广东省循环农业发展的综合评价及其障碍度诊断

从经济与社会发展、资源减最投入、资源循环利用、资源环境安全4个方面构建立了区域农业循环经济发展的评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法和加权函数法,对1990-2005年间广东省农业循环经济的发展水平进行了综合评价.结果表明,1990年以来广东省农业循环经济发展水平总体呈现增强趋势,综合评价指数在1一1.7范围内变动;经济与社会和资源循环利用的平均发展水平高于1990年,且发展速度逐年加快;资源减量投入评价指数变化不稳定,平均发展水平略低于1990年;资源环境安全发展呈现逐年缓慢降低的趋势.障碍度分析表明,资源循环利用对广东省农业循环经济发展的制约最大,但障碍度大小总体趋势是下降的,资源减量投入和资源环境的障碍度随着时间呈现上升趋势,其中资源减量投入指标的障碍度自2001年后有较为明显的增幅.     

基于突变级数法的广东省资源环境承载力动态

资源环境承载力是可持续发展的重要基础,实现其有效评价对建设生态文明社会有着重要意义。本文从经济、社会、资源和环境4个方面选取14个评价指标,基于突变理论采用突变级数法,评估了广东省21个地级市2000—2015年城市综合资源环境承载力。结果表明:近15年广东省各市综合资源环境承载力指数整体上呈小幅度下降趋势;广东省从大部分地区处在高承载力范围逐渐变为珠三角地区城市综合承载力指数相对高而东莞、深圳城市综合承载力较弱;各子系统对城市综合承载力影响不同;资源环境复合系统为承载力支撑基础,经济社会复合系统为承载力的有力保障;其中,江门、汕头、惠州、佛山等市城市综合资源环境承载力指数最高,整体上表现为经济水平与资源环境越平衡的地区城市综合承载力越高;各子系统承载力指数变化呈现不同形态;经济子系统突显城市经济发展状况,经济水平越高则其承载力越高,整体呈现小幅增长模式,而流动人口加剧,导致社会子系统承载力指数出现小幅下降;资源子系统承载力基于资源保有量相对稳定的前提下状态较为稳定;环境子系统承载力则因环境污染而呈现下降趋势;广东省各市子系统承载力指数空间差异显著;经济社会复合系统承载力指数分布基本与各市的经济发展水平相当;资源环境复合系统承载力指数分布与广东省地形大致相符,呈现粤东粤西高,并逐渐向东莞、深圳珠三角地区降低。     

广东省城市资源环境基尼系数

广东省经济的快速发展与资源消耗、污染物排放是密切相关的,如何对资源消耗和污染物排放的公平性、合理性进行评价一直是个难题.构建资源环境基尼系数,用来评价广东省资源消耗和污染物排放的公平性、合理性.资源环境基尼系数是反映在经济贡献率相同的情况下,资源消耗、污染物排放公平程度的一个指标.选取广东省2005年能源消耗、COD排放、SO2排放和工业固体废物排放作为评价指标,计算其资源环境基尼系数,并以绿色贡献系数来判断资源消耗和污染物排放的不公平因子.结果表明,上述 4 项指标的资源环境基尼系数分别为 0.15,0.39,0.38,0.87.能源消耗处于绝对平均的范围内,COD和SO2排放处于相对合理的范围内,工业固废排放处于差距悬殊状态.广东省资源环境的分配差异较大,21个地市中,不公平因子主要集中在清远、韶关、云浮、河源这4个城市,而深圳、广州、中山3个城市体现出的是一种绿色发展模式.为缩小广东资源环境分配的空间差异,清远、韶关、云浮、河源等城市需要转变发展模式,实现经济与资源环境的协调发展.     

中国农业生态效率评价方法与实证——基于非期望产出的SBM模型分析

生态效率是衡量经济与资源环境协调发展的重要指标.基于将农业面源污染作为非期望产出的考量,在对传统DEA模型进行修正的基础上,采用非径向、非角度的SBM模型对中国30个省份的农业生态效率进行了测算,并给出了农业生态效率的改善途径.研究结果表明:1998-2009年中国农业生态效率虽然呈现缓慢上升态势,但整体仍处于较低水平,除北京、上海、海南、重庆外,其余省市都需要改变投入和产出来优化农业生态效率;资源的过度消耗和环境污染物的过量排放是农业生态效率损失的主要原因.提高资源利用效率、降低资源消耗量和环境污染物的排放量是农业生态效率改善的重要途径.     

