转化生长因子β受体的研究进展

转化生长因子β受体有３个亚型：Ⅰ型,Ⅱ型,Ⅲ型,其结构功能特点及在转导ＴＧＦ－β信号过程中的作用机制不同,细胞在受体水平的变化影响ＴＧＦ－β的功能。     

转化生长因子β

TGFβ广泛存在于动物体多种组织和细胞内,由二条相同的、含112个氨基酸的肽链组成,是细胞的多功能双重调节因子。它对不同组织类型的细胞,可促进生长、分化,也可抑制生长、分化,并直接参与组织修复、胚胎发育等过程,调节细胞外基质形成。     

转化生长因子β的细胞生物学

无限繁殖是肿瘤细胞区别于正常细胞的主要特征之一。近年来,人们对细胞的生长分化及其调控机制的认识已有了深刻的变化。正常细胞均存在促进(如TGFα)和抑制(如TGFβ)其生长的多肽生长因子,该两种因子的平衡决定着细胞生长的生理或病理性变化。本文将简述转化生长因子β(TGFβ)近年来研究的一些进展。一、TGFβ是一组具有调节功能的多肽目前,已发现的TGFβ有五种亚型:TGFβ_1-TGFβ_5,其氨基酸有95-80%的同源性。TGFβ_1-TGFβ_3,其编码基因分别位于第19、1和14染色体上。TGFβ_1     

转化生长因子

转化生长因子(transforming growth fact-or,简称TGF)最初是指小鼠肉瘤病毒转化3 T3细胞系所产生的肉瘤生长因子。由于其能刺激正常细胞在软琼脂层锚着不依赖性生长,故后被称为TGF。进一步发现TGF包括TGFα和TGFβ。虽然两者名字类似,但结构和功能却彼此截然不同。越来越多的证据表明,TGF除了能使正常细胞转化外,在细胞增殖、生长和分化等基本活动中行使多种重要的调节作用和其他生物学效应。     

转化生长因子—β（TGF—β）的结构

1978年,Delarco和Todar首先发现病毒转化的细胞能分泌一种具有使正常大鼠肾成纤维细胞表型发生转化能力的因子,它在表皮生长因子(EGF)存在的情况下使贴壁生长的细胞特性发生改变,获得在软琼脂培养基上生长形成克隆的能力,并失去生长密度依赖的抑制作用。因此,这种细胞因子被命名为转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)。在过去的10年中,发现TGF-β实际上是一种具有多种生物学功能的细胞因     

转化生长因子β受体的研究进展

转化生长因子β受体为胞膜蛋白,存在5种形态,Ⅲ型受体主要是调节受体与配体之间的亲和力及Ⅱ型受体的膜上表达.功能性受体则主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型.Ⅰ、Ⅱ型受体在介导信号传递时相互配合,又存在分工不同：Ⅰ型受体为介导转化生长因子β促细胞外基质合成的信号通道.而Ⅱ型受体则与细胞的增殖、分化密切相关.     

大鼠肺纤维化血小板源性生长因子、血小板源性生长因子—受体、转化生长因子—β、转化生长因子—β受体的表达

采用免疫组织化学方法观察实验性大鼠肺纤维化肺组织内转化生长因子（TGF－β）及其受体（TGF－βR）和血小板源性生长因子（PDGF）及其受体（PDGF－R）表达的变化。发现：（1）实验早期（1－3天）,TGF－β主要由单核巨噬细胞为主的炎症细胞所产生;7天以后直至实验结束（28天）,TGF－β阳性细胞主要为增生的间质细胞,TGF－βR的变化与之同步。（2）实验1－7天,病灶内单核巨噬细胞细胞PDGF染色呈强阳性反应,少量间质细胞呈阳性反应;14天以后,病灶内PDGF阳性的单核巨噬细胞减少,阳性间质细胞亦减少。PDGF－R的变化与PDGF相似。结果提示PDGF的主要来源是巨噬细胞,在肺纤维化的早、中期发挥重要作用,而TGF－β主要由间质细胞自身产生,在肺纤维化的中、后期发挥重要作用,促细胞外基质合成,使肺纤维化进行性进展。     

转化生长因子β基因在某些心血管疾病中的表达

本文应用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ杂交技术,观察了转化生长因子β基因在家兔动脉粥样硬化斑块、自发性高血压大鼠心肌组织和血管平滑肌细胞中的表达。结果表明,转化生长因子β基因在上述组织和细胞中的表达均明显增加,血管紧张素Ⅱ可以促进血管平滑肌细胞中转化生长因子β基因的表达,揭示转化生长因子β可能在心血管疾病发病过程中起作用。     

