SHELF-LIFE ESTIMATION OF APPLE-BABY FOOD

The aim of the present work was to study the evolution of the color of an apple‐baby food and to estimate its sensory shelf life. Samples of apple‐baby food stored at 25C were analyzed using trained assessors and a consumer panel. A zero‐order reaction kinetics was found for the evolution of sensory color with storage time. Color was highly correlated with consumers' rejection percentage and overall acceptability, which indicates that consumers consider this attribute when deciding to accept or reject this product and in assigning their acceptability scores. Using this correlation, the sensory cutoff point for color, corresponding to a 25% consumer rejection, was calculated. Sensory shelf life was estimated using consumer data. Sensory shelf life estimated by survival analysis was in agreement with that calculated considering an acceptability limit of 6.0 in a 9‐point hedonic scale.     

Light and storage time influence the microbial quality of minimally processed rocket

Ready-to-eat minimally processed fruits and vegetables are an ideal substrate for the growth of microorganisms, including human pathogens and mycotoxin-producing species, which question their quality and safety for customers. While we are aware of the importance of production workflows in structuring the products' microbial communities, we still know little about the factors that shape microbiomes during the timeframe products are available to customers, and beyond this timeframe. Here, we study the influence of storage light condition (light or dark) on microbiological and physico-chemical parameters of minimally processed rocket leaves at different shelf life timepoints (the day the product becomes available to consumers, expiration date, 3 days after the expiration date). Our results suggest that the total microbial load increases from the day the product becomes available to consumers, to the expiry date and after the product's expiration. However, when studying the composition of the fungal microbiome, we did not observe significant changes in its structure as the effect of product shelf life or storage light condition. We also found that products stored under light condition had a higher total bacterial load compared to those stored in darkness. Our results might be helpful in crafting improved workflows for product's storage during its shelf life, which might ultimately lead to a re-evaluation of storage times resulting in reduced food waste due to product spoilage or expiration.     

SENSORY SHELF-LIFE ESTIMATION OF ALFAJOR BY SURVIVAL ANALYSIS

Survival analysis methodology was used to estimate the shelf life of alfajor (a chocolate‐coated individually wrapped cake) at 20 and 35C by using results obtained from consumers when asked if they would accept or reject samples with different storage times. Sensory acceptability (measured by consumers), off‐flavor (measured by a trained panel) and moisture content were linearly related to time. These correlations were used to estimate values at the shelf‐life times calculated for 25 and 50% rejection probability. Survival analysis provided the following shelf‐life estimation: 74 days at 20C and 33 days at 35C for a 25% of rejection, 87 days at 20C and 39 days at 35C for a 50% of rejection. An alfajor stored at 20C having an acceptability value below 4.9 (1–9 hedonic scale) and off‐flavor intensity above 5.3 (0–10 scale) would be rejected by 25% of the consumers. Chemical data were not good shelf‐life predictors.     

FRESH-CUT ANNURCA APPLES: ACCEPTABILITY STUDY AND SHELF-LIFE DETERMINATION

To establish the likelihood of purchase and acceptability level of new fresh-cut apples, the responses of two categories of consumers, children and adults, were evaluated. The effect of storage time on acceptability was investigated and the shelf life of fresh-cut apples was determined by using a Weibull hazard model.
The samples were distributed at different storage time (from second to fifth day) at the Science Museum of Naples as part of an educational program for children to evaluate the likelihood of buying and the acceptability level of the product. The data were collected over 5 weeks, and the test was performed in 2,421 children and 224 adults. The product was distributed at the University of Naples at different storage time (time 0 to 10 days) to perform the Weibull test using 63 consumers.
The adults and children appreciated the product, and the adults were generally willing to buy it. The Weibull analysis proved an appropriate method to evaluate product shelf life, which was estimated at 7.5 days at 4C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study contributes to enhance the competitiveness of a traditional food as Protected Geographical Indication Annurca apples. In fact, an attractive way to improve the consumption of this variety of apple is to market it as a ready-to-eat product. Also, the research allows for a better understanding of the children's acceptability level of new fresh-cut apples in order to improve the intake of apples among primary schoolchildren. In fact, an interesting way to increase the children's consumption of fruit is to distribute it at school level and also to increase the convenience for children. Finally, the fact that the product was distributed to the Science Museum of Naples can be considered as a premarket test for a new product launch.     

