水分和温度对春玉米出苗速度和出苗率的影响

在东北地区中部开展春玉米春季水分胁迫和分期播种试验。试验在人工防雨棚内进行,设4个水分处理和3个播种期处理。结果表明,春玉米(Zea mays )播种出苗期间土壤含水量与出苗期和出苗率的关系均呈显著的二次函数关系。在田间持水量以下,耕层土壤湿度越大,玉米出苗越快,出苗率越高;干旱推迟出苗期,降低出苗率。气温低出苗慢,但温度对出苗率无明显影响。播种出苗期间0～20cm深平均土壤湿度（S）、土壤有效水量（H）和平均气温(T)对出苗速度的组合影响指标是：25 %>S>21%（或70mm >H>45mm）、T>18℃玉米出苗快;21% >S>18%(或45mm >H>35mm)、18℃>T>16.5℃ 玉米出苗比较快;18%>S>16%（或35mm >H>25mm）、16.5℃>T>15.5℃玉米出苗较慢;S<16%（或H< 25）、T<15.5℃出苗很慢,出苗期明显推迟。玉米出苗率主要取决于水分,0～20cm深土壤相对湿度在85%以上（或H>50mm）出苗率最高（95%以上）;相对湿度80%左右（或50>H>40mm）出苗率较高（90% 左右）;相对湿度70%以下(或H<40mm)出苗率明显降低, 60%以下(或H<30mm)为严重干旱,出苗率低至65%以下。     

吉林省中部玉米出苗率和产量对播种-出苗期水分胁迫的反应及其气象评估

2010-2011年春季,在吉林省中部玉米主产区开展春玉米水分胁迫和分期播种双处理试验,分析玉米出苗率和产量对土壤水分胁迫的反应,建立基于气象条件的玉米出苗率和干旱减产评估模式.结果表明： 研究期间,研究区春玉米出苗率和单产与0～20 cm土壤湿度和土壤有效水含量的关系均呈显著的二次函数关系,耕层土壤水分越充足,玉米出苗率和产量越高,干旱明显降低玉米出苗率和产量.土壤湿度在22%～24%或土壤有效水量在50～65 mm,玉米出苗率和产量较高;土壤湿度<19%或土壤有效水量<35 mm,玉米出苗率和产量明显下降.土壤湿度每下降1%,出苗率下降约6%,产量降低约7%;耕层有效水量每减少10 mm,玉米出苗率降低约13%,减产约14%.本文所设指标和模式可用于玉米出苗率和干旱减产的评估与预测.     

水分胁迫对春大豆出苗和幼苗长势的影响

为探究春大豆播种至幼苗期干旱对大豆出苗速度、出苗率和幼苗长势的影响及春旱指标,以指导春旱评估和抗旱灌溉,于2017和2018年在吉林省中部开展田间土壤水分控制试验。通过防雨棚和人工喷水控制土壤水分,设置7个土壤水分处理和1个自然雨养处理,观测土壤湿度、出苗期、出苗率、株高、叶龄和生物量等。采用回归方法分析土壤湿度对出苗期、出苗率及幼苗长势的影响,据此建立大豆春旱评估指标。结果表明:大豆出苗期、出苗率、苗期株高、叶龄和生物量与播耕层土壤水分关系密切,在试验处理范围内(土壤湿度24%以下),土壤湿度每下降1%,出苗期延迟1～2 d,出苗率下降1.6%,相对叶龄、株高和地上生物量分别下降6.1%、5.4%、10.2%;土壤湿度20%～23%适宜大豆出苗,21%～24%适宜幼苗生长;大豆轻旱、中旱、重旱和特旱的土壤湿度指标依次为0～10 cm土壤湿度16%～17%、14%～15%、12%～13%和12%以下,0～20 cm土壤湿度依次在17%～18%、15%～16%、13%～14%和13%以下。     