转化生长因子β1与老年性痴呆

老年性痴呆 (简称ＡＤ)是一种渐进性大脑退行性变性病 ,其发病率随年龄增长而显著升高 ,6 5～ 80岁人群约为 5 % ,80岁以上者可达 2 0 %。我国 6 0岁以上的人口已近1 .3亿 ,ＡＤ即将成为医学和社会面临的严峻问题 ,已引起政府和医学工作者的关注。对ＡＤ的研究在美国、欧州和日本倍受重视 ,并取得了一定成果[1] 。β 淀粉样蛋白 (Ａβ)在中枢神经系统中的沉积是ＡＤ的一个标志 ,并可能是神经退收稿日期 :2 0 0 0 0 5 11作者简介 :吴晓英 ( 196 1— ) ,女 ,硕士 ,讲师。化的一个原因[2 ] 。在脑对损伤的反应中 ,转化生长因子 β1 (ＴＧＦ …     

转化生长因子β及其生物学效应

转化生长因子β（ＴＧＦβ）属于一处多功能多肽家族,在免疫抑制、抗炎症反应、对增殖和细胞间质产生的调控、损伤修复等方面起重要作用。ＴＧＦβ表达和信号转导失常与多处疾病的发生有关。     

Skeletal tissue and transforming growth factor beta

Normal skeletal growth results from a balance between the processes of bone matrix synthesis and resorption. These activities are regulated by both systemic and local factors. Bone turnover is dynamic, and skeletal growth must be maintained throughout life. Although many growth promoters are associated with bone matrix, it is enriched particularly with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) activity. Experimental evidence indicates that TGF-beta regulates replication and differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Recent studies further suggest that TGF-beta activity in skeletal tissue may be controlled at multiple levels by other local and systemic agents. Consequently, the intricate mechanisms by which TGF-beta regulates bone formation are likely to be fundamental to understanding the processes of skeletal growth during development, maintenance of bone mass in adult life, and healing subsequent to bone fracture.     

Human transforming growth factor beta.alpha 2-macroglobulin complex is a latent form of transforming growth factor beta

125I-Labeled human platelet-derived transforming growth factor beta (125I-TGF-beta) and human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) formed a complex as demonstrated by 5% native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 125I-TGF-beta.alpha 2M complex migrated at a position identical to that of the fast migrating form of alpha 2M. Most of the 125I-TGF-beta.alpha 2M complex could be dissociated by acid or urea treatment. When 125I-TGF-beta was incubated with serum, the high molecular weight form of 125I-TGF-beta could be immunoprecipitated by anti-human alpha 2M anti-sera as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. alpha 2M purified from platelet-rich plasma also showed the latent transforming growth factor activity and immunoreactivity of TGF-beta. These results suggest that TGF-beta.alpha 2M complex is a latent form of TGF-beta.     

Functional roles for the cytoplasmic domain of the type III transforming growth factor beta receptor in regulating transforming growth factor beta signaling

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signals through three high affinity cell surface receptors, TGF-beta type I, type II, and type III receptors. The type III receptor, also known as betaglycan, binds to the type II receptor and is thought to act solely by "presenting" the TGF-beta ligand to the type II receptor. The short cytoplasmic domain of the type III receptor is thought to have no role in TGF-beta signaling because deletion of this domain has no effect on association with the type II receptor, or with the presentation role of the type III receptor. Here we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic domains of the type III and type II receptors interact specifically in a manner dependent on the kinase activity of the type II receptor and the ability of the type II receptor to autophosphorylate. This interaction results in the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the type III receptor by the type II receptor. The type III receptor with the cytoplasmic domain deleted is able to bind TGF-beta, to bind the type II receptor, and to enhance TGF-beta binding to the type II receptor but is unable to enhance TGF-beta2 signaling, determining that the cytoplasmic domain is essential for some functions of the type III receptor. The type III receptor functions by selectively binding the autophosphorylated type II receptor via its cytoplasmic domain, thus promoting the preferential formation of a complex between the autophosphorylated type II receptor and the type I receptor and then dissociating from this active signaling complex. These studies, for the first time, elucidate important functional roles of the cytoplasmic domain of the type III receptor and demonstrate that these roles are essential for regulating TGF-beta signaling.     

The cell biology of transforming growth factor beta

The TGF beta family of polypeptide growth factors regulates a remarkable diversity of cellular functions, many of which are not directly associated with cell growth. The present review has summarized many of the recent studies that have just begun to conceptually integrate this expanding array of TGF beta functions into the context of a three-dimensional, multicellular organ or tissue, be it normal or diseased. This fascinating research strongly implicates TGF beta as a key modulator of a wide variety of important physiologic and pathophysiologic processes.     