Consumers' hedonic liking of different labeled and conventional food products in Slovenia

In recent years, like others in Europe, the Slovenian government has introduced national and European quality schemes and launched a campaign to inform consumers and boost demand for local products. Very few studies consider consumers' hedonic liking of different food products labeled with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)/Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) indications. This study therefore aims to fill this research gap and identify whether information affects the hedonic liking of various typical Slovenian PDO/PGI‐labeled products compared to their alternative conventional food products, whether Slovenian consumers like different typical Slovenian PDO/PGI‐labeled food products relative to their conventional food products, and which food products they sensorically prefer. The study findings show consumer hedonic liking is identical for all PDO/PGI‐labeled regional products, yet their sensory preferences reveal some significant differences between the analyzed products by age, gender, and education. Accordingly, studies should employ different sensory analyses for different food products and not generalized consumer hedonic liking/preference based on just one food product.

Practical applications

The finding that consumers do not hold hedonic preferences for either PDO/PGI‐labeled or conventional products when both informed and blind has significant implications for the Slovenian government, the marketers of labeled products and consumer policy aiming to promote better labeled products. For transition countries like Slovenia that have recently introduced food products labeling meeting EU standard but have a relatively small food industry based on local ingredients, traditional recipes, and production methods, our findings reveal the need to extend and intensify promotion and communication activities that highlight the guaranteed quality and use of local ingredients to boost consumers' preferences for PDO/PGI‐labeled products like cheese, ham, and honey.     

PREFERENCE MAPPING OF TEXTURE OF DULCE DE LECHE

The texture of 12 commercial samples of dulce de leche was characterized by means of texture profile analysis. Two sensory manual texture attributes (hardness and ropiness) were evaluated by a panel of 11 trained assessors. A panel of 50 consumers evaluated the texture acceptability of the samples using a 9‐point structured scale. Consumers showed highly significant different degrees of liking for the texture of the evaluated samples of dulce de leche. Clusters identified with Pearson's correlation coefficient showed opposite preference patterns and provided more useful information regarding market segmentation than clusters identified with Euclidean distances. External preference mapping and partial least squares regression showed that hardness was a driver of liking for one segment of consumers, whereas for the other one it was a driver of disliking. When all the consumers were considered, external preference mapping indicated that the ideal texture of dulce de leche would be intermediate, showing the importance of identifying preference patterns and suggesting that data averaging in consumer preferences might affect information recovery, and may lead to wrong conclusions. Different preference mapping techniques were compared; it was found out that when the relationship between acceptability and texture attributes was not linear, external preference mapping showed the best results.     

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACCEEPTABILITY CONSTRAINT FOR A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL IN FOOD FORMULATION

Control of a product's market acceptability can be a difficulty when using linear programming models in food formulation. The development of an acceptability constraint was demonstrated for a linear programming model used for the formulation of fresh turkey bratwurst, a coarse ground type sausage. Development was in two stages. First, an experimental design and in-house panel determined quantitative relationships between the product's textural attributes and turkey meat ingredients. Second, the product toughness relationship was utilized to develop three formulations with different levels of toughness. These formulations were market tested using the acceptor set size as the measure of market acceptability. A relationship between product toughness and acceptor set size was determined, into which was substituted the toughness f (ingredients) relationship. This yielded acceptor set size as a f (ingredients) that was added to the least cost linear programming model in the form of an acceptability constraint.     

A prompt to the web: the media and health information seeking behaviour

Objective, Design, Setting and Participants

The objective was to investigate media influence on consumers'' health related behaviours. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected adults (18+ years) residing in the Hunter Region of New South Wales Australia was conducted. The sample was selected using a combination of the white pages and random digit dialling.

Main Outcome Measures

The proportions of respondents who recalled seeing or hearing about conditions or treatments in the media over the 12 months prior to interview (August 2009–August 2010) and their subsequent health related behaviour.

