香蕉炭疽菌菌株亲缘关系的RAPD分析

应用筛选的8个Operon随机引物对供试菌株的DNA进行扩增,所产生的RAPD图谱揭示了长时期蕉炭疽菌具有丰富的种内遗传多样性,UPGMA聚类分析的结果表明：26个香蕉炭疽菌被分为两个与地理来源相关的RAPD聚类群,它们分别由广东菌株和海南菌株为主组成,在两个香蕉菌群的外侧,两个胶胞炭疽菌菌株聚为一个小的外群,这些结果表明香蕉炭疽菌存在有与地域相关的种下类群分化。     

香蕉33个品种的RAPD研究

利用RAPD技术对香蕉（Musa nana Lour.)33个品种的遗传变异进行了研究,从249个随机引物中筛选出18个有效引物,用它们共扩增出192条DNA带,其中183条为多态性带,占95．31％,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带数为10．67条,利用18个有效引物扩增的192条DNA带对香蕉33个品种间的亲缘关系进行UPGMA聚类分析,计算出33个品种间的平均遗传距离为0．3412。在此基础上建立了香蕉33个品种的DNA分子系统树状图。该系统将香蕉33个品种划归A,B,C和D4个群,其中A群20个品种,B群5个品种,C群2个品种,D群6个品种;A群又可以分为3个亚群。对香蕉遗传多样性分子基础进行了探讨。     

香蕉炭疽菌菌株亲缘关系的RAPD分析

应用筛选的8个Operon随机引物对供试菌株的DNA进行扩增,所产生的RAPD图谱揭示了香蕉炭疽菌具有丰富的种内遗传多样性。UPGMA聚类分析的结果表明：26个香蕉炭疽菌被分为两个与地理来源相关的RAPD聚类群,它们分别由广东菌株和海南菌株为主组成。在两个香蕉菌群的外侧,两个胶胞炭疽菌菌株聚为一个小的外群。这些结果表明香蕉炭疽菌存在有与地域相关的种下类群分化。     

香蕉炭疽菌菌株亲缘关系的RAPD分析*

应用筛选的8个Operon随机引物对供试菌株的DNA进行扩增,所产生的RAPD图谱揭示了香蕉炭疽菌具有丰富的种内遗传多样性。UPGMA聚类分析的结果表明：26个香蕉炭疽菌被分为两个与地理来源相关的RAPD聚类群,它们分别由广东菌株和海南菌株为主组成。在两个香蕉菌群的外侧,两个胶胞炭疽菌菌株聚为一个小的外群。这些结果表明香蕉炭疽菌存在有与地域相关的种下类群分化。     

香蕉试管苗变异因素的初步研究

本文初步研究了香蕉离体培养中,培养基内不同激素浓度、继代培养数,以及３个品种（品系）对试管苗变异的影响。结果表明：６３１和台湾８号比威廉斯（Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ）稳定,培养条件相同,培养代数多时,变异率明显提高。外源激素的配比试验表明：ＩＢＡ∶ＢＡ为０．５∶４．０（ｍｇ／Ｌ）为最佳配方,当ＩＢＡ∶ＢＡ达到２．０∶１０（ｍｇ／Ｌ）时,异常苗发生率最高。用田间变异株根尖细胞染色体观察结果,发现其染色体数不是增多就是严重缺失。变异株的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱经电泳分析,表明在迁移率为０．７处的一条带纹消失,而正常对照苗则稳定存在。     

刚毛柽柳基因组DNA提取和RAPD反应条件探索

沙漠植物由于含有多糖、多酚、单宁等次生物质,要提取出质量高、纯度好的DNA比较困难。本研究以刚毛柽柳（Tamarix hispida）为材料,用高盐低pH法成功地提取出了基因组DNA,所得到的DNA片段均大于23kb ,DNA得率为225μg/g干重,A260／A280的比值在1．7－1．9之间,说明高盐低pH法对于含多糖、酚类、单要等化学物质较多的沙漠是行之有效的,研究了RAPD（随机扩增DNA多态性）技术的影响因素,摸索出适合刚毛柽柳的反应体系与扩增条件,可用于刚毛柽柳居群内、居群间遗传多样性及柽柳科其它属种分子生物学的研究。     

苦丁茶冬青的RAPD影响因素及实验条件的优化

以苦丁茶冬青为材料研究随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)的影响因素及各种实验条件优化。研究结果表明：模板DNA的浓度适宜范围为20ng／反应-80ng／反应RAPD均可得到一致的结果;dNTVs的适宜浓度范围为200μmol／L-400μmol／L;Mg^2 适宜浓度范围为1．5mmol／L-2．0mmol／L;其合适的复性温度为35—37℃;2min的延伸时间,45次热循环。按照此优化的RAPD条件进行重复实验,实验结果重现性良好,因而确定了苦丁茶冬青RAPD反应体系之最佳的实验条件。     