广东省生态学会专家考察并建议建立“连山种质资源大观园”

应连山县科教局的邀请,广东省生态学会于三月下旬组织专家对连山县永和黄见岑拟建立生态科教示范基地的可行性进行了考察.专家们认为,在该基地建立“连山种质资源大观园”,县省科研和科普价值,对促进连山县及其周围地区科教事业和旅游业的发展大有益处.     

祁连山北坡中段植物群落多样性的垂直分布格局

利用DCCA排序和海拔高程排序相结合的方法 ,对祁连山北坡中段植物群落物种多样性垂直分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明 :1)植物群落草本层和灌木层物种丰富度和多样性在环境梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势 ,乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性在环境梯度上无变化。物种丰富度和多样性对环境梯度变化敏感程度的次序是草本层 >灌木层 >乔木层 ;2 )植物群落各层次均匀度在环境梯度上没有表现出一定的变化规律 ,均匀度可能更多地受制于群落自身动态的影响 ,而独立于生境的资源水平 ;3)草地群落物种多样性在DCCA环境梯度上曲线的拟合效果优于按海拔高程排序效果 ,灌木群落则相反 ;4)低海拔、中低海拔和中海拔地带的草本层物种丰富度和Shannon Wiener多样性指数 (H′)显著高于灌木层 (p <0 .0 1) ;高海拔地带草本层仅丰富度指数显著高于灌木层 (p <0 .0 5 )。在整个海拔范围内 ,草本层和灌木层的均匀度无显著差异。就资源的可利用性而言 ,研究区域植物群落物种多样性在垂直环境梯度上的变化规律表达了物种多样性与资源生产力的单调关系内涵。     

区域农业经济发展的能值分析

运用能值分析法,研究了辽宁省朝阳与抚顺2个农业经济系统在25年的发展过程中资源利用、产品生产、环境压力以及可持续性的变迁.结果表明:2个农业系统的生产过程对购入资源的依赖性都呈增强的态势,由于较多依赖于购入的不可更新资源,生产过程对当地环境产生较大压力;25年中,系统的生态可持续性急剧下降.在这一过程中,朝阳农业系统表现出可持续性的更快下降,能值可持续指数从1.25下降到0.11;同样的工业化过程给朝阳较脆弱的环境带来更大的压力;与投入更多不可更新资源相比,环境的保护与恢复应该是减少本地不可更新资源流失的更优策略.     

川西南山地植被资源及其合理利用

川西南地区的农、林、牧业,不仅在全省农业经济结构中占有重要地位,而且矿物和能源特别丰富,是我国西南工业战略要地。所以,合理利用本区植被资源,对发展经济、协调农业生态系统具有重要意义。全文讨论5个问题:1.范围和环境特点;2.植物植被资源特点;3.植被利用现状;4.植被在生态农业中的意义;5.植被利用的几点建议.     

基于生态容量的广东省资源环境基尼系数计算与分析——与张音波等商榷

张音波等认为:资源环境基尼系数是用来反映在"经济贡献率"相同的情况下,资源消耗、污染物排放公平程度的一个指标,并用"绿色贡献系数"来判断资源消耗与污染物排放的不公平因子.这种基于GDP来计算的"资源环境基尼系数"会产生一种"经济越发达的地区就可以多污染"的误解,且这种"越富裕越有排污权消耗权"的理论与生态学的生态容量理论是相背离的.正确的分析方法应该是"基于'环境或生态容量'的资源环境基尼系数",从生态容量的角度,重新定义资源环境基尼系数,并确立基于生态容量的"绿色负担系数"来评价其不公平性.选取广东省2005年各城市SO2排放、工业固废产生、废水排放和能源消耗为评价指标,选取在统计资料上统计的便于分析对照的"森林面积"和"耕地面积"指标为"生态容量"的表征指标,计算其资源环境基尼系数和绿色负担系数.结果表明,2005年广东省上述4项指标的资源环境基尼系数分别为0.65、0.58、0.60、0.57,均明显高于0.4的"警戒线",说明广东省资源环境容量分配差异较大.从绿色负担系数来看,研究结果与张音波等的结果恰恰相反:在广东21个城市中,深圳、佛山、东莞、中山、广州等经济发达城市是主要的不公平因子,是需要转变经济发展模式的城市,更须注重经济与环境的协调发展.     