Results

Although most survey participants reported seeking health information from their doctors, around two-thirds of survey participants (551, 68.8%) recalled hearing, seeing or reading about one or more medical conditions (total = 1097 instances) in the mainstream media over the past 12 months. Almost 40% of respondents (307, 38.4%) stated that they had looked for more information about a condition as a result of hearing about it in the media, and most used the internet (269, 87.4%). More than a quarter of respondents (215, 26.9%) indicated that they had asked their doctor about a condition they had heard about in the media. Around half of those who asked their doctor (109, 50.6%) reported that their inquiry resulted in them receiving treatment, of whom almost half (53, 48.3%) reported being prescribed a medicine.

Conclusion

The survey results show that consumers become aware of medicines through traditional media and then to learn more often turn to the internet where quality of information may be poor. (252 words)     

On the Shelf Life of Pharmaceutical Products

This article proposes new terminology that distinguishes between different concepts involved in the discussion of the shelf life of pharmaceutical products. Such comprehensive and common language is currently lacking from various guidelines, which confuses implementation and impedes comparisons of different methodologies. The five new terms that are necessary for a coherent discussion of shelf life are: true shelf life, estimated shelf life, supported shelf life, maximum shelf life, and labeled shelf life. These concepts are already in use, but not named as such. The article discusses various levels of "product" on which different stakeholders tend to focus (e.g., a single-dosage unit, a batch, a production process, etc.). The article also highlights a key missing element in the discussion of shelf life-a Quality Statement, which defines the quality standard for all key stakeholders. Arguments are presented that for regulatory and statistical reasons the true product shelf life should be defined in terms of a suitably small quantile (e.g., fifth) of the distribution of batch shelf lives. The choice of quantile translates to an upper bound on the probability that a randomly selected batch will be nonconforming when tested at the storage time defined by the labeled shelf life. For this strategy, a random-batch model is required. This approach, unlike a fixed-batch model, allows estimation of both within- and between-batch variability, and allows inferences to be made about the entire production process. This work was conducted by the Stability Shelf Life Working Group of the Product Quality Research Institute.     

Evaluating Current Practices in Shelf Life Estimation

The current International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) methods for determining the supported shelf life of a drug product, described in ICH guidance documents Q1A and Q1E, are evaluated in this paper. To support this evaluation, an industry data set is used which is comprised of 26 individual stability batches of a common drug product where most batches are measured over a 24 month storage period. Using randomly sampled sets of 3 or 6 batches from the industry data set, the current ICH methods are assessed from three perspectives. First, the distributional properties of the supported shelf lives are summarized and compared to the distributional properties of the true shelf lives associated with the industry data set, assuming the industry data set represents a finite population of drug product batches for discussion purposes. Second, the results of the ICH “poolability” tests for model selection are summarized and the separate shelf life distributions from the possible alternative models are compared. Finally, the ICH methods are evaluated in terms of their ability to manage risk. Shelf life estimates that are too long result in an unacceptable percentage of nonconforming batches at expiry while those that are too short put the manufacturer at risk of possibly having to prematurely discard safe and efficacious drug product. Based on the analysis of the industry data set, the ICH-recommended approach did not produce supported shelf lives that effectively managed risk. Alternative approaches are required.     

Dining hall at sea: feeding migrations of nektonic predators to the eastern Patagonian Shelf

Seasonal changes in relative abundance and biomass of nektonic predators were analysed on the eastern Patagonian Shelf and continental slope; one of the most productive large marine ecosystems of the southern hemisphere. Several migratory types were revealed for species belonging to either temperate or sub-Antarctic faunas. Despite high productivity, only a few large nektonic predators spend their entire life cycle on the eastern Patagonian Shelf and use only a small proportion of the meso-nektonic resource. Most of the resource is exploited by non-resident nektonic migrants, which move to the area from distant spawning grounds. Pelagic and demersal sharks and skates, the squid Illex argentinus, tunas and gadoids migrate to the eastern part of the Patagonian Shelf to feed at different times of the year; arriving in seasonal waves according to their life cycle and spawning seasonality. Some deepwater fishes and squid migrate onto the shelf as juveniles to harvest the resource, and then return to deepwater habitat as adults. It is hypothesized that the large biomass of meso-planktonic and meso-nektonic consumers prevents most higher-trophic level predators from establishing spawning populations in this area, as their larvae and fry would be overwhelmed by predation. Instead, the higher-trophic level predators establish spawning and nursery grounds elsewhere and arrive to feed on the meso-planktonic and meso-nektonic resources after they have outgrown their own stages of predation vulnerability.     

INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION/PROFESSION OF MEXICAN CONSUMERS ON ACCEPTANCE AND PURCHASE INTENT OF CORN TORTILLA

Influence of education/profession of Mexican consumers on acceptance and purchase intent of corn tortillas was evaluated. Two groups of 150 Mexican consumers each (faculty/graduate students [A] versus field laborers [B]) rated sensory acceptability of corn tortillas. Acceptance and purchase intent were rated using a binomial scale. Group B had higher expectations towards corn tortillas as indicated by lower acceptability ratings. Both groups used rollability, resistance-to-tearing, and chewiness to differentiate tortilla samples, but group B paid more attention to these attributes as indicated by higher canonical correlation values. Acceptance was influenced by overall liking for both groups; chewiness and taste were also significant for group B. Purchase intent was influenced by overall liking and taste for both groups, but color for group A, and appearance and chewiness for group B were also critical. This study demonstrated that education/profession of Mexican consumers affected their acceptance and purchase intent of corn tortillas.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study revealed that education/profession of Mexican consumers affected acceptance and purchase intent of corn tortillas. Two groups of consumers with different levels of education had different expectation toward tortillas when making purchase decision. Understanding how each consumer segment differently perceives about the tortilla product will give marketers and manufacturers a better direction for developing tortilla products with expected sensory qualities.     

An application of the risk perception attitude framework in food safety behavior

An important part of consumers' ability to choose and consume safe food is their level of trust in the information and labeling provided by governments or companies. This study classifies consumers into four groups with similar characteristics regarding food safety issues, using data from the 2016 “Research on Food Consumption Behavior” compiled by the Korea Rural Economic Institute. Using risk perception and efficacy beliefs for food safety, four consumer-type groups were identified: indifference, proactive, avoidance, and responsive. Consumers were classified by applying the risk perception attitude framework, and then the factors that influence the consumer-type classifications were examined. The indifference group accounted for 33.9% of all consumers, the highest percentage, and factors that influenced the classification of consumer types were gender, education level, monthly household income, interest in health, and involvement with food safety. The differences in food safety behaviors proxied by intention to pay higher prices for safe food and checking food labels were identified by consumer type, and these differences were statistically significant.     

The influence of packaging on consumers’ quality perception of carrots

The aim of the present research was to investigate the influence of packaging design on consumers' perception of quality of fresh carrots. We adopted a conjoint analytic approach in which 251 Danish consumers rated the perceived quality and value (expected price) of nine packaging images, obtained by systematically varying packaging type (plastic bag, plastic box, cardboard paper) and label color (blue, brown, grey). The results revealed that the main attribute influencing the perceptions of the consumer was packaging type. Specifically, the box packages (both plastic and cardboard) were associated to carrots of significantly higher perceived value and quality compared to the plastic bag packages. Furthermore, the study identified the most important aspects consumers attend to when purchasing carrots. A transparent packaging, allowing consumers to inspect the produce, was mentioned as the most important aspect. Being organic and local were identified as the second and third most important, respectively.

Practical applications

Packaging is an important extrinsic product attribute that can influence consumer perceptions of fresh produce. The results have implications for retailers and producers with respect to the choice of packaging and label design. Specifically, consumers associated box packages to higher quality produce, suggesting that carrots in this type of package may command higher price and/or be preferred to bagged alternatives at a similar price point. The study further indicated the importance of using a transparent packaging that clearly allow consumers to inspect the produce, and also suggest that “organic” and “local” are important drivers of purchase for this product category.     

What Point-of-Use Water Treatment Products Do Consumers Use? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial among the Urban Poor in Bangladesh

Background

There is evidence that household point-of-use (POU) water treatment products can reduce the enormous burden of water-borne illness. Nevertheless, adoption among the global poor is very low, and little evidence exists on why.

