氮磷施肥对拟南芥叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

研究植物碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)化学计量特征, 有助于了解C、N、P元素的分配规律和确定限制植物生长的元素类型, 理解生长速率调控的内在机制。该研究基于盆栽施肥试验, 测定不同N、P供应水平下拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)叶片的生物量和C、N、P含量, 分析拟南芥的限制元素类型、验证生长速率假说、探讨N、P的内稳性差异和C、N、P元素间的异速生长关系。主要结果如下: 盆栽试验基质中限制元素是P, 施N过多可能引起毒害作用; 拟南芥的生长符合生长速率假说, 即随着叶片N:P和C:P的增加, 比生长速率显著减小; 叶片P含量存在显著的调整系数(3.5), 但叶片N含量与基质N含量之间无显著相关; 叶片N和P含量具有显著的异速生长关系, 但不符合N-P^3/4关系, 施P肥导致表征N、P异速生长关系的幂指数(0.209)显著低于施N肥处理(0.466)。该研究首次基于温室培养实验分析了拟南芥C、N、P的化学计量特征及其对N、P添加的响应, 研究结果将为野外研究不同物种、群落或生态系统的化学计量特征提供参考。     

不同光强下入侵植物剑叶金鸡菊与伴生种生长和光合特征研究

研究了剑叶金鸡菊及其伴生植物鬼针草、羊蹄幼苗的生物量分配、生长和生理特性在不同强度的光生境中(全光照和31％光照)的响应特征,探讨了这些特征与其入侵性的关系.结果表明:(1)光强是影响剑叶金鸡菊入侵的重要环境因子,高光环境下其幼苗较高的相对生长速率( RGR)和植物单位重量的光合效率(Am)与其入侵性密切相关.遮荫下,...     

氮素对红波罗花光合作用和生长的影响

以三年生红波罗花为试验材料,比较了不同氮处理下植株的叶片性状、气体交换特性、叶氮分配、叶绿素荧光和生长参数,探讨了在高山环境中氮素对红波罗花光合特性和生长的影响.结果表明:不施氮时,虽然红波罗花减少了叶氮在捕光复合体中的分配,但还是出现了光抑制现象,并且由于叶氮含量(N)、叶绿素含量(Chl)和叶氮在光合组分中的分配量是最少的,导致光合能力最低,生长最缓.随外界施氮量的增加,红波罗花的N,Chl,叶肉厚度、叶氮在光合组分中的分配量(NR、NB、NL),光能利用效率均随之增加,光合能力相应增强.三个施氮处理中,红波罗花分配给生物力能学组分的叶氮(NB)多于分配给Rubisco的(NR),从而导致Jmax/Vcmax增加,有利于其适应高山低温和高光强.施氮量增加,植株的相对生长速率(RGR)增加,这对于红波罗花当年的开花繁殖,以及来年的生长发育都非常有利.当施氮量超过0.2g/kg基质时,植株的N,Chl,叶肉组织厚度、光合速率以及RGR都不再显著增加,因此当土壤中纯氮含量为220～230mg/kg时,即能满足红波罗花较佳光合和生长所需.     

遮光条件下不同种源土沉香幼苗的光合特性与生长速率分析

以3个来源于广东茂名的土沉香[ Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.]种源(大白、小白和大黄)和1个来源于云南的土沉香种源的1年生幼苗为研究对象,对不同遮光条件下[相对光强100％(对照,自然光强)、50％、25％和5％]4个种源幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)的光响应和CO2响应曲线、光合和气体交换参数、叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b( Chla/b)值进行了分析,并比较了4个种源幼苗的相对生长速率(RGR).结果表明:4个种源的Pn均随光合光量子通量密度的增加而上升,且对照组各种源的Pn值均明显高于各处理组;4个种源的Pn值均随胞间CO2浓度的升高或相对光强的增大逐渐提高.随相对光强的降低,4个种源的最大光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率、最大电子传递速率、最大羧化速率和磷酸丙糖利用速率均下降或显著下降(P＜0.05),而表观量子效率则略有升高.在相对光强100％ ～ 25％条件下,随相对光强降低,4个种源的叶绿素含量显著提高、Chla/b值显著减小;大白和小白种源的RGR逐渐增大,大黄种源的RGR差异不显著,而云南种源的RGR显著减小.而在相对光强5％条件下,大黄和云南种源的叶绿素含量显著降低,Chla/b值显著增大,RGR显著减小;大白和小白种源幼苗全部死亡.由种源间的比较可见:4个种源的各项光合参数以及叶绿素含量、相对生长速率均有一定的差异,其中云南种源的各项指标总体上均最低.综合来看,土沉香为半阳生植物,对不同的光环境表现出相对较强的适应性.     

