欧橄榄叶中的新裂环烯醚萜

从欧橄榄(Olea europaeaL.)干燥叶的乙酸乙酯部位分离得到5个裂环烯醚萜类化合物。通过波谱分析和理化常数对照等方法,上述化合物分别鉴定为6′-O-甲基橄榄苦苷(6′-O-methyloleuropein,1)、橄榄苦苷(oleu-ropein,2)、(1S)-methylelenolate(3)、3,4-二羟基苯乙基-4-甲酰基-3-甲酰甲基-4-己烯酯(4)和oleoside(5)。其中化合物1为新化合物。     

中国北亚热带油橄榄(城固32)开花生物学特性研究

为研究北亚热带内陆地区油橄榄（Olea europaea L.）开花物候、开花样式及花器官特征,探讨其有性繁殖系统的特点。试验对西秦岭南坡地区油橄榄（城固32）的开花生物学进行研究,统计开花进程,雄花和两性花在花序上的着生位置和数量,测定雄花和两性花形态指标并切片观察,电镜扫描分析雄花与两性花花粉粒。结果表明：（1）在北亚热带北缘内陆气候条件下油橄榄花期集中在5月,单株花期15~20 d,盛花期持续4~6 d;（2）油橄榄具有雄全同株的性系统且花器官较小,雄花及两性花都具有正常发育的雄蕊。通过制作石蜡切片观察,发现两性花的雌蕊正常发育,而雄花只有较小的子房和败育的柱头;（3）雌蕊是两种花型花器官生物量差异的主要部位,两性花雌蕊的生物量明显比雄花大（P<0.01）,树体分化出雄花投入的资源更少;（4）雄花与两性花在花粉量、花粉粒大小上差异不显著,在着生位置上,花序轴顶花全部为两性花,雄花出现在花序轴的中部和基部的几率分别是21.13%和30.77%。油橄榄品种城固32具有典型的雄全同株现象,雄花更倾向于在花序上出现的位置在行使它雄性功能方面并无优势可言,而且雄花花粉粒在数量、活力方面也没有优势,但是雄花的出现增加了花粉数量和P/O值,提高了植株的雄性适合度,雄花的出现也降低了两性花落花导致的树体资源浪费,保障其在资源有限的环境中能够繁殖最大化。     

油橄榄传粉昆虫群落结构特征及多样性分析

油橄榄(Olea europaea)是一种木本油料作物,具有较高的药用价值和食用价值,昆虫授粉是其风媒授粉的一种有效补充。为了解我国油橄榄主要种植区花期传粉昆虫群落差异、结构组成及分布规律,对全国13个典型样地油橄榄花期传粉昆虫进行调查与采集,采用物种优势度及多样性等指数对传粉昆虫的群落结构及多样性进行分析,通过计算不同样地物种组成相似程度以量化传粉昆虫群落相似性。2020—2021年在全国油橄榄种植区共采集并鉴定出3目13科25属37种564只昆虫,优势度分析显示油橄榄优势传粉类群以蜜蜂科(Apidae)、食蚜蝇科(Syrphidae)或蜜蜂科、隧蜂科(Halictidae)两种组合常见;多样性分析显示重庆市万州区样地传粉昆虫多样性最高,西昌市海滨中路样地最低。群落相似性分析结果显示陇南市所属样地被聚为一簇;凉山州冕宁县样地、绵阳市松垭镇样地、重庆市奉节县样地、重庆市合川区样地的4个样地和西昌市南宁区样地、绵阳市三台县样地、重庆市万州区样地的3个样地分别被聚为一簇。因此,优势类群中的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)、意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligus...     

9个中国选育油橄榄品种母系来源多样性研究

摘要【目的】比较中国选育油橄榄品种与地中海油橄榄叶绿体基因组的多样性和亲缘关系,评估中国选育品种母系来源多样性,为中国油橄榄种质开发提供依据。【方法】基于本研究所测的9个中国选育油橄榄品种、7个伊朗种质和下载的52个地中海油橄榄种质的重测序数据,使用NOVOPlasty组装叶绿体基因组,计算序列多态性;利用GPA和RAxML-NG、Network 5.0等软件分别构建叶绿体基因组图谱、系统发育和单倍型网络关系。【结果】所研究的油橄榄叶绿体基因组在其四分体结构、基因数量上具有一致性;共检测到17个叶绿体单倍型,其中,中国选育油橄榄品种仅有1个单倍型,其为多数栽培油橄榄共享;野生油橄榄序列多态性最高,其次为栽培油橄榄和伊朗种质,而9个中国选育品种的多样性为0。系统发育和单倍型网络关系结果一致,中国选育品种与多数栽培油橄榄、伊朗种质聚为一支。【结论】中国选育油橄榄品种母系来源多样性极低,后期需从更全面的油橄榄种质谱系选育适应中国生境的油橄榄品种。     