RAPD标记鉴别四个水牛品种的初步研究

为进一步保护和开发中国本地水牛和国外引进水牛的遗传资源,建立快速区分鉴别本地和引进水牛品种的方法。设计57条随机扩增多态性(randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD)引物,对本地沼泽型水牛和国外引进的河流型(摩拉,尼里拉菲和地中海)水牛之间的遗传差异进行了调查。以128头水牛DNA样本为模板,通过PCR扩增从57条RAPD引物中筛选并优化反应条件。实验结果显示,筛选得到了5条可用于区分本地沼泽型水牛与引进河流型水牛的引物(OPG6, OPG7, S11, S40和S1013),建立了RAPD鉴别区分沼泽与河流水牛的方法。本实验的结果为中国水牛的杂交改良、良种培育和本地水牛种质资源的保护等工作提供了理论和实验依据。     

海南省香蕉枯萎菌生理小种的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法对海南省香蕉枯萎病菌2个生理小种(小种1和小种4)进行遗传多样性分析,以筛选出的15个随机引物对采自海南省各市县发病蕉区的分别属于1号生理小种和4号生理小种的16个代表菌株及广东省2个1号和4号生理小种对照菌株进行RAPD-PCR扩增,结果产生97个RAPD分子标记,其中多态性的条带有76条,通过聚类分析探讨了供试小种间的亲缘关系,并寻找到了1、4号生理小种的特异性条带,为在分子水平上进行香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种鉴定提供更为便利的手段。     

Comparison of PCR-based molecular marker analyses of Musa breeding populations

Progress in the breeding of plantain and banana has been restricted by the complex genetic structure and behaviour of cultivated polyploid Musa. Genetic improvement has been hindered due to the large amount of space required for growth and maintenance of plant populations, in addition to the long growth cycle and the low levels of fertility and seed viability characteristic of cultivated genotypes. Molecular marker assisted breeding has the potential to dramatically enhance the pace and efficiency of genetic improvement in Musa. This study was conducted to compare different PCR-based marker systems (RAPD, VNTR and AFLP) for the analysis of breeding populations generated from two diverse Musa breeding schemes. All three assays detected a high level of polymorphism between parental genotypes and within progeny populations. As expected, AFLP assays had by far the highest multiplex ratio while VNTR analysis detected the highest levels of polymorphism. AFLP analysis of a full-sib tetraploid hybrid population confirmed previous reports based on VNTR analysis, of a high frequency of recombination during 2n (3x) gamete formation by a triploid plantain landrace. In addition, both VNTR and RAPD analyses of a full-sib triploid hybrid population suggested a high frequency of homoeologous recombination during n (2x) gamete formation by tetraploid hybrids. In general, there was a poor correlation between estimates of genetic similarity based on different types of marker. The implications of these findings for the molecular breeding of Musa crops are discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广东省十种卷柏属植物RAPD初步分析

采用RAPD标记对卷柏属10种植物进行了分类鉴定、种间亲缘关系及遗传多样性的初步分析。结果显示:10个RAPD引物很好地区分了10个种,每个种均有2~12个种单态特征位点;UPGMA聚类树与有关文献表型分类结果不尽一致;卷柏属不同种具有不同的遗传多样性水平。     

条纹斑竹鲨基因组的RAPD分析初报

采用11种随机引物对4 条条纹斑竹鲨基因组进行了RAPD检测。结果表明, 11种引物在每条个体上扩增的 DNA片段总数在77～84之间, 单个随机引物扩增的DNA片段数目由1至11条不等,平均为7.5条 DNA 片段, 片段的大小在 300～2 800bp之间。个体之间的相似率在90％以上。 Abstracts　4 individuals of Chiloscyllium plagiosum were analyzed by RAPD method using 11 arbitrary primers. For the 11 arbitrary primers, each individual showed 77～84 bands corresponding to amplified products. Each primer gave 1～11 bands for each individual. On average, about 7.5 bands were obtained per primer per individual. The length of the fragment is 300～2 800 bp. The similarity between band profiles of the four individuals was over 90％.     

苏铁属植物RAPD反应体系的优化及部分种类亲缘关系的探索

通过优化苏铁属植物的RAPD反应体系,进而探讨苏铁属部分种类的亲缘关系。结果表明,Mg~(2+)、dNTP、Taq酶及随机引物浓度在RAPD反应中有重要影响,而模板DNA浓度有一个很大的适应范围。适合苏铁属植物RAPD分析的反应体系:20μL反应体系中,含有10 mmol/L Tris-HCl(pH8.3)、50 mmol/L KCl、2.0mmol/L MgCl_2、200μmol/L dNTP、0.3μmol/L随机引物、模板DNA 50ng、Taq酶1.0 U。聚类分析结果基本反应了苏铁属各个种间的亲缘关系,证明了RAPD适用于苏铁属种间亲缘关系分析。RAPD聚类分析结合形态学研究表明:海南苏铁、台湾苏铁、广东苏铁、滇南苏铁和仙湖苏铁之间的亲缘关系较远,支持各自成为独立的种。     

A new species of the wild banana genus,Musa (Musaceae), from Borneo

A new species of wild banana, Musa bauensis Häkkinen & Meekiong, is described and illustrated. It is from the Bau limestone area, Sarawak, East Malaysia.     