间作条件下施氮量对马铃薯光合特性的调控作用

遮阴和氮供应的协同作用是建立玉米/马铃薯高效间作体系的基础。本研究采用单作和间作两种种植模式,每种种植模式设置4个氮水平(N0,0 kg·hm~(-2);N1,62.5kg·hm~(-2);N2,125 kg·hm~(-2);N3,187.5 kg·hm~(-2))的田间小区试验,探究不同氮投入量对玉米/马铃薯间作体系中马铃薯光合生理和产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮量增加,间作产量优势逐渐降低,与单作马铃薯相比,间作马铃薯产量减幅2.66%~43.71%;间作中靠近玉米侧(I-M)和靠近马铃薯侧(I-P)的马铃薯P_n差异显著,I-PI-M;相比于等氮时的单作,间作净光合速率(P_n)降低8.41%~31.09%,光补偿点降低62.23%,暗呼吸速率降低60.90%;过量的氮肥施用和与玉米间作均导致马铃薯P_n、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(T_r)的降低,且间作后的减幅随施氮量增加而增大;合理控制施氮量有利于维持间作马铃薯较高的光合水平,降低与玉米间作后的马铃薯减产幅度,本研究中N1处理可维持较低减产幅度。     

施氮处理下植物光合对沙质草地土壤呼吸的调控作用

本研究以科尔沁沙质草地为对象,探讨施氮对沙质草地土壤CO₂排放影响的光合调控机制.结果表明: 施氮可通过增加地上植物光合改变输送到地下的光合同化产物数量,进而对土壤呼吸速率产生调控作用.植物光合速率与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关,施氮后二者拟合函数斜率由0.236降至0.161,拟合方程截距差值(0.51 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)与施氮后夜间土壤呼吸速率提升值(0.52 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)相近.5—10月,施氮后光合速率改变值(比率)与土壤呼吸变化值(比率)呈显著正相关,偏相关分析显示,施氮后光合速率的改变值是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的有效解释因素(P<0.05).夜间土壤呼吸速率变化仍与地上植被活动存在重要联系,日均生态系统总光合是影响夜间土壤呼吸速率变化(ΔR_s)的重要因素(P<0.01).植物光合而非温度条件是影响施氮后土壤呼吸速率变化的主要因素,因而,结合植物光合的同化产物控制途径为施氮对土壤呼吸影响机制研究提供新的重要补充.     

外源施N对干旱河谷白刺花（Sophora davidii）幼苗生长，生物量及C、N、P积累与分配的影响

干旱气候条件下改善土壤养分能否提高植物抗旱能力,促进植物生长一直是一个争论性的问题.为了解外源施N是否可提高岷江上游干旱河谷优势灌木白刺花(Sophora davidii)幼苗适应干旱贫瘠环境的能力,研究了不同施N(0、92 mg N · kg-1土和184 mg N · kg-1土)处理下一个生长季节内白刺花幼苗生长、生物生产量、C、N和P的积累与分配特性,以及N和P利用效率.研究结果表明:轻度施N(92 mg N ·kg-1土)处理促进了植物生长,增加了生物生产量,强化了C的固定和N、P等资源的吸收和积累,提高了其它受限资源的利用效率(如P),降低了N利用效率;但并不显著改变幼苗生物生产量及C、N和P等资源的分配格局,从而维持了资源的吸收、分配与利用的相对平衡,可能改善白刺花幼苗适应干旱贫瘠环境能力.而重度施N(184 mg N · kg-1土)处理虽然也相对于对照增加了叶片数目、生物生产量和C、N、P的积累量,但显著降低了幼苗根系的长度,抑制了根系的生长,并导致生物量及资源(生物量、C、N、P)较多地分配给地上部分(主要是叶片),不利于干旱环境下水分的吸收和利用,因而可能会加重幼苗受胁迫伤害的程度.综合分析表明,适当施加N肥可以促进白刺花幼苗的生长,一定程度上提高幼苗抗旱能力,改善幼苗定居,但也应避免过度施N.     

