不同生境条件下四合木（Tetraena mongolicaMaxim.）种群结构特征

对天然分布区及不同生境内四合木种群的径级结构、年龄结构、冠幅结构、高度结构及空间结构特征进行了比较分析,运用静态生命表描述了四合木种群年龄结构动态变化规律,应用Clark-Evans的 R值法计算出四合木个体空间分布格局指标.结果表明:四合木种群径级、龄级与高度级结构均基本呈正态分布,冠幅级结构呈现出近乎指数型的衰减趋势;但不同生境的四合木种群因所处微环境各异,在径级、龄级、高度级、冠幅级结构上表现出一定差异.四合木种群的存活率随龄级的增大而降低,死亡率和消失率随龄级的增大而升高,其存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅠ型,表明该种群为下降种群.不同生境的四合木种群个体分布均不均匀,其空间分布为随机型.     

石河子地区不同生境梭梭种群数量动态分析

对新疆石河子莫索湾地区阳坡、阴坡、坡脊、坡谷4个生境条件下的梭梭种群动态、大小结构等进行了实地调查研究,并编制静态生命表分析存活曲线和死亡曲线.结果表明,石河子地区的梭梭种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少.不同生境的种群密度存在差异,其中坡谷种群密度最大;不同坡向种群生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,Ⅴ、Ⅵ径级由于生理衰老死亡率上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同坡向的梭梭种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅢ型.在石河子莫索湾地区,梭梭种群应以保护为主,适当抚育为辅,从而促进群落持续发育.     

广东鹅凰嶂自然保护区杜鹃红山茶种群结构与空间分布格局

研究了广东鹅凰嶂省级自然保护区杜鹃红山茶天然种群的基径、高度和冠幅结构,应用扩散系数、负二次指数、Cassie指数、丛生指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数和格林指数等聚集度指标测定了种群空间分布格局及其动态.结果表明:在天然分布区内,杜鹃红山茶种群以成年树为主体,幼苗严重缺乏,表现为衰退趋势,但不同地段中种群的径级、高度和冠幅结构不完全相同.不同地段中杜鹃红山茶种群空间分布格局表现为聚集分布或随机分布;在种群生长过程中,分布格局从聚集型向随机型转变.     

濒危植物小黄花茶种群数量结构与生存潜力分析

为了解濒危植物小黄花茶(Camellia luteoflora)的生长特征和生存状况,通过对贵州赤水市国家级桫椤自然保护区内小黄花茶进行全域资源清查,采用样方法调查小黄花茶每株植物高度和地径,统计分析了种群数量及结构特征,并采用径级对应龄级,以0.5 cm地径间隔划特定年龄分组,共分Ⅰ~XV径级,绘制静态生命表分析种群生存潜力和发展趋势。结果表明：调查共发现小黄花茶545株,不同小生境中小黄花茶数量差异大,最少24株,最多120株;种群地径小于0.5 cm且高度低于0.5 m个体存活数量极少,平均地径0.5~2 cm维持最大种群数量;Ⅰ~Ⅱ龄级（0~1.0 cm）种群死亡率和消失率急剧上升而生命期望值急剧降低,Ⅱ~XV龄级（≥0.5 cm）种群死亡率和生命期望值趋于平缓,消失率呈现较大波动但总体趋于平缓;种群数量结构和存活曲线表明该种群趋近于Deevey-Ⅰ型,属衰退型种群。小黄花茶种群幼苗数量严重不足,种群自我更新困难,现存种群干扰压力大,种群衰退趋势明显,急需加强种群保育。     

安徽皇藏峪自然保护区青檀种群数量动态

根据野外调查资料编制皇藏峪自然保护区不同生境青檀种群的静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线以及4个生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征。同时,结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:1)不同生境青檀种群径级结构大体呈金字塔型,中、幼龄阶段个体数量丰富,老龄阶段个体数量相对较少,种群在发育过程中存在一定波动性,但种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi’(考虑外部干扰时)均大于零。种群属稳定增长型。2)不同生境青檀种群在幼龄阶段死亡率较高,随着龄级的增加,死亡率逐渐降低。进入生理衰老阶段时,阳坡、阴坡种群死亡率再次上升,而坡谷种群由于老龄个体受到较好保护,死亡率略有下降。3)不同生境存活曲线存在差异,阳坡、阴坡种群趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,坡谷种群趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型。4)生存分析表明,阳坡、阴坡种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;坡谷种群表现为前期锐减、中后期稳定的特点。5)在未来2年、5年中,不同生境青檀种群呈增长趋势。     