Primary domestication and early uses of the emblematic olive tree: palaeobotanical, historical and molecular evidence from the Middle East

Our knowledge of the origins of olive tree domestication in the Middle East and on the processes governing its extension and persistence in different vegetation types from prehistory through antiquity to modern times derives from diverse sources, spanning the biological sciences to the humanities. Nonetheless, it lacks a robust overview that may lead to floating interpretations. This is especially true in the Middle East, considered as the cradle of agriculture, and where the evolutionary history of this emblematic tree is intertwined with that of civilizations. Olive fruit, oil and wood have been, since Prehistoric times, characteristic products of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. In the domestic economy of these countries, the olive tree gradually became a traditional tree crop since the first oil extraction, through the emergence of regional commerce that accompanied the rise and fall of early Near-Middle Eastern urbanism, until the development of modern trade, with an oil production estimated at circa 3000000 tons per year. The rising importance of the olive tree in human life has turned the tree into an endless source of fascination in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, a symbol and a sacred tree, widely cited in the Bibles, the Koran, and in ancient literature. Here we argue that advances in radiocarbon chronology, palaeobotany, genetics, and archaeology-history have profoundly refined the history of olive trees in the Middle East. This review shows that the heartland of primary olive domestication must be enlarged to the Levant and not only focus on the Jordan Valley. The domestication of the olive tree is a long and ongoing process, linked to the early production of oil and the development of the olive trade. We also suggest that the olive tree became a particular icon, a sacred tree, during the Biblical period in the Levant.     

油橄榄品种间叶片性状及总黄酮含量分析

为了解油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)叶片性状和总黄酮含量在品种间的差异,对四川省青川县栽培的10个油橄榄品种的叶片性状和总黄酮含量进行测量。结果表明,叶片性状在品种间的差异均达到显著水平,且性状间存在显著或极显著相关性。‘钟山24号’的叶面积最大,‘皮削利’的最小。叶片性状中以周长的变异系数最大,叶面积的最小。‘鄂植8号’的叶面积、‘莱星’的叶宽、‘小苹果’叶长宽比、‘埃蒙’的叶形的变异系数最大,而‘皮削利’的叶片性状相对稳定。6个叶片性状可以简化成形状系数和叶长作为主要代表性状。叶片总黄酮含量为0.07~3.39 mg g~(-1),品种间存在显著差异,春梢含量总体高于秋梢;‘皮削利’、‘豆果’、‘钟山24号’和‘卡林’的春秋梢叶片含量差异较大,‘佛奥’的最小;‘鄂植8号’和‘科拉蒂’春秋梢叶片的总黄酮含量较高,‘皮削利’的秋梢好于春梢;‘卡林’的春梢叶片的总黄酮含量最少,为3.02 mg g~(-1),秋梢中‘豆果’的最低,为2.64 mg g~(-1);‘科拉蒂’、‘钟山24号’、‘埃蒙’和‘鄂植8号’的总黄酮含量与叶片性状存在显著或极显著的正相关或负相关。这说明总黄酮含量在一定程度上受到叶片生长的影响。     

Microsatellite analysis of Latial Olea europaea L. cultivars

Olea europaea L. is one of the oldest domesticated tree species. O. europaea varieties cannot be confused because they are very different in morphology, genetics, and secondary metabolite content. It is important to study and establish the genetic structure of vegetal cultivars to better distinguish them, to solve past misclassification, to preserve plant biodiversity, and to increase their use, diffusion, selection, resistance to adversities, marketing, and scientific applications. Five simple sequence repeat loci (DCA-3, DCA-9, UDO99-9, UDO99-35, and EMO-3) were used to differentiate 39 individuals, representing 13 olive cultivars sampled in Latium (Central Italy). The markers showed a high discrimination power and were able to differentiate 39 alleles. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.538 at locus UDO99-9 to 1 at locus UDO99-35, with a mean value of 0.784. DCA loci were the most informative ones. Sample clustering, based on their genetic distance and similarity values, produced a phylogenetic network that has shown a unique major group of cultivars, composed of two sub-branches, and two independent taxa.     