四种荒漠草原植物的生长对不同氮添加水平的响应

大气氮(N)沉降增加加速了生态系统N循环, 从而会对生态系统的结构和功能产生巨大的影响, 尤其是一些受N限制的生态系统.研究N添加对荒漠草原植物生长的影响, 可为深入理解N沉降增加对我国北方草原群落结构的影响提供基础数据.该文基于2011年在宁夏荒漠草原设置的N沉降增加的野外模拟试验, 研究了两年N添加下4个常见物种(牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii),老瓜头(Cynanchum komarovii),针茅(Stipa capillata)和冰草(Agropyron cristatum))不同时期种群生物量和6-8月份相对生长速率的变化特征.并通过分析物种生长与植物(群落和叶片水平)和土壤碳(C),N,磷(P)生态化学计量学特征的关系, 探讨C:N:P化学计量比对植物生长养分限制的指示作用.结果显示N添加促进了4个物种的生长, 但具有明显的种间差异性, 且这种差异也存在于相同生活型的不同物种间.总体而言, 4个物种种群生物量与叶片N浓度,叶片N:P,群落N库,土壤全N含量和土壤N:P存在明显的线性关系, 与植物和土壤C:N和C:P的相关关系相对较弱.几个物种相对生长速率与植物和土壤N:P也呈现一定程度的正相关关系, 但与其他指标相关性较弱.以上结果表明, 短期N沉降增加提高了植物的相对生长速率, 促进了植物生长, 且更有利于针茅和老瓜头的生物量积累, 从而可能会逐渐改变荒漠草原群落结构.植物N:P和土壤N:P对荒漠草原物种生长具有较强的指示作用: 随着土壤N受限性逐渐缓解, 土壤N含量和N:P相继升高, 可供植物摄取的N增多, 因而有利于植物生长和群落N库积累.     

高寒矮嵩草草甸不同退化演替阶段植物地上部氮磷元素比较

本研究旨在比较高寒草甸草地不同退化演替阶段下植物地上部氮磷元素含量、吸收速率以及单位面积累计重量.结果表明:植物生长季内 5～9月 ,3个样地植物地上部N、P含量都是在生长初期最高,随植物生长季节的推移以及地上生物量的增加,其含量逐渐稀释直到生长季节结束,全氮含量范围为36.90～14.90g/kg,全磷的含量范围是2.22～1.06g/kg.不同退化演替阶段由于植物组成的不同,其N、P含量有明显的差异,P的含量中度退化样地最高 1.91% ,重度退化样地最低 1.51% ;N的含量则恰恰相反,重度退化样地最高 26.40% ,中度退化样地最低 18.60% ;原生植被样地介于两者之间,其生长季P的平均含量为1.63%,N的平均含量为20.80%.植物N、P的吸收速率和单位面积累计重量都是随退化程度的加剧而降低,即原生植被样地>中度退化样地>重度退化样地,并且植物营养元素吸收速率与地上生物量生长速率呈正相关关系.     

重庆石灰岩地区主要木本植物叶片性状及养分再吸收特征

以重庆石灰岩地区15种常绿木本植物和14种落叶木本植物为研究对象,对两种生活型植物叶片衰老前后叶干物质含量(LDMC)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶片厚度(LT)进行了比较,并采用不同的计算方法(单位质量叶片养分含量、单位面积叶片养分含量)分析了两类植物叶片衰老前后养分含量及再吸收特征,最后对养分再吸收效率与其他叶性状因子之间的关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:常绿植物成熟叶LDMC、LT及衰老叶LT显著低于落叶植物,落叶植物成熟叶和衰老叶SLA均显著高于常绿植物(P0.05);基于单位质量叶片计算的养分含量,常绿植物成熟和衰老叶N、P量均低于落叶植物,而基于单位面积叶片计算的N、P含量则表现出相反的趋势;基于不同方法计算的N、P再吸收效率差异不明显,其中常绿植物基于单位质量叶片养分含量计算的N、P平均再吸收效率为39.42%、43.79%,落叶植物的为24.08%、33.59%;常绿和落叶植物N、P再吸收效率与LDMC、SLA、LT和成熟叶N、P含量之间没有显著相关性,但与衰老叶养分含量存在显著负相关(P0.05)。研究发现,无论是常绿植物还是落叶植物,衰老叶N、P含量均较低,表明石灰岩地区植物具有较高的养分再吸收程度。     

Allometric estimation of metabolic rate from heart rate in penguins

Studies of the relationship between heart rate (f(H)) and rate of oxygen consumption (V(.) (O(2))), which are then used to predict field metabolic rate, frequently fail to incorporate body mass as a predictive variable. This is a potentially important omission in the study of animals whose body mass fluctuates substantially during their annual cycle. In an attempt further to improve estimates of field metabolic rate from f(H), we re-evaluated data on M(b), f(H) and V(.) (O(2)) from previous studies of macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and derived a new relationship to integrate these three quantities. This relationship is at least as accurate and precise as previously determined relationships. We applied this same principle to published data on 11 of the 20 recognised penguin taxa to derive a relationship to predict V(.) (O(2)) from f(H) and M(b) in penguins of any species. This result has interesting implications in terms of reducing the logistical burden in studies of field metabolic rate.     