Methods

We gave 600 households in poor communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh randomly-ordered two-month free trials of four water treatment products: dilute liquid chlorine (sodium hypochlorite solution, marketed locally as Water Guard), sodium dichloroisocyanurate tablets (branded as Aquatabs), a combined flocculant-disinfectant powdered mixture (the PUR Purifier of Water), and a silver-coated ceramic siphon filter. Consumers also received education on the dangers of untreated drinking water. We measured which products consumers used with self-reports, observation (for the filter), and chlorine tests (for the other products). We also measured drinking water''s contamination with E. coli (compared to 200 control households).

Findings

Households reported highest usage of the filter, although no product had even 30% usage. E. coli concentrations in stored drinking water were generally lowest when households had Water Guard. Households that self-reported product usage had large reductions in E. coli concentrations with any product as compared to controls.

Conclusion

Traditional arguments for the low adoption of POU products focus on affordability, consumers'' lack of information about germs and the dangers of unsafe water, and specific products not meshing with a household''s preferences. In this study we provided free trials, repeated informational messages explaining the dangers of untreated water, and a variety of product designs. The low usage of all products despite such efforts makes clear that important barriers exist beyond cost, information, and variation among these four product designs. Without a better understanding of the choices and aspirations of the target end-users, household-based water treatment is unlikely to reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in urban Bangladesh and similar populations.     

A matter of timing: System requirements for repair and their temporal dimensions

Research into repair within the circular economy (CE) typically focuses on technical aspects of design, policy, and markets, and often assumes simplified conditions for the user/owner and the product system to explain the barriers to scaling repair activities. However, factors occurring at pre-use stages of the product's life cycle can significantly influence whether, and to what extent, repair is viable or possible, that is, warranty duration, after-sale service provision, and access to necessities. The passing of time can directly and indirectly affect the ability, difficulty, and thus, the likelihood of repair activities being performed at each stage of the product's life cycle. Drawing from the literature and applying inductive systems-thinking tools, we propose a framework for considering the “System of Repairability.” We delineate how the passing of time (temporal dimensions) affects one's ‘‘ability to repair,’’ as a product progresses through different life cycle phases (i.e., breakdown vs. repair vs. disposal), and the point(s) at which the repair is considered or attempted (i.e., year of usage). By integrating life cycle and temporal (time-based) dimensions into a broad System of Repairability framework, we clarify relevant interconnections, iterations, sequences, and timing of decision points, stakeholders, and necessary conditions to facilitate an outcome of successful repair at the individual level, and thus intervention strategies for scaling repair within CE. We discuss how a policy mix can address the life cycle of products and the repair system more holistically. We conclude with a future outlook on how temporal dimensions can inform policy strategies and future research.     

Biofortified Cassava with Pro-Vitamin A Is Sensory and Culturally Acceptable for Consumption by Primary School Children in Kenya

Background

Biofortification of cassava with pro-vitamin A can potentially reduce vitamin A deficiency in low-income countries. However, little is known about consumer acceptance of this deep yellow variety of cassava compared to the commonly available white varieties. We aimed to determine the sensory and cultural acceptability of the consumption of pro-vitamin A rich cassava in order to identify key factors predicting the intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava by families with school-aged children in Eastern Kenya.

Methods

Sensory acceptability was measured by replicated discrimination tests and paired preference tests among 30 children (7–12 yr) and 30 caretakers (18–45 yr) in three primary schools. Cultural acceptability was assessed with a questionnaire based on the combined model of The Theory of Planned Behavior and The Health Belief Model in one primary school among 140 caretakers of children aged 6 to 12 years. Correlations and multivariate analyses were used to determine associations between summed scores for model constructs.

Results

Caretakers and children perceived a significant difference in taste between white and pro-vitamin A rich cassava. Both preferred pro-vitamin A rich cassava over white cassava because of its soft texture, sweet taste and attractive color. Knowledge about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and it''s relation to health (‘Knowledge’ ((β = 0.29, P = <.01)) was a strong predictor of ‘Health behavior identity’. Worries related to bitter taste and color (‘Perceived barriers 1’ (β = −0.21, P = .02)), the belief of the caretaker about having control to prepare cassava (‘Control beliefs’ (β = 0.18, P = .02)) and activities like information sessions about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and recommendations from health workers (‘Cues to action’(β = 0.51, P = <.01)) were the best predictors of intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava.