广东省水稻种质资源系统收集与鉴定评价

2016-2018年"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"广东省项目组对省内59个县(市、区)的水稻地方品种资源进行了系统调查与收集,共收集到水稻资源269份,并对其中的261份进行了鉴定评价.调查发现,收集到的水稻地方品种资源基本遍布整个广东地区,在珠三角周边的深圳市、东莞市、中山市和珠海市等4个地级市未收集到水...     

Relative strengths of trait-mediated and density-mediated indirect effects of a predator vary with resource levels in a freshwater food chain

Predators can affect the density and traits (e.g. morphology, behavior) of their prey, and either change may influence how prey interact with their resources. Thus, predators can interact indirectly with resource species (i.e. two trophic levels below) through two separate mechanisms. The relative strengths of these two kinds of indirect effects have rarely been compared directly, and how their relative importance varies across environmental gradients is virtually unknown. We investigated the relative strength of trait- and density-mediated indirect effects of the predatory insect Belostoma flumineum on algal communities through predation on the pond snail, Physa gyrina , across a gradient of basal resource abundance. Because prey balance the benefits of foraging against the increased risk of predation while foraging, the availability of the prey's resource should influence the strength of anti-predator behavioral responses and hence the strength of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Belostoma presence had positive indirect effects on resources as expected and total predator effects were constant across the basal resource gradient. At low initial resource levels, trait-mediated indirect effects on algal biomass exceeded density-mediated indirect effects, while at high initial resources the reverse was true. Snails showed similar habitat use across the resource gradient suggesting that the anti-predator response was most likely a depression of activity levels.     

A method for easily customizable gradient gel electrophoresis

Gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a powerful tool for the resolution of polypeptides by relative mobility. Here, we present a simplified method for generating polyacrylamide gradient gels for routine analysis without the need for specialized mixing equipment. The method allows for easily customizable gradients which can be optimized for specific polypeptide resolution requirements. Moreover, the method eliminates the possibility of buffer cross contamination in mixing equipment, and the time and resources saved with this method in place of traditional gradient mixing, or the purchase of pre-cast gels, are noteworthy given the frequency with which many labs use gradient gel SDS-PAGE.     

Diversity,occurrence and feeding traits of caddisfly larvae as indicators for ecological integrity of river-floodplain habitats along a connectivity gradient

In order to assess ecological values of Lower Rhine and Meuse floodplain habitats we studied the spatial and seasonal variation in diversity, species assemblages and feeding traits of caddisfly larvae in water bodies over the lateral connectivity gradient: eupotamon: main and secondary channels; parapotamon: channels connected permanently with the main channel only at their downstream ends; plesiopotamon: disconnected channels close to the main channel; paleopotamon: abandoned meanders at a greater distance from the main channel.Spatial variety was studied by analyzing the summer species composition in 70 Lower Rhine and Meuse water bodies which were categorized in connectivity habitats, whereas seasonal variety was studied in Lower Rhine water bodies along a connectivity gradient by monthly sampling over a whole year. Physico-chemical data and environmental parameters were recorded for each water body during sampling. Diversity and species assemblages of caddisfly larvae varied in relation to connectivity, macrophyte diversity and abundance and stream velocity. A comparison with historical records and species lists from less disturbed rivers showed that diversity in the main channel was very low.Caddisfly larvae species assemblages varied over the connectivity gradient. Lotic habitats (eupotamon) were separated from the lentic ones, and the well vegetated paleopotamon from the sparsely vegetated parapotamon and pleisopotamon habitats, indicating the overall importance of vegetation and current velocity for the species assemblages. Hydropsychidae have been found in the eupotamon exclusively, whereas Limnephilidae, Hydroptilidae and Polycentropodidae have been found predominantly in the paleopotamon water bodies. Leptoceridae were found in all floodplain water body categories. A similar pattern of distribution of families along the lateral connectivity gradient was found in more natural rivers.Caddisfly larvae species feeding traits showed a clear differentiation over the lateral connectivity gradient with filter-feeders and scrapers most important in the eupotamon and parapotamon, and shredders, piercers and predators most dominant in the paleopotamon habitats, indicating the importance of nutritional resources in relation to hydrological connectivity for the structure and functioning of caddisfly larvae species assemblages. The analysis of the species feeding traits allows generalizations towards the entire aquatic community and general prognoses for other floodplain ecosystems.     