Influence of day of postpartum breeding on pregnancy rate, pregnancy loss rate, and foaling rate in Thoroughbred mares

Records (years 2005-2007) were analyzed from a Thoroughbred stud farm in central Kentucky. Data from all breeding cycles of foaling mares were tabulated (3184 cycles of 2003 foaling mares bred between 7 and 163 days postpartum). A multiple logistic regression model employing Bayesian statistics was used to adjust for factors that significantly affected outcome; odds ratios (ORs) for pregnancy rate, pregnancy loss rate, and foaling rate were determined to examine the influence of day of postpartum breeding on these parameters. Mares bred before Day 22 (Day 0 = day of foaling) postpartum had a decreased OR for becoming pregnant (P < 0.05); the median OR for becoming pregnant (1.00) was not reached until Day 46 postpartum. Mares bred before Day 13 postpartum had an increased OR for pregnancy loss (P < 0.05). The median OR for pregnancy loss did not decline below 1.00 until Day 78 postpartum. Mares bred before Day 20 postpartum had a decreased OR for producing a foal (P < 0.05). The median OR for producing a foal (1.00) was not reached until Day 75 postpartum. We concluded that fertility (in terms of a higher OR for becoming pregnant and a lower OR for pregnancy loss, resulting in a higher OR for producing a foal) continued to improve in Thoroughbred mares for approximately 2.5 mo postpartum. These findings are of importance to management strategies directed at early postpartum breeding, and explain some of the reported drift in subsequent foaling dates of Thoroughbred mares, despite management practices that employ early postpartum breeding.     

蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日变化的初步研究

对野生蜡梅在不同天气中的净光合速率 (Pn)和蒸腾速率 (Tr)日变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了初步研究 ,结果如下 :(1)蜡梅在晴天和阴天的 Pn日进程均呈一双峰型曲线。但晴天的两个峰值比在阴天出现要早 ,Pn的总体水平要高于阴天 ,且在午后发生明显的光合“午休”现象。 (2 )Tr在晴天的日变化呈单峰型曲线 ,在午后强光和高温条件下 ,Tr可高达 10 mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以上。在阴天 ,Tr日进程波动很小 ,且蒸腾作用微弱 ,全天大多保持在 0 .8mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以下的水平。(3)在光合有效辐射 (PAR)为 80 0～ 90 0 μmol m-2 s-1、大气温度 (TA) 2 8℃左右、相对湿度 (RH)约75%的条件下 ,野生蜡梅的 Pn可高达 2 3.6 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1。但蜡梅的光饱和点与光补偿点均较低 ,分别约为 90 0μmol m-2 s-1和 2 0μmol m-2 s-1。 (4 ) PAR和 TA是影响蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日进程的主导生态因子。蜡梅对强光和高温反应敏感 ,在超过光饱和点且气温高达 4 2℃以上时 ,其蒸腾作用强烈 ,能量转换与水分利用效率 (WUE)大大降低 ,光合能力减弱 ,导致 Pn急剧下降     

Age at first reproduction and growth rate are independent of basal metabolic rate in mammals

This study tested an emergent prediction from the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) that the age at first reproduction (α) of a mammal is proportional to the inverse of its mass-corrected basal metabolic rate: The hypothesis was tested with multiple regression models of conventional species data and phylogenetically independent contrasts of 121 mammal species. Since age at first reproduction is directly influenced by an individual’s growth rate, the hypothesis that growth rate is proportional to BMR was also tested. Although the overall multiple regression model was significant, age at first reproduction was not partially correlated with either body mass, growth rate or BMR. Similarly, growth rate was not correlated with BMR. Thus at least for mammals in general, there is no evidence to support the fundamental premise of the MTE that individual metabolism governs the rate at which energy is converted to growth and reproduction at the species level. The exponents of the BMR allometry calculated using phylogenetic generalized least squares regression models were significantly lower than the three-quarter value predicted by the MTE. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