闽江口琅岐岛朴树种群结构与空间分布格局

为了揭示琅岐岛朴树种群的维持机制,结合径级结构、聚集度指标,对朴树种群的结构与空间格局进行了研究。结果表明:(1)琅岐朴树种群结构稳定。幼苗充足,具有较强的自我更新能力,朴树萌枝更新突出,萌枝幼苗占总幼苗数的78%,萌枝作为对实生幼苗库的补偿,对于种群的维持和延续具有重要作用;从幼苗阶段到小树阶段存在较高的死亡率,有一定量的成年个体;不同样地朴树种群结构呈现稳定型和衰退型2种类型。(2)在调查的12个样地中,不同样地朴树个体空间格局有所不同,样地2、样地4朴树呈随机分布型,样地11为均匀分布,其他的则是聚集分布。(3)不同发育阶段的空间分布格局有所变化,表现出随着朴树幼苗的生长,其格局逐渐从聚集格局过渡到随机格局,呈扩散趋势。     

濒危植物单性木兰种群径级结构和生命表分析

单性木兰是我国特有的濒危植物。对广西北部木论自然保护区内的单性木兰代表种群进行调查,分析其种群径级结构和存活曲线,编制了静态生命表。结果表明:雄株与雌株的比例约1.06:1,幼苗和幼树在种群中占有较大的比重,单性木兰种群的径级结构呈非典型的金字塔型分布,为稳定型种群;存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,种群在两个低龄级Ⅰ和Ⅲ出现相对较高的死亡高峰,死亡率分别为0.23和0.35,而高径级趋于稳定。     

湖南珍稀濒危植物——珙桐种群数量动态

在湖南省珙桐(Davidia involucrata)主要分布区八大公山和壶瓶山自然保护区设置了7个具有代表性的样地,采用样方法对珙桐群落的组成进行调查,研究珙桐种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和生存规律.结果表明:(1)两个保护区珙桐种群的径级结构和高度结构都近似于倒金字塔型,并且珙桐种群幼树死亡率高,珙桐种群有衰退迹象.(2)珙桐种群结构存在波动性,幼年阶段的个体数量少,并且多为萌生苗,实生苗很少;成年个体数量相对也较少,种群趋于Deevey的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型曲线之间.(3)珙桐种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第5龄级阶段出现一个高峰;珙桐种群的生存率单调上升,累计死亡率单调下降,生存率上升趋势前期低于后期,累计死亡率则相反.(4)珙桐种群具有前期稳定、中期锐减和后期衰退的特点.     

珍稀植物银砂槐中国分布区的种群结构与动态分析

通过对中国唯一银砂槐(Ammodendron bifolium)分布区———新疆伊犁河谷地塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠狭窄区域的样地调查和数据统计分析,绘制了银砂槐自然种群的径级结构图,编制了种群的特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等重要参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态。结果表明:(1)研究区内银砂槐种群结构中小径级个体较多,即Ⅰ~Ⅲ径级占70.4%,Ⅳ~Ⅶ径级占27.62%,Ⅷ~Ⅹ径级仅占1.98%,种群整体结构属于增长型,但Ⅰ径级个体数少于Ⅱ径级,种群的自然更新相对较差。(2)静态生命表分析结果表明,随着径级的增加银砂槐种群死亡率大致为上升趋势,且种群内基径超过3.5cm(Ⅷ径级)的银砂槐数量迅速下降,即研究区内银砂槐基径越接近Ⅷ径级就越接近其生理寿命。(3)研究区内银砂槐的存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,但Ⅰ径级存活数低于Ⅱ径级,Ⅱ径级后存活数量迅速下降,说明该种群幼苗补充量较少,自然更新受阻。(4)时间序列分析表明,随着时间推移,种群未来会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势。研究认为,新疆伊犁河谷地的银砂槐种群的生长发育主要受限于其自身的生物学特性和种内竞争,其种群的长期稳定维持较为困难,现有植株及生境斑块的妥善保护和适当的人工辅助措施是该区银砂槐种群恢复的关键。     