Specific fragmentation of adenovirus heteroduplex DNA molecules with single-strand specific nucleases of Neurospora crassa

Heteroduplex DNA molecules, prepared by hybridizing DNA of adenovirus serotypes 1, 2 and 5 in all three combinations, have been shown by electron microscopy to contain two specifically located mismatched regions.Single-strand specific nucleases from Neurospora crassa cleaved the heteroduplexes into three fragments as demonstrated by sucrose gradient analysis, agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. These were produced in equimolar amounts, and were shown by alkaline sucrose gradient analysis to be free of internal single-strand interruptions. The size of each of the fragments was determined by sucrose gradient analysis and by electron microscopic measurements of the contour lengths. The three values obtained correspond to the lengths of the three double-stranded regions in the untreated heteroduplex molecules. The fragments, free of detectable single-stranded tails, have been isolated preparatively from neutral sucrose gradients. Renaturation kinetic analyses support the conclusion that each fragment represents a unique segment of the adenovirus genome.     

Do Low-Mercury Terrestrial Resources Subsidize Low-Mercury Growth of Stream Fish? Differences between Species along a Productivity Gradient

Low productivity in aquatic ecosystems is associated with reduced individual growth of fish and increased concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) in fish and their prey. However, many stream-dwelling fish species can use terrestrially-derived food resources, potentially subsidizing growth at low-productivity sites, and, because terrestrial resources have lower MeHg concentrations than aquatic resources, preventing an increase in diet-borne MeHg accumulation. We used a large-scale field study to evaluate relationships among terrestrial subsidy use, growth, and MeHg concentrations in two stream-dwelling fish species across an in-stream productivity gradient. We sampled young-of-the-year brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), potential competitors with similar foraging habits, from 20 study sites in streams in New Hampshire and Massachusetts that encompassed a wide range of aquatic prey biomass. Stable isotope analysis showed that brook trout used more terrestrial resources than Atlantic salmon. Over their first growing season, Atlantic salmon tended to grow larger than brook trout at sites with high aquatic prey biomass, but brook grew two-fold larger than Atlantic salmon at sites with low aquatic prey biomass. The MeHg concentrations of brook trout and Atlantic salmon were similar at sites with high aquatic prey biomass and the MeHg concentrations of both species increased at sites with low prey biomass and high MeHg in aquatic prey. However, brook trout had three-fold lower MeHg concentrations than Atlantic salmon at low-productivity, high-MeHg sites. These results suggest that differential use of terrestrial resource subsidies reversed the growth asymmetry between potential competitors across a productivity gradient and, for one species, moderated the effect of low in-stream productivity on MeHg accumulation.     

Quasielastic light scattering from migrating chemotactic bands of Escherichia coli. II. Analysis of anisotropic bacterial motions.

Chemotactic effects of dissolved oxygen on motions of Escherichia coli in a motility buffer solution have been studied by measurements of quasielastic light scattering. Under conditions where the bacteria form a sharp band in an oxygen concentrations gradient created by their metabolism, components of motions along the direction of the gradient and perpendicular to it were studied separately at each point within the band profile. A theoretical model for bacterial self correlation function based on two-state motions has been developed to extract the mean square speed of run motion and the relative probability of twiddle vs. run at each point of the band profile. A combined novel experimental set-up and new data analysis method allowed us to extract also the mean square displacements at short times along and perpendicular to the direction of the gradient. Parameters extracted from the measured correlation functions have been discussed in the framework of the established picture of bacterial motions under chemotaxis.     