Abnormalities induced by agricultural pesticides in the microsporogenesis of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) cultivars

The study evaluated the microsporogenesis of olive trees subjected to different agricultural pesticide applications during flowering. Inflorescences of cultivars Arbequina and MGS GRAP541 were subjected to agricultural pesticides: mineral oil, neem oil, dimethoate and deltamethrin. The floral buds were fixed in Carnoy for the microsporogenesis analysis and in Karnovsky for scanning electron microscopy. The slides were prepared by squash technique and staining with propionic carmine. The pollen viability was determined by Alexander’s stain and in vitro germination. Results show that the quantification of abnormalities in meiosis in the two cultivars caused significant effect among the treatments, being that all differed statistically from the control group. Both methods showed a higher percentage of viable pollens in the control treatment and lower percentage of viability with the agricultural pesticides. The method of pollen viability by staining presented the highest averages of viable pollens, but when compared together, both methods presented a strongly related positive linear correlation. It was concluded that the used chemical products increased the percentage of chromosomal abnormalities during microsporogenesis, which interfered in the pollen viability of the two analyzed cultivars. The product deltamethrin caused the strongest effect on meiosis and on pollen viability.     

Contribution of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of olive leaves to photosynthesis

Leaves of olive cultivars Frantoio and Maurino were irradiated with different irradiances from above, from below, or simultaneously from both directions to determine the contribution of the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces to photosynthesis. In both cultivars, irradiation of both sides of the leaf caused increases in net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and apparent quantum yield compared to irradiating only one surface with the equal photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), but the PPFD needed to saturate P _N decreased. At high and medium PPFD the P _N determined at irradiating both leaf surfaces was less than the sum obtained at irradiation of only the upper or the lower surface with the same PPFD. At PPFD higher than 1000 μmol m-2 s-1 in cv. Frantoio and 1200 μmol m-2 s-1 in cv. Maurino, P _N did not vary. At low PPFD (<200 μmol m-2 s-1), P _N at irradiating the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces simultaneously was about the sum of the values obtained by irradiating the upper and lower surfaces separately. Consequently the compensation irradiance was reduced from about 50 μmol m-2 s-1 to about 30 μmol m-2 s-1 when irradiating both leaf surfaces. The natural leaf orientation of the olive cultivar influenced the utilization of radiant energy by the abaxial surface. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物栽培区划的模糊数学模型－－以油橄榄（Olea europaea L.）为例

本文根据植物引种栽培工作的特点与经验,提出了一个多层次结构综合评判的模糊数学模型。以油橄榄为例,运用该模型计算结果作出了湖北省油橄榄宜林地区划图。对于不同植物,只需要修改其中评判因素及权重分配值进行计算。我们认为,模糊数学的综合评判方法为植物引种栽培区域的选择提供了一种有效的工具。     

Chloroplast-DNA variation in cultivated and wild olive (Olea europaea L.)

Polymorphism in the lengths of restriction fragments of the whole cpDNA molecule was studied in cultivated olive and in oleaster (wild olive) over the whole Mediterranean Basin. Seventy two olive cultivars, 89 very old trees cultivated locally, and 101 oleasters were scored for ten endonucleases. Moreover, maternal inheritance of cpDNA in olive was shown by analysing the progeny of a controlled cross between two parents which differed in their cpDNA haplotypes. In the whole species, three site- and three length-mutations were observed, corresponding to five distinct chlorotypes. The same chlorotype (I) was predominant in both oleasters and cultivated olive trees, confirming that these are closely related maternally. Three other chlorotypes (II, III and IV) were observed exclusively in oleaster material and were restricted either to isolated forest populations or to a few individuals growing in mixture with olive trees possessing the majority chlorotype. An additional chlorotype (V) was characterised by three mutations located in distinct parts the cpDNA molecule but which were never observed to occur separately. This chlorotype, more widely distributed than the other three, in both cultivated and wild olive, and occurring even in distant populations, was observed exclusively in male-sterile trees showing the same specific pollen anomaly. However, in the present study, no evidence was provided for a direct relationship between the occurrence of the cpDNA mutations and male sterility. It is suggested that the large geographic distribution of chlorotype V may be related to the high fruit production usually observed on male-sterile trees. These may be very attractive for birds which are fond of olive fruit and spread the stones efficiently. Probably for the same reason, people preserved male-sterile oleasters for long periods and, in several places, used male-sterile cultivars over large areas. Received: 25 November 1998 / Accepted: 19 December 1998