萝卜蚜和豆蚜染色体C-带带型比较与分析

本研究利用C-带技术,显示出萝卜蚜和豆蚜的染色体C-带带型,并进行了初步分析。萝卜蚜与豆蚜的染色体在组型上只有第4对染色体稍有区别;在带型上两者有很明显的差异。萝卜蚜有2对散漫着丝粒染色体,豆蚜没有该种染色体。豆蚜的第4对染色体在端部缺少-C带带纹。萝卜蚜的第2对染色体与豆蚜的第2对染色体带型相似。根据萝卜蚜和豆蚜的C-带带型,讨论了二者在进化中的亲缘关系。     

HOST ALTERNATION IN APHIS FABAE SCOP.

Experiments on the feeding preferences and relative fecundity of Aphis fabae among leaves of different ages and kinds were extended to the comparison of different forms of the aphid: apterous and alate virginoparae and gynoparae.
All three forms showed a preference for the primary host, Euonymus , over a secondary host, sugar beet, but this preference was strongest in the gynoparae, weaker in the alate virginoparae and weakest in the apterae. The relative fecundity of the aphids on the two kinds of leaf paralleled their feeding preferences most closely in the gynoparae, less so in the alate virginoparae and least in the apterae.
All three forms also showed some preference for growing over mature leaves of the same kind, but this preference was strongest in the apterous virginoparae, weaker in the alate virginoparae and weakest in the gynoparae. The relative fecundity of the aphids on the two ages of leaf paralleled their feeding preferences most closely in the apterae, less so in the alate virginoparae and least in the gynoparae.
The physiological, ecological and evolutionary significance of the results is discussed in the light of the dual discrimination theory of aphid host selection.     

中国蚜属6新纪录

我们在东北农林蚜虫区系考察中发现下述蚜属6种为我国首次纪录。 1.鸭趾草蚜Aphis commelinae Shinji 寄主:鸭趾草。 分布:辽宁(沈阳、千山);日本。 Eastop 等(1976)将此种列为棉蚜的异名;Moritsu(1982)仍处理为独立种。     

OLAW and APHIS: Common Areas of Noncompliance

The Director of the Compliance Oversight Division, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, NIH, and the Deputy Administrator of USDA/APHIS Animal Care discuss areas of noncompliance with PHS Policy and the AWA.     

大豆蚜嗅觉在选择寄主植物中的作用

大豆蚜ＡＰｈｉｓｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｓ有翅和无规孤雌生殖蚜为其寄主植物大豆叶和鼠李叶气味所引诱,而非奇主植物棉花叶和黄瓜叶气味处于中性,丝瓜叶和南瓜叶气味具有明显的排斥作用。非寄主植物气味可以遮蔽寄主植物气味的引诱作用。大豆蚜触角感受器对植物气味具有嗅觉生理反应,对一些化合物的最小感觉阈值达１０－５至１０－６体积比浓度,表明大豆蚜触角上存在识别植物气味的嗅觉受体细胞。由此证明,嗅觉在大豆蚜选择寄主植物过程中起重要作用。     

棉蚜对“1059”抗药性的测定

一、前言 近十年来,各种农业害虫对杀虫剂的抗药性,已陆续被发现。其中关于蚜虫的抗药性,虽然亦有记述,但增加抗药性的倍数不多,并不发展得很严重。例如,Michelbacher(1954)曾报导,核桃蚜(Chramaphis juglandicola Kltb.)对1605的抗性为7倍;Knipling(1954)报导,红薯蚜(Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashm.)对 DDT及1605有抗性; Anthron(1955)报导,桃绿蚜(Myzus persicae Sulzer)对1605有抗性,但用1059防治,效果仍很好;Stern(1958)报导,苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphis maculata Buckton)对1605的抗性约4倍。     

角倍蚜的人工繁殖及放养

<正> 五倍子,即由半翅目蚜科(Aphididae)的角倍蚜寄生在盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)上,危害叶组织所造成的一种病理产物——虫瘿的总称。五倍子主要成分为单宁酸,是医药,化工、印染和国防上的重要原料。目前,我国的五倍子按外形可分为十余种,其中以角倍蚜分布最广,产量最高。角倍蚜亦称五倍蚜(Schlechtendalia chinensis Bell),一年有六个世代,终年生活,无休眠阶段。成虫有有翅型及无翅型两种,当盐肤木快落叶之     