黄土高原不同干旱类型区苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应

田间实地测了黄土高原不同干旱类型区不同生长年限苜蓿草地0～1000cm土层土壤湿度,分析和比较了各类苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应特征。结果表明,在半湿润区、半干旱区和半干旱偏旱区,各类苜蓿草地土壤湿度平均值分别为10．84％、7．07％和5．45％,明显低于当地土壤稳定湿度值和荒草地土壤湿度值,土壤水分过耗量分别为540．2、641．1mm和455．0mm,平均土壤干燥化速度分别为61．2、101．9mm/a和99．0mm／a;3种类型区各类苜蓿草地年降水入渗深度分别为187．8、144cm和173cm,降水入渗深度以下深层土壤湿度保持稳定的干燥化状态;土壤干燥化强度随苜蓿草地生长年限延长而加剧,3年生苜蓿草地为中度干燥化强度,土壤干层厚度达到500～760cm,4年生以上苜蓿草地已达到严重干燥化和强烈干燥化强度,土壤干层厚度超过940～1000cm;通过粮草轮作使苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度分别需要6、11a和18a以上。     

几种作物的生理指标对土壤水分变动的阈值反应

 在生长盛期,谷子、高梁、冬小麦的气孔导度、叶水势和光合速率在一定土壤含水量范围内并不随着土壤含水量的降低而发生明显变化,只有当土壤含水量低于一定程度时,才随着土壤湿度的降低而减少,表现为对土壤水分有明显的阈值反应。不同作物此阈值下限存在差异,高粱在大于田间持水量42％～45％的根层土壤湿度条件下,气孔阻力和叶水势基本维持恒定;谷子的这个指标在50％左右,冬小麦在60％左右。而夏玉米在所试土壤湿度范围内(20％～30％土壤体积含水量),气孔阻力和叶水势基本维持不变,而光合作用随着土壤含水量的增高而出现增加趋势。表明在这4种作物中,只有玉米需要充足的水分供应才能维持其良好的生长发育,而高粱具有比其它3种作物更强的适应土壤水分变动能力,从而比其它作物更抗旱和耐旱。     

土石山区不同植物土壤水分利用方式对降雨的响应特征

植物的水分利用特征对浅层土石山区的植被恢复具有重要意义.本研究利用稳定同位素技术,通过采集降雨后丹江鹦鹉沟小流域侧柏和玉米的植物样及其植物根系周围的土壤样品,分析其氧稳定同位素特征,研究土石山区侧柏和玉米两种不同植物的土壤水分利用方式对降雨的响应特征.结果表明: 侧柏和玉米的土壤水分利用方式对降雨存在不同的响应特征.侧柏根系主要利用10～30 cm土层的土壤水分,而玉米主要利用0～20 cm土层的土壤水分.降雨量由29 mm减少至8 mm时,侧柏根系的主要吸水深度由20～30 cm减小到10～20 cm,玉米根系的主要吸水深度由10～20 cm转换为0～20 cm.降雨减少时,侧柏根系吸水的主要深度均由深层土壤向浅层土壤移动,而玉米的主要吸水深度由10～20 cm增加为0～20 cm.侧柏和玉米根系的土壤水分利用方式对降雨的响应特征较为明显.     

黄土高原不同植被类型区人工林地深层土壤干燥化效应

人工林地土壤干燥化正在日益严重的威胁着黄土高原人工植被建设成效.在黄土高原3个植被类型区广泛观测苹果、刺槐、油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺、沙棘和柠条等23种不同立地和树龄林地深层土壤湿度基础上,比较和分析了各类林地土壤含水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度,定量评价了各类林地深层土壤干燥化效应.研究结果表明:(1)23种林地0～1000 cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效含水量平均值依次为10.84%、1409.8 mm和446.6 mm,明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和当地土壤稳定湿度值,各类林地平均土壤水分过耗量超过500 mm,每年多消耗土壤水分36.8 mm.林地土壤水分过耗量和耗水速度以中部半干旱森林草原区最高,南部半湿润森林区相对较低.林地土壤干燥化速度为:柠条和狼牙刺林地＞油松林地＞刺槐和沙棘林地＞苹果园地和辽东栎林地;(2)除林龄较短的苹果、沙棘和柠条林地外,各类林地在300 cm以下深层土壤湿度明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和土壤稳定湿度值,林地深层土壤湿度表现为阳坡低于阴坡、坡地低于平地,最大耗水深度接近或超过1000 cm.随林龄增长,林地深层土壤湿度逐渐降低,土壤干层逐渐加深和加厚;(3)23种林地土壤干燥化指数平均值为51.6%,达到中度(偏重)干燥化强度,林地土壤干层厚度达到或超过800 cm,随着降水量从半湿润区向半干旱偏旱区趋势性减少,林地土壤干燥化强度趋于强化,土壤干层厚度趋于增加.土壤干燥化强度和土壤干层厚度表现为:油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺和柠条林地＞刺槐林地＞苹果和沙棘林地.     