Musa chunii Hakkinen, a new species (Musaceae) from Yunnan,China and taxonomic identity of Musa rubra

The center of diversity of the genus Musa (Musaceae) is in Southeast Asia, a region not studied in detail and where new species and varieties continue to be reported. A new wild banana species, M. chunii Hakki-nen from Yunnan, China is described and illustrated based on observed morphological characteristics in the field. This extremely rare new species was only found in Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Dehong District, West Yunnan. A key to M. chunii and related taxa is provided. In addition, critical notes regarding M. rubra Kurz identity are given.     

应用RAPD技术对蜘蛛系统演化的初步研究

利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ 技术检测了３ 类不同蜘蛛的系统发生关系．用１２ 个随机引物对各实验蜘蛛的基因组ＤＮＡ 进行扩增,选择其中扩增谱带清晰的８ 个引物进行分析并计算不同类蜘蛛间的遗传距离．结果表明：所有８ 个引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带均表现为不同程度的多态性;地穴型蜘蛛与结网型蜘蛛间的遗传距离及结网型与游猎型之间的遗传距离,均比地穴型与游猎型之间的遗传距离近,体现了蜘蛛由地穴→结网→游猎的系统演化进程．这一结论与根据古生物学、胚胎学、形态学及生态学等得出的结论一致,从而进一步从ＤＮＡ 分子水平上为蜘蛛系统演化提供了新的证据．     

Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic diversity among plantain landraces (Musa spp., AAB group)

Genetic diversity amongst 76 plantain landraces has been studied using RAPD analysis at two levels of intensity and compared with groupings based on phenotypic indices and morphotype. There was a good correlation (R²=0.78) between estimates of genetic diversity based on 76 RAPD bands and 164 RAPD bands. However, there was a poor correlation between RAPD-based estimates of genetic diversity and a phenotypic index based on agronomic characters. There was also a poor correlation between RAPD analyses and morphotype group (based on bunch type and stature). These results suggest that the traditional designations of plantain landraces based on morphotype do not provide a true reflection of overall genetic divergence. Similarly, classification systems using phenotypic indices based on agronomic characters may not provide accurate taxonomic differentiation. The level of genetic divergence within morphogroups based on bunch type suggests that True Horn plantains are derived from False Horn plantains which in turn are derived from French plantains. Genetic divergence was found to be generally quite low within the plantain landrace genepool, which is consistent with the proposed evolution of this germplasm through somatic mutation of a relatively small number of introductions. However, putative synonyms/duplicates have been shown to be genetically distinct. In contrast, a group of 12 landraces have been identified that are highly distinct from one another (showing 20–35% dissimilarity). Fertile members of this group may be useful for generating genetically diverse 2x and 4x breeding populations that can be used in breeding secondary triploid hybrid plantain varieties. Received: 8 January 2000 / Accepted: 2 March 2000     

曲霉菌的RAPD分析及其在酿造工业中的应用

以米曲霉沪酿3.042(AS3.951)、黄曲霉GIM3.18、酱油曲霉AS3.495为参照,利用RAPD分子标记技术对16株曲霉菌进行系统发育分析。通过改进提取方法,获得了质量较好的模板DNA,凝胶电泳结果和分光光度法检测结果表明其适合用于进一步的RAPD-PCR试验。从9个待选引物中筛选到3个扩增产物谱带多、特征好、覆盖面广的引物:Primer1、Primer2、Primer5,重复实验证明其RAPD-PCR扩增图谱具有较好的稳定性,扩增产物谱带一般8~14条,各试验菌株主带4~9条,次带丰富。由此构建的系统进化树较好地吻合了传统的形态分类学,证实了RAPD分子标记技术在此类微生物系统发育分析中应用的可行性,也为酿造工业中检出产黄曲霉毒素的污染菌株提供了理论基础。     

蕉类的细胞遗传学研究

本文对芭蕉属正蕉组内的一些有代表性的野生种和包括香蕉,大蕉在内的二倍体和三倍体食用栽培蕉,共１８个材料进行了核型比较分析,对其中５个重要的栽培蕉品种的花粉母细胞减数分裂进行了观察,从核型、染色体配对以及染色体 特殊分离行为等３个方面得到的证据表明,并非所有香蕉才同源三倍体,有一些香蕉品种的３个染色体组之间同源程度很低, 通过对一些特征染色体的分析,推测这种香蕉的单染色体组很可能来自ＢＢ野生蕉、大蕉