不同功率递增速率对正常人心肺运动试验整体功能的影响Ⅰ—峰值运动相关指标及呼吸交换率的变化

目的: 观察健康志愿者不同功率递增速率完成症状限制性极限心肺运动试验（CPET）对CPET峰值运动相关核心指标的影响,及运动中呼吸交换率（RER）的变化。以探讨不同功率递增速率对CPET峰值运动相关指标的影响。方法: 选择12名健康志愿者在一周内不同工作天随机完成中等适度程度（30 W/min)及比较低（10 W/min）和比较高（60 W/min）3种不同功率递增速率CPET。按标准方法比较CPET数据主要峰值运动核心指标：峰值运动时的摄氧量、二氧化碳排出量、负荷功率、呼吸频率、潮气量、分钟通气量、心率、血压和氧脉搏,运动持续时间和CPET各时段的RER。对三组不同功率递增速率下各个指标的差异进行组间两两比较。结果: 与中等适度功率递增速率组比较,比较低和比较高功率递增速率组的峰值功率分别显著地降低和升高（（162.04±41.59）W/min vs （132.92±34.55） W/min vs （197.42±46.14） W/min, P<0.01）;运动时间显著延长和缩短（（5.69±1.33） min vs （13.49±3.43） min vs （3.56±0.76） min,P<0.01）;峰值RER（1.27±0.07 vs 1.18±0.06 vs 1.33±0.08,P<0.01~P<0.05）与恢复期RER最大值（1.72±0.16 vs 1.61±0.11 vs 1.81±0.14,P<0.01~P<0.05）均显著降低和升高。结论: 不同功率递增速率CPET显著改变峰值运动时的功率、运动持续时间、峰值RER和恢复期最大RER。CPET规范化操作要选择个体化适合受试者的中等适度功率递增速率,而且也不能以某一固定的RER值作为保证安全、受试者达到极限运动和提前终止运动的依据。     

Heart rate as an indicator of metabolic rate and activity in adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Telemetered heart rate (f_H) was examined as an indicator of activity and oxygen consumption rate (VO₂) in adult, cultivated, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Heart rate was measured during sustained swimming in a flume for six fish at 10° C [mean weight, 1114 g; mean fork length (f. l.), 50·6 cm] and seven fish at 15° C (mean weight, 1119 g; mean f. l., 50·7 cm) at speeds of up to 2·2 body lengths/s. Semi–logarithmic relationships between heart rate and swimming speed were obtained at both temperatures. Spontaneously swimming fish in still water exhibited characteristic heart rate increases associated with activity. Heart rate and Vo₂ were monitored simultaneously in a 575–1 circular respirometer for six fish (three male, three female) at 4° C (mean weight, 1804 g; mean F. L., 62· cm) and six fish (three male, three female) at 10° C (mean weight, 2045 g; mean f. l., 63·2 cm) during spontaneous but unquantified activity. Linear regressions were obtained by transforming data for both f_H and Vo₂ to log values. At each temperature, slopes of the regressions between f_H and Vo₂ for individual fishes were not significantly different, but in some cases elevations were. All differences in elevation were between male and female fish. There were no significant differences in regression slope or elevation for fish of the same sex at the two temperatures and so regressions were calculated for the sexes, pooling data from 4 and 10° C. There was no significant difference in the mean ± S. D. Vo₂ between the sexes at 4° C (male, 66·0 ± 59·6 mgO₂ kg^?1 h^?1; female, 88·0 ± 60·1 mgO₂ kg^?1 h^?1) or 10° C (male, 166·2 ± 115·4 mgO₂ kg^?1 h^?1; female, 169·2 ± 111–1 mgO₂ kg^?1h^?1). Resting Vo₂ (x?± s. d.) at 4°C was 36·7 ± 8.4 mgO₂ kg^?1 h^?1, and 10° C was 72·8 ± 11·9 mgO₂ kg^?1 h^?1. Maximum Vo₂ (x?± S. D.) at 4° C was 250·6 ± 40·2 mgO₂ kg^?1 h^?1, and at 10° C was 423·6 ± 25·2 mgO₂ kg^?1 h^?1. Heart rate appears to be a useful indicator of metabolic rate over the temperature range examined, for the cultivated fish studied, but it is possible that the relationship for wild fish may differ.     