基于地面遥感信息与气温的夏玉米土壤水分估算方法

土壤水分是土壤-植被-大气连续体的一个重要组分,是决定陆地生态系统水分状况的关键因子,也是作物的水分供应库.为了估算站点尺度不同深度的土壤水分,基于下垫面能量平衡方程和水分亏缺指数,提出了基于地面遥感信息(归一化植被指数和下垫面温度)和气温估算土壤相对湿度方法.利用2014年中国气象局固城生态与农业气象试验站夏玉米水分控制试验资料验证的结果表明: 该方法可以有效估算不同深度的土壤相对湿度,陆地生态系统的潜在干旱程度即实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比与不同深度土壤湿度呈显著的线性关系.其中,0～10 cm土层的土壤水分估算精度最高,决定系数达0.90;0～20 cm到0～50 cm土层土壤水分估算的平均相对误差均在15%以内,相对均方根误差均在20%以内.研究结果可为作物的干旱监测与灌溉管理提供参考.     

内蒙古河套灌区春玉米苗期光温指标

利用2012-2013年在内蒙古河套灌区巴彦淖尔市的春玉米分期播种试验数据,结合农业气象站多年的作物观测资料,分析了河套灌区光温条件变化对春玉米苗期生长发育的影响,得到不同适宜度光温指标体系,并应用多项式拟合方法将温度指标插值到苗期生长的每一天,形成动态连续温度指标曲线,可以更客观和精细地反映温度对春玉米苗期生长发育的影响.结果表明: 播种 出苗期和出苗 拔节期温度每上升1 ℃,出苗速率和发育速率分别约提升11%和12%,生物学下限温度分别为7.4和11.9 ℃;播种 出苗期适宜温度为16.0～18.0 ℃,三叶期叶面积指数可达0.0172以上;出苗-拔节阶段适宜温度为21.6～23.0 ℃,气温越高,地上部光合作用越强,叶片和植株生长越快,拔节期叶面积指数和株高分别可达2.15和120 cm以上;出苗 拔节阶段日照百分率≥74%、平均日照时数≥11.0 h·d^-1或总日照时数≥540 h,植株叶片干质量可达34 g以上.     

黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征与粮草轮作土壤水分恢复效应

实地测定了黄土高原半干旱区固原不同生长年限苜蓿草地和连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕轮作不同年限粮食作物后深层土壤水分特征,分析了苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征和粮草轮作对土壤水分的恢复效应.结果表明:(1)苜蓿连作1a、5a、8a和12a等4类苜蓿草地0～1000cm土层平均土壤湿度值为6.6%,平均土壤水分过耗量702.8mm,平均土壤干燥化速率147.1mm/a,达到强烈干燥化程度,苜蓿连作5a土壤干层深度超过1000cm,苜蓿连作8a土壤干层深度超过1360cm,苜蓿草地合理利用年限为7a.(2)连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕并轮作4～7a和25a粮食作物等5类粮田0～1000cm土层土壤湿度介于6.74%～11.95%,土壤贮水量恢复值介于210.6～887.3mm,平均土壤水分恢复速率为80.8mm/a.轮作6a后粮田土壤干层轻度恢复程度以上深度达到1000cm.通过粮草轮作使苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度需要13a以上.黄土高原半干旱区适宜的粮草轮作模式为:7a苜蓿→13a粮食作物.     

Reservoir interactions and disease emergence

Animal populations act as reservoirs for emerging diseases. In order for transmission to be self-sustaining, a pathogen must have a basic reproduction number R0>1. Following a founding transmission event from an animal reservoir to humans, a pathogen has not yet adapted to its new environment and is likely to have an R0<1. However, subsequent evolution may rescue the pathogen from extinction in its new host. Recent applications of branching process theory investigate how the emergence of a novel pathogen is influenced by the number and rates of intermediate evolutionary steps. In addition, repeated contacts between human and reservoir populations may promote pathogen emergence. This article extends a stepping-stone model of pathogen evolution to include reservoir interactions. We demonstrate that the probability of a founding event culminating in an emerged pathogen can be significantly influenced by ongoing reservoir interactions. While infrequent reservoir interactions do not change the probability of disease emergence, moderately frequent interactions can promote emergence by facilitating adaptation to humans. Frequent reservoir interactions promote emergence even with minimal adaptation to humans. Thus, these results warn against perpetuated interaction between humans and animal reservoirs, as occurs when there are ecological or environmental changes that bring humans into more frequent contact with animal reservoirs.     