Conclusions

Pro-vitamin A rich cassava is well accepted by school children in our study population.     

Analysis of the link between a definition of sustainability and the life cycle methodologies

Purpose

It has been claimed that in order to assess the sustainability of products, a combination of the results from a life cycle assessment (LCA), social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) is needed. Despite the frequent reference to this claim in the literature, very little explicit analysis of the claim has been made. The purpose of this article is to analyse this claim.

Methods

An interpretation of the goals of sustainability, as outlined in the report Our Common Future (WCED 1987), which is the basis for most literature on sustainability assessment in the LCA community, is presented and detailed to a level enabling an analysis of the relation to the impact categories at midpoint level considered in life cycle (LC) methodologies.

Results

The interpretation of the definition of sustainability as outlined in Our Common Future (WCED 1987) suggests that the assessment of a product's sustainability is about addressing the extent to which product life cycles affect poverty levels among the current generation, as well as changes in the level of natural, human and produced and social capital available for the future population. It is shown that the extent to which product life cycles affect poverty to some extent is covered by impact categories included in existing SLCA approaches. It is also found that the extent to which product life cycles affect natural capital is well covered by LCA, and human capital is covered by both LCA and SLCA but in different ways. Produced capital is not to any large extent considered in any of the LC methodologies. Furthermore, because of the present level of knowledge about what creates and destroys social capital, it is difficult to assess how it relates to the LC methodologies. It is also found that the LCC is only relevant in the context of a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) if focusing on the monetary gains or losses for the poor. Yet, this is an aspect which is already considered in several SLCA approaches.

Conclusions

The current consensus that LCSA can be performed through combining the results from an SLCA, LCA and LCC is only partially supported in this article: The LCSA should include both an LCA and an SLCA, which should be expanded to better cover how product life cycles affect poverty and produced capital. The LCC may be included if it has as a focus to asses income gains for the poor.     

COMPARISON OF ATTRIBUTE LIKING AND JAR SCALES TO EVALUATE THE ADEQUACY OF SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF MILK DESSERTS

Just-about-right (JAR) scales and attribute liking questions are usually used to study consumer perception of the sensory characteristics of food products. The aim of the present work was to compare the performance of attribute liking and JAR scales to evaluate consumers' perceived adequacy of flavor and texture of milk puddings. Two groups of consumers were asked to evaluate eight milk desserts using (1) overall liking followed by attribute liking for texture and flavor and (2) overall liking followed by JAR scales for thickness, creaminess, sweetness and vanilla flavor. Overall liking scores were significantly different when JAR scales or attribute liking questions were considered. Texture, flavor and overall liking scores were highly correlated to each other, providing the same information. JAR scales correlated better with the intensity of sensory attributes evaluated by a trained sensory panel, being JAR percentages a reliable tool to study the adequacy of sensory attributes.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Results from the present work showed that consumers might not be able to independently evaluate their liking of different sensory attributes of a product. For this reason, the use of attribute liking questions for studying the adequacy of sensory attributes in complex products would not be recommended. JAR scales were better indicators of the adequacy of sensory attributes. Consumers were able to independently evaluate texture and flavor attributes using JAR scales. However, the influence of JAR scales on overall liking scores should be taken into account when including these scales on consumer studies.     

USAGE BEHAVIOR OF MEAT PRODUCTS BY AUSTRALIANS AND HONG KONG CHINESE: A COMPARISON OF FREE CHOICE AND CONSENSUS PROFILING

Australian and Hong Kong Chinese male and female consumers, aged 20 to 30 years, evaluated a range of 16 meat products using two questionnaires. One questionnaire comprised the 12 most frequently used terms by consumers to describe how, when and where they would most often consume each product. The alternate questionnaire for each individual comprised free choice vocabulary. Half of each consumer sample used the consensus questionnaire and the other half, the free choice questionnaire first, and indicated how often they would consume each meat product in the various contexts listed using graphic line scales of 100 mm anchored at either end by the words ‘never’ and ‘always’. After an interval of time, the alternate questionnaire was completed. It was found that similar conclusions can be drawn about major contextual dimensions either by principal component analysis of data from a consensus questionnaire or by generalized Procrustes analysis of data from free choice profiling.