The dependence of the growth rate and meat content of young boars on semen parameters and conception rate

Boars have a decisive impact on the progress in pig production, however, there is no recent information about the optimal growth parameters during the rearing period for modern breed later used in artificial insemination (AI) stations. Therefore, the objective of the research was to conduct semen parameter and conception rate analyses on the basis of growth rate and meat content assessments made during the rearing of AI boars of different genotypes. The study was carried out between 2010 and 2014 and included 184 boars in five breed combinations: 46 Polish Large White, 50 Polish Landrace, 27 Pietrain, 36 Duroc×Pietrain and 25 Hampshire×Pietrain. Boars were qualified by daily gains and meat content assessment (between 170 and 210 days of life). A total number of 38 272 ejaculates were examined (semen volume (ml), spermatozoa concentration (×10⁶ ml⁻¹), total number of spermatozoa (×10⁹) and number of insemination doses from one ejaculate (n)). The fertility was determined by the conception rate (%). Semen volume, spermatozoa concentration and conception rate (P<0.01), followed by the total number of spermatozoa and insemination doses (P<0.05) were characterized by the highest variability in relation to breed of boars. The effect of daily gains was reported for spermatozoa concentration, number of insemination doses, conception rate (all P<0.01) and total number of spermatozoa (P<0.05). The peak of growth for spermatozoa concentration, total number of spermatozoa, insemination doses and conception rate was achieved for 800 to 850 g gains. Meat content affected semen volume, number of insemination doses and conception rate (P<0.05). Rearing boars while maintaining daily gains at the 800 to 850 g level and 62.5% to 65% meat content helps AI stations to increase the efficiency and economic profitability, and the number of insemination doses to increase by up to 300 doses/boar within a year. The analyses of growth parameters may help increase the efficiency and economic viability of AI stations.     

温度和个体大小对单齿螺耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用静水法测定了不同温度、不同个体大小的单齿螺耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明:在16-33℃的实验温度范围内单齿螺的耗氧率(R_O)和排氨率(R_N)与软体部干重(W)都呈负相关,它们之间关系可以分别用幂函数R_O=aW^-b和R_N=a₁W^-b1表示。16～29℃温度范围内单齿螺的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而增加,29℃时耗氧率和排氨率达到最大值,当温度继续升高超过29℃后,耗氧率和排氨率则随温度的升高而下降,耗氧率、排氨率与温度之间呈显著的指数函数关系R_O=ce^dT和R_N=c₁e^d1T;不同个体大小单齿螺的O:N比在16～20℃时较大,Q₁₀取值范围0.56-3.74,平均值为1.64。方差分析表明,温度、软体部干重对单齿螺的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。     

多鳞四须鲃耗氧率、排氨率和窒息点的初步研究

控制水温在(20±0.5)℃条件下,采用Winkler法和奈氏试剂法分别测定水中的溶氧含量和氨氮含量,通过比较流水呼吸室进、出口水中的溶解氧和氨氮含量之差以确定多鳞四须鲃(Barbodes schwanenfeldi)的耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点.结果表明,多鳞四须鲃耗氧率随体重增加而减小,关系式为Y=0.24X^-0.09(R²=0.9028);随放养密度的增大而减小,关系式为Y=-0.029X+0.3301 (R²=0.9291).排氨率随体重的增加而减小,关系式为Y=-0.0008X+0.2433 (R²=0.9817);随放养密度的增大而增加,关系式为Y=-0.050X+0.4979 (R²=0.9889).多鳞四须隹巴晚间(18:00～4:00)的耗氧率明显高于白天(6:00-1:00),排氨率则相反,白天的排氨率相对较高,表明多鳞四须鲃巴属于"昼伏夜出"型鱼类.多鳞四须啬巴的窒息点为1.2572mg·L^-1,耐氧性较差.     

The limitations of heart rate as a predictor of metabolic rate in fish

Although telemetered heart rate (f_H) has been used as a physiological correlate to predict the metabolic rate (as oxygen consumption, V?O₂) of fish in the field, it is our contention that the method has not been validated adequately for fish. If f_H in fish is to be used to estimate V?O₂, a single linear (or log-linear) relationship must be established for each species between the two variables which allows V?O₂ to be predicted accurately under all environmentally relevant conditions. Our analyses of existing data indicate that while a good linear (or log-linear) relationship can be established between f_H and V?O₂, the conditions under which the relationship applies may be quite restricted. Physiological states and environmental factors affect the relationship between f_H and V?O₂ significantly such that several curves can exist for a single species. In addition, there are situations in which f_H and V?O₂ do not covary in a significant manner. In some situations f_H can vary over much of its physiological range while V?O₂ remains constant; in others V?O₂ may vary while f_H is invariate. The theoretical basis for this variability is examined to explain why the use of telemetered f_H in predicting V?O₂ of fish may be limited to certain specified applications.