荒漠草原异质生境下猪毛蒿种群动态

以荒漠草原猪毛蒿种群为对象,设置风沙土、灰钙土和基岩风化沉积土3个生境下增水30%、减水30%和对照3个处理,编制猪毛蒿种群的动态生命表,绘制种群存活和死亡曲线,分析异质生境下猪毛蒿种群动态规律,研究猪毛蒿年内年际间种群动态特征.结果表明: 猪毛蒿种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅰ型,即生长前期存活率较高,趋于稳定状态,死亡率基本维持在较低的水平,生育期末种群死亡率则上升较快.各生境下猪毛蒿个体的存活数均呈前期波动后期下降的趋势,风沙土和灰钙土生境下死亡率的波动变幅较大,增减水处理对猪毛蒿种群死亡率的影响无显著差异.土壤类型对猪毛蒿株高、冠幅、密度、盖度和生物量均有显著影响,降水处理对猪毛蒿株高、冠幅和盖度影响显著,对密度和生物量无显著影响,而土壤类型和降水处理的交互作用仅对株高和冠幅有显著影响.基岩风化沉积土生境下猪毛蒿生物量的可塑性指数显著高于风沙土和灰钙土,灰钙土和基岩风化沉积土生境下盖度可塑性显著高于风沙土.增水处理的密度可塑性指数显著高于对照和减水处理.株高和冠幅的可塑性指数较高,说明在不同的生境压力下,猪毛蒿可以通过优先调节这两个参数来应对生境的变化.     

从文献看种群、种群生态及种群行为研究

通过维普中文期刊网和英文ScienceDirect数据库有关种群、种群生态和种群行为文献的查询,发现文献的发表量很不平衡,种群研究文献的年增长率远大于种群生态和种群行为。英文文献中关于种群行为研究的文献增长率高于种群生态,而中文文献正好相反。     

Modelling the effectiveness of contraception for controlling introduced populations of elephant in South Africa

Re‐introduced African elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) populations are growing at very high rates in many of southern Africa’s reserves, have attained densities higher than previously thought possible and may be exhibiting irruptive growth. Active management of such populations is necessary to prevent the potentially negative effects on habitat and biodiversity that are associated with elephant overpopulation. One potentially feasible method of elephant management is immunocontraception, but very little is known about the long‐term effectiveness of this method. Using demographic data from three South African elephant populations, we made model projections of the effects of contraception on population growth rates to determine whether contraception may be a feasible management tool for elephant. In comparison with noncontracepted populations, realistic reductions in population growth rate after 20 years of contraception were projected to be up to c. 64%, with 50% being a very feasible target. Through its ability to reduce population growth rates, immunocontraception should be an effective tool for preventing or minimizing irruption in elephants and, perhaps, other introduced ungulate species.     

Predator–vole interactions in northern Europe: the role of small mustelids revised

The cyclic population dynamics of vole and predator communities is a key phenomenon in northern ecosystems, and it appears to be influenced by climate change. Reports of collapsing rodent cycles have attributed the changes to warmer winters, which weaken the interaction between voles and their specialist subnivean predators. Using population data collected throughout Finland during 1986–2011, we analyse the spatio-temporal variation in the interactions between populations of voles and specialist, generalist and avian predators, and investigate by simulations the roles of the different predators in the vole cycle. We test the hypothesis that vole population cyclicity is dependent on predator–prey interactions during winter. Our results support the importance of the small mustelids for the vole cycle. However, weakening specialist predation during winters, or an increase in generalist predation, was not associated with the loss of cyclicity. Strengthening of delayed density dependence coincided with strengthening small mustelid influence on the summer population growth rates of voles. In conclusion, a strong impact of small mustelids during summers appears highly influential to vole population dynamics, and deteriorating winter conditions are not a viable explanation for collapsing small mammal population cycles.     

MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF POPULATION DIVERGENCE TIMES AND POPULATION PHYLOGENY IN MODELS WITHOUT MUTATION

In this paper we present a method for estimating population divergence times by maximum likelihood in models without mutation. The maximum-likelihood estimator is compared to a commonly applied estimator based on Wright's F_ST statistic. Simulations suggest that the maximum-likelihood estimator is less biased and has a lower variance than the F_ST-based estimator. The maximum-likelihood estimator provides a statistical framework for the analysis of population history given genetic data. We demonstrate how maximum-likelihood estimates of the branching pattern of divergence of multiple populations may be obtained. We also describe how the method may be applied to test hypotheses such as whether populations have maintained equal population sizes. We illustrate the method by applying it to two previously published sets of human restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data.     

