminosäure korreliert sind: mit Phenylalanin bei B. brassicae und, sehr wichtig, mit Aminobuttersäure bei M. persicae und 4) daß die Resultate bezüglich M. persicae ziemlich gut mit Resultaten bei küstlichen Ernährungsversuchen anderer Autoren übereinstimmen.

     

‘Myrosin cells’ are not a prerequisite for aphid feeding on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) but affect host plant preferences

The enzyme myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1.147) is present in specialised myrosin cells and forms part of the glucosinolate–myrosinase system, also known as ‘the mustard oil bomb’, which has an important role in the defence system of cruciferous plants against insect pests. Transgenic Brassica napus MINELESS have been produced by transgenic ablation of myrosin cells. This prompted us to investigate the importance of myrosin cells in plant–aphid interactions. In order to study this, we challenged transgenic MINELESS and wild‐type cultivar Westar seedlings with the aphids Brevicoryne brassicae (a specialist) and Myzus persicae (a generalist). Our study included aphid free‐choice and aphid fecundity experiments. Data from these experiments showed that B. brassicae prefers wild‐type seedlings and M. persicae prefers MINELESS. B. brassicae and M. persicae showed significant variation in establishment on plants regardless of whether they were wild type or MINELESS and also differed significantly in affecting plant parts. Myrosinase activity in MINELESS control seedlings was 83.6% lower than the wild‐type control seedlings. Infestation with either of the two aphid species induced myrosinase levels in both wild‐type and MINELESS seedlings. Infestation with M. persicae reduced the concentration of most glucosinolates while B. brassicae had the opposite effect. B. brassicae enhanced the formation of glucosinolate hydrolysis products both in wild‐type and MINELESS seedlings. However, M. persicae decreased All ITC but increased 3,4ETBut NIT in wild‐type seedlings. Taken together, the investigation shows that the presence of myrosin cells affects the preference of generalist and specialist aphid species for Brassica napus plants.     

The influence of cultivar and cultivar-aphid odours on the olfactory response of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani

The olfactory response of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to odours in a tritrophic system involving three cultivars of common cabbage, Brassica oleracea var capitata, characterized by different levels of susceptibility to Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was studied in a four‐way olfactometer. Odours influenced A. colemani response in the olfactometer to varying degrees. The magnitude of parasitoid response to odours of uninfested cabbage depended on cultivar, with Derby Day [green‐leaved, susceptible to M. persicae and the crucifer specialist, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] and Minicole (green‐leaved, partially resistant with known antibiosis factors for B. brassicae) preferred over Ruby Ball (red‐leaved with antixenosis factors for M. persicae and B. brassicae). The odour of the cabbage cultivar on which the parasitoid had been reared was preferred over the other cultivars. However, when provided with a choice between odours of infested plants, parasitoids did not show a significant preference for the cultivar on which they were reared. Results from the study show that parasitioids differentiated between odour of the three cultivars in dependence of their rearing history when the plant is uninfested.