AGGREGATION IN APHIS FABAE SCOP. I. AGGREGATION ON PLANTS

A study of free infestations of Aphis fabae Scop. on the leaves of its host plants, spindle and sugar beet, showed that the clustered distribution of the aphids within the boundaries of each leaf was not a matter of chance but involved active aggregation. Experiments in small leaf cages showed that aggregation could take place independently of any differences between portions of a leaf, being brought about by truly gregarious reactions between the aphids. Experiments in which walking aphids were made to encounter other live or dummy aphids fixed to leaves, showed that the gregarious reactions were of at least two kinds. The aphids both probed more often, and remained inserted for longer, near other aphids than apart from them.
It appears that the unequal distribution of aphids among the leaves of a plant is due primarily to intrinsic differences between leaves, but is aided by gregariousness, while the aggregations observed on leaves are due primarily to gregariousness, and only secondarily to differences between portions of a leaf. It is suggested that the primary function of gregariousness is to concentrate the aphids on to the best feeding sites, both among the parts of a plant, and among whole plants; that is, it acts as an aid in host selection, even with aphids which do not aggregate so compactly as A. fabae. The functions of compact aggregation and other specialized forms of gregarious behaviour remain to be discovered.     

龟纹瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食功能反应及寻找效应研究

龟纹瓢虫雌虫和雄虫对豆蚜的功能反应符台Holling Ⅱ型模型,其模型为：Na=0．9233N／(1 0．0171N)(雌虫)和Na=0．8641N／(1 0．0164N)(雄虫),瓢虫捕食豆蚜的数量随豆蚜密度增加而增加．但寻找效应随豆蚜密度增加而降低。日最大捕食量和最佳寻找密度分别为37.42(雌)、34．11头(雄)和17．25（雌)、15．8头(雄)。龟纹瓢虫寻找效应随自身密度的增加而降低,其数学模型为：E=0．3032·P^-15634(雌)和E=0．3048·P^-1.1697(雄)。干扰反应的教学模型为：E=0．8104·P^-2.1721(雌),E=0．7125·P^-2.2660,E=0．5963·P^-2.1751(雌雄混台种群)。     

大豆蚜嗅觉在选择寄主植物中的作用

大豆蚜 Aphis hlycines 有翅和无翅孤雌生殖蚜为其寄主植物大豆叶和鼠李叶气味所引诱,而非寄主植物棉花叶和黄瓜叶气味处于中性,丝瓜叶和南瓜叶气味具有明显的排斥作用。非寄主植物气味可以遮蔽寄主植物气味的引诱作用。大豆蚜触角感受器对植物气味具有嗅觉生理反应,对一些化合物的最小感觉阈值达10-5至10-6体积比浓度,表明大豆蚜触角上存在识别植物气味的嗅觉受体细胞。由此证明,嗅觉在大豆蚜选择寄主植物过程中起重要作用。     

豆蚜有翅蚜产生的原因

本文研究拥挤、寄土质量、温度和蚜型等因子对大豆蚜(Ahis glyeines)有翅蚜产生的影响。结果表明：1.大豆蚜无翅胎生成好个体间的拥挤是有翅蚜产生的主要原因。在低密度下拥挤反应随密度增大而增强,但过度拥挤会导致反应的降低。无翅若好间的拥挤不能导致其本身发育为有翅胎生蚜。 2.寄主质量能改变无翅胎生成蚜对拥挤的反应。每笼2头经成熟叶片处理的无翅胎生成蚜后代中有姻蚜的比例高于幼嫩叶片和对照(无叶片)处理,且饥饿不能促进有翅蚜的产生。3.温度能影响有翅蚜的产生。较高的温度(30℃和25℃)较21℃对有翅胎生蚌的产生有较强的抑制作用。4.不同母蚜型产生有翊蚜的能力不同。有翅胎生蚜间的拥挤也能使其在后代中产生少量的有翊蚜,但对拥挤的敏感程度低于无翅胎生蚜。     

豆蚜实验种群生命表参数的研究

应用回归旋转组合设计研究了豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch的20个实验种群生命表,列出了20种不同温、湿度、光周期组合下豆蚜种群生命表的重要参数(净增殖率R₀,平均世代周期T,内禀增长率r_m)及其与温、湿、光周期关系的二次回归模型.温度,湿度,光周期对R₀,T,r_m影响的相对大小各依次为72.78(温),7.38(湿),19.84(光)%;79.13,10.95,9.92%;85.48,14.52%(光周期对r_m的影响不显著).使r_m最大的温、湿度组合为25℃温度和72%相对湿度.