种群生存力分析（PVA）的方法与应用

随着人们对资源的加速利用,生境丧失和破碎化导致物种濒危问题日益严重.以岛屿生物地理学为理论起源的种群生存力分析（PVA）,通过分析和模拟种群动态过程并建立灭绝概率与种群数量之间的关系,为濒危物种保护提供了重要的理论依据和研究途径.在过去的几十年中,种群生存力分析已成为保护生物学中一项重要的研究内容.目前种群生存力分析发展稳定,但对其实际预测能力和准确性尚存质疑,应用方面也有待进一步发展.种群生存力分析的进一步完善还需要在理论和方法上的创新,特别是籍于景观生态学和可持续性科学的理念,将空间分析手段、经济社会因素纳入到物种和种群的预测和管理上,从而使其 具有更完整的理论基础和更高的实用价值.为此,本文对种群生存力分析的历史、基本概念、研究方法、模型应用和准确性进行了综述,并提出了有关的研究展望.     

GPS collars have an apparent positive effect on the survival of a large carnivore

Are instrumented animals representative of the population, given the potential bias caused by selective sampling and the influence of capture, handling and wearing bio-loggers? The answer is elusive owing to the challenges of obtaining comparable data from individuals with and without bio-loggers. Using non-invasive genetic data of a large carnivore, the wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Scandinavia, and an open-population spatial capture–recapture model, we found a 16 (credible interval: 4–30) percentage points lower mortality probability for GPS-collared individuals compared with individuals without GPS collars. While the risk of dying from legal culling was comparable for collared and non-collared wolverines, the former experienced lower probability of mortality due to causes other than legal culling. The aforementioned effect was pronounced despite a potentially lower age—and therefore likely higher natural mortality—of collared individuals. Reports of positive effects of bio-loggers on the survival of individuals are uncommon and we argue that GPS collars could shield animals from poaching. Our results highlight the challenges of drawing population-level inferences for populations subjected to poaching when using data from instrumented individuals.     

福建南北泥蚶种内分化的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,对泥蚶在福建以南(广东汕头和湛江)和福建以北(浙江温岭和韩国)种群(分别合称南方类群和北方类群)做了遗传分化研究。由筛选出的20个随机引物共获得103个清晰可辨的RAPD标记,扩增片段长度在250—2500bp。汕头种群与湛江种群,韩国种群与温岭种群之间的最小遗传距离分别为0．0612和0．0692,而南、北类群间的遗传距离却在0．3261-0．4511。类群间近交系数也大于类群内。NJ和UPGMA法构建的系统树均显示汕头种群、湛江种群首先聚在一起,再与温岭种群和韩国种群聚合,说明两个类群发生了较明显的遗传分化,估计与地理隔离有关。     

Late Chachapoya population structure prior to Inka conquest

Archaeological and ethnohistorical documents suggest that the Chachapoya region was inhabited by a number of distinct sociopolitical groups that only united in the face of their common enemy, the Inka. The purpose of this research is to quantify the amount of internal genetic differentiation and levels of extraregional gene flow during the Late Chachapoya period, in order to obtain a better understanding of the genetic relationship between these presumed ethnic groups. Craniometric data were collected from three Late Chachapoya samples (Laguna Huayabamba, Kuelap, and Laguna de los Cóndores), in order to understand the genetic relationships between the groups and facilitate our understanding of Late Chachapoya population structure. Genetic differentiation among these series ranged from 0.047 (heritability = 1.0) to 0.090 (heritability = 0.55). The Relethford-Blangero residuals indicate that the Laguna Huayabamba and Laguna de los Cóndores populations were receiving greater than average external gene flow, while Kuelap was receiving less than average external gene flow. The correspondence between biological and archaeological data in the investigation of prehistoric ethnic identity is discussed.     

竹类植物种群生态学研究进展与展望

综述了竹类种群生理生态学、种群动态、繁殖特性、无性系种群特征等几个方面的研究进展,概括了群落水平上竹类种群对森林更新的影响。并从竹类种群克隆多样性与微进化、生长适应机理、开花机制,以及竹类种群与林窗更新等四个方面展望未来竹类种群生态学研究的重点和主要趋势。     

羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群无性系种群动态的初步研究

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