Micro-evolution and emergence of pathogens

Changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases are the direct result of ecological and evolutionary changes in hosts and parasites. Precisely what the causal processes are is rarely known in any particular case, and this hinders the design of appropriate control strategies. This is particularly so for emerging infections, as opportunity is rapidly lost to study the ecological parameters which might have affected initial emergence. However, molecular evolutionary studies of the pathogens can yield data which discriminate between possible causes. The current distribution of DNA sequence variation is important information which may reveal past and current changes in pathogen population structures, and can also identify adaptive changes in pathogen genes which have affected their evolution. Such studies have been quite intensively performed on particular viral and bacterial pathogens, and some of the successes of these are noted here. Approaches to understanding the recent evolution of eukaryotic pathogens are outlined, with particular reference to current problems of emerging zoonoses, and changes in virulence and drug resistance.     

Sex and the emergence of species

We argue that the existence of species as distinct and relatively homogeneous groupings of individuals is a consequence of the nonlinear dynamics inherent in sexual reproduction. This approach provides an answer to two interrelated problems which Darwin posed and tried to solve. Why are there missing links (i.e. gaps) between species in habitat space, and why are there missing links between species in time as evidenced in the fossil record? A crucial difference between outcrossing sexual organisms (i.e. organisms in which mating is between different individuals) and obligate selfers or parthenogens lies in the dynamic of the underlying replication process. Replication is a linear function of density for obligate selfers or parthenogens but nonlinear for outcrossing sexuals. The non-linearity stems from the simple fact that with outcrossing, two individuals must come together to mate. We argue that this fact leads to density dependent fitness (per capita rate of increase) with an intrinsic disadvantage of low population density. This cost of rarity results in a distribution of distinct species. By establishing the causal connections in evolution between outcrossing sex and the very existence of species as distinct collections of organisms, our account lends theoretical support to a unitary concept of species with interbreeding as the fundamental defining property.     

Systems biology,emergence and antireductionism

This study explores the conceptual history of systems biology and its impact on philosophical and scientific conceptions of reductionism, antireductionism and emergence. Development of systems biology at the beginning of 21st century transformed biological science. Systems biology is a new holistic approach or strategy how to research biological organisms, developed through three phases. The first phase was completed when molecular biology transformed into systems molecular biology. Prior to the second phase, convergence between applied general systems theory and nonlinear dynamics took place, hence allowing the formation of systems mathematical biology. The second phase happened when systems molecular biology and systems mathematical biology, together, were applied for analysis of biological data. Finally, after successful application in science, medicine and biotechnology, the process of the formation of modern systems biology was completed.Systems and molecular reductionist views on organisms were completely opposed to each other. Implications of systems and molecular biology on reductionist–antireductionist debate were quite different. The analysis of reductionism, antireductionism and emergence issues, in the era of systems biology, revealed the hierarchy between methodological, epistemological and ontological antireductionism. Primarily, methodological antireductionism followed from the systems biology. Only after, epistemological and ontological antireductionism could be supported.     

Human viruses: discovery and emergence

There are 219 virus species that are known to be able to infect humans. The first of these to be discovered was yellow fever virus in 1901, and three to four new species are still being found every year. Extrapolation of the discovery curve suggests that there is still a substantial pool of undiscovered human virus species, although an apparent slow-down in the rate of discovery of species from different families may indicate bounds to the potential range of diversity. More than two-thirds of human viruses can also infect non-human hosts, mainly mammals, and sometimes birds. Many specialist human viruses also have mammalian or avian origins. Indeed, a substantial proportion of mammalian viruses may be capable of crossing the species barrier into humans, although only around half of these are capable of being transmitted by humans and around half again of transmitting well enough to cause major outbreaks. A few possible predictors of species jumps can be identified, including the use of phylogenetically conserved cell receptors. It seems almost inevitable that new human viruses will continue to emerge, mainly from other mammals and birds, for the foreseeable future. For this reason, an effective global surveillance system for novel viruses is needed.