Two-stage methods for alkaline-range analytical isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gel: Application to cationic proteins in serum

Two-stage methods for alkaline-range analytical isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels have been developed for the analysis of the cationic proteins in complex mixtures of protein. A pH gradient covering the “entire” pH range but emphasizing only a narrow portion of this gradient is produced. During the first stage a nonlinear pH gradient is nearly established. The anodic electrode is then moved to a position on the gel such that the applied potential is exclusively across the alkaline portion of the gradient. The second stage results in a significant increase in the electric field strength and, consequently, the resolving power. The two-stage methods, exploiting the advantages of narrow pH gradients and high field strengths, have enabled excellent resolution of the highly heterogeneous cationic proteins in serum.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance chromatography: applications of pulse field gradient diffusion NMR to mixture analysis and ligand–receptor interactions

Pulse field gradient (PFG) diffusion NMR spectroscopy is a non-invasive method for the spectroscopic separation and identification of compounds of interest from a mixture. Because it relies on differences in translational diffusion rates to resolve NMR signals from individual components, pulse field gradient NMR is a unique method for analyzing complex mixtures and for detecting intermolecular interactions. A number of multidimensional pulse field gradient NMR experiments have been developed to alleviate the overlap of NMR signals arising from a complex mixture and facilitate component identification. The applications of pulse field gradient NMR for mixture analysis and for the direct identification of high affinity ligands are reviewed.     

Does pollution influence small mammal diet in the field? A metabarcoding approach in a generalist consumer

Mammals are mainly exposed to trace metals (TMs) via consuming contaminated food. Several studies have demonstrated relationships between metal concentrations in food and in animal tissues. However, potential effects of TMs on feeding behaviour of wildlife have been poorly documented under field conditions, despite experimental evidence showing that food selection is impacted by resource contamination. Here, we test the hypothesis that the diet of a generalist rodent, the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), is altered by soil TM contamination in the field. Wood mice were sampled in spring and in autumn along a gradient of soil contamination in the surroundings of a former smelter located in northern France. Available resources in the field were inventoried, and the diet of the animals was analysed using DNA “metabarcoding.” We demonstrated that (a) relationship between the resource richness in the diet and their richness in the field was altered by soil metal contamination. Wood mice specialized their diet along the gradient of soil metal contamination for both plant and invertebrate resources in spring. We also showed that (b) preference for Salicaceae, a plant family accumulating metals, decreased when soil contamination increased. These results suggest that environmental TM pollution could act as a force modulating trophic interactions in terrestrial food webs, thereby affecting wildlife exposure to contaminants by trophic route.     

Evaluating ecosystem effects of climate change on tropical island streams using high spatial and temporal resolution sampling regimes

Climate change is expected to alter precipitation patterns worldwide, which will affect streamflow in riverine ecosystems. It is vital to understand the impacts of projected flow variations, especially in tropical regions where the effects of climate change are expected to be one of the earliest to emerge. Space‐for‐time substitutions have been successful at predicting effects of climate change in terrestrial systems by using a spatial gradient to mimic the projected temporal change. However, concerns have been raised that the spatial variability in these models might not reflect the temporal variability. We utilized a well‐constrained rainfall gradient on Hawaii Island to determine (a) how predicted decreases in flow and increases in flow variability affect stream food resources and consumers and (b) if using a high temporal (monthly, four streams) or a high spatial (annual, eight streams) resolution sampling scheme would alter the results of a space‐for‐time substitution. Declines in benthic and suspended resource quantity (10‐ to 40‐fold) and quality (shift from macrophyte to leaf litter dominated) contributed to 35‐fold decreases in macroinvertebrate biomass with predicted changes in the magnitude and variability in the flow. Invertebrate composition switched from caddisflies and damselflies to taxa with faster turnover rates (mosquitoes, copepods). Changes in resource and consumer composition patterns were stronger with high temporal resolution sampling. However, trends and ranges of results did not differ between the two sampling regimes, indicating that a suitable, well‐constrained spatial gradient is an appropriate tool for examining temporal change. Our study is the first to investigate resource to community wide effects of climate change on tropical streams on a spatial and temporal scale. We determined that predicted flow alterations would decrease stream resource and consumer quantity and quality, which can alter stream function, as well as biomass and habitat for freshwater, marine, and terrestrial consumers dependent on these resources.