Role of transforming growth factor beta in cancer

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is an effective and ubiquitous mediator of cell growth. The significance of this cytokine in cancer susceptibility, cancer development and progression has become apparent over the past few years. TGF-beta plays various roles in the process of malignant progression. It is a potent inhibitor of normal stromal, hematopoietic, and epithelial cell growth. However, at some point during cancer development the majority of transformed cells become either partly or completely resistant to TGF-beta growth inhibition. There is growing evidence that in the later stages of cancer development TGF-beta is actively secreted by tumor cells and not merely acts as a bystander but rather contributes to cell growth, invasion, and metastasis and decreases host-tumor immune responses. Subtle alteration of TGF-beta signaling may also contribute to the development of cancer. These various effects are tissue and tumor dependent. Identifying and understanding TGF-beta signaling pathway abnormalities in various malignancies is a promising avenue of study that may yield new modalities to both prevent and treat cancer. The nature, prevalence, and significance of TGF-beta signaling pathway alterations in various forms of human cancer as well as potential preventive and therapeutic interventions are discussed in this review.     

Defining the actions of transforming growth factor beta in reproduction

Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family are pleiotropic cytokines with key roles in tissue morphogenesis and growth. TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 are abundant in mammalian reproductive tissues, where development and cyclic remodelling continue in post-natal and adult life. Potential roles for TGFbeta have been identified in gonad and secondary sex organ development, spermatogenesis and ovarian function, immunoregulation of pregnancy, embryo implantation and placental development. However, better tools must now be employed to map more precisely essential functions and the regulatory networks governing their activity. Gene ablation and transgenic models are expected to provide novel insights into distinct physiological activities for each TGFbeta isoform in normal reproductive function and reproductive pathologies. It is also necessary to consider the mechanisms controlling TGFbeta activation from latent precursor forms, and receptor and binding protein expression. Smad intracellular signalling circuitry and modulation by environmental stimuli through cross-talk with other signal transduction pathways will further constrain TGFbeta action. This review examines existing evidence for TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 regulation of male and female reproductive biology, and highlights prospects for future research.     

Heart and liver defects and reduced transforming growth factor beta2 sensitivity in transforming growth factor beta type III receptor-deficient embryos

The type III transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) receptor (TbetaRIII) binds both TGFbeta and inhibin with high affinity and modulates the association of these ligands with their signaling receptors. However, the significance of TbetaRIII signaling in vivo is not known. In this study, we have sought to determine the role of TbetaRIII during development. We identified the predominant expression sites of TbetaRIII mRNA as liver and heart during midgestation and have disrupted the murine TbetaRIII gene by homologous recombination. Beginning at embryonic day 13.5, mice with mutations in TbetaRIII developed lethal proliferative defects in heart and apoptosis in liver, indicating that TbetaRIII is required during murine somatic development. To assess the effects of the absence of TbetaRIII on the function of its ligands, primary fibroblasts were generated from TbetaRIII-null and wild-type embryos. Our results indicate that TbetaRIII deficiency differentially affects the activities of TGFbeta ligands. Notably, TbetaRIII-null cells exhibited significantly reduced sensitivity to TGFbeta2 in terms of growth inhibition, reporter gene activation, and Smad2 nuclear localization, effects not observed with other ligands. These data indicate that TbetaRIII is an important modulator of TGFbeta2 function in embryonic fibroblasts and that reduced sensitivity to TGFbeta2 may underlie aspects of the TbetaRIII mutant phenotype.     

Dynamics-modulated biological activity of transforming growth factor beta3

Transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF-beta3) is an important mediator of growth, maintenance, and repair processes in human cells. Internal dynamic properties have been derived from (15)N NMR relaxation data and mapped onto the spatial structure of TGF-beta3. The pattern of internal dynamics in the structure identifies potential "hot spots" of binding free energy and reveals the importance of conformational entropy in the interaction of TGF-beta3 with the receptors. The observed internal dynamics set TGF-beta3 apart from other TGF-beta isoforms, with which it shares the same fold. These findings may explain functional differences among the various TGF-beta isoforms and thus prove essential in the search for related therapeutic agents.     

Modulation of transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway genes by transforming growth factor beta in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: involvement of Sp1 in both early and late response cells to transforming growth factor beta

Introduction  

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plays a central role in morphogenesis, growth, and cell differentiation. This cytokine is particularly important in cartilage where it regulates cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis. While the action of TGFβ on chondrocyte metabolism has been extensively catalogued, the modulation of specific genes that function as mediators of TGFβ signalling is poorly defined. In the current study, elements of the Smad component of the TGFβ intracellular signalling system and TGFβ receptors were characterised in human chondrocytes upon TGFβ1 treatment.