西双版纳食果鸟对植物果实颜色的取食选择

黑色和红色是最主要的果实颜色.虽然食果鸟的取食选择常被假设为果实颜色特征形成的主要进化动力,但能直接支持该假说的研究案例极少.该研究选择西双版纳常见的5种食果鸟,利用试验当季常见的黑、红、黄、绿4种果实进行室内和野外环境(开阔林地、林冠下层)果实颜色选择实验.结果表明,室内试验时5种食果鸟最喜欢的果实颜色是黑色和/或红色,而野外环境下,虽然开阔林地果实被取食总量远大于林冠下层果实被取食量,但黑色和红色仍均为该两类生境中被取食最多的果实颜色.即大部分食果鸟均喜好自然界最常见的果实颜色,其喜好程度能反映研究地果实颜色组成分布格局,提示果实颜色的进化或部分来自于食果鸟取食选择的压力.     

不同空间尺度下的肉果植物扩散过程和机理

肉果植物扩散的生态学过程在最近得到生态学者们的广泛关注,其扩散过程包括果实搬运、果实消耗、种子雨、种子取食、种子库动态、萌发和幼苗定居等。许多过程涉及到果食性动物和肉果植物之间的互惠的协同进化关系。对最近15a关于肉果植物扩散的研究论文进行了综述,探讨在生境、微生境、景观和区域等常用的空间尺度上,肉果植物扩散和定居过程的格局与机理。     

脊椎动物传播植物肉质果中的次生物质及其生态作用

在种子植物-动物的互惠关系中,植物果实成熟后需要吸引种子传播者取食果实,传播其种子至适宜萌发的生境,同时又要防御种子捕食者过度消耗种子。果实内的次生物质(如:配糖生物碱、大黄素、辣椒素)在此过程中起到重要的调控作用。依赖脊椎动物传播的肉质果中往往含有与植物茎、叶内相同的次生物质,其种类繁多,主要分为含氮化合物、酚类化合物和萜类化合物。未成熟果实内富含次生物质(如:单宁、大黄素),主要保护未成熟种子不被潜在的捕食者和食果动物取食,这些次生物质的含量通常随果实成熟而降低;其它次生物质(如:脱辅基类胡萝卜素)的含量随果实成熟而增多,可能起到吸引食果动物的作用。在对脊椎动物捕食的抵御中,果实内不同类型的次生物质促使成熟果实对所有脊椎动物都有毒性(专毒性)或者仅对种子捕食者有毒性(泛毒性)。肉质果内的次生物质对植物-食果动物相互关系的调控作用,还可以通过调节动物取食频次和数量、抑制和促进种子萌发、改变种子在肠道的滞留时间、吸引传播者等生态作用而实现。某种次生物质往往集多种生态作用于一身。目前对肉质果内次生物质与脊椎动物相互关系的探讨还不够深入。未来研究需要综合考虑植物次生物质与果实生理生化、形态学等特征对食果者的综合调控机理;次生物质在种子传播后的调控作用对植物种群或群落结构和分布格局的影响;从动植物协同进化角度探讨植物次生物质的产生、防御和吸引策略与脊椎动物对果实的选择和消费之间的关系等。开展脊椎动物传播肉质果实中次生物质的研究,对完善种子传播机制、植物繁殖和更新格局,丰富动植物相互作用、协同进化理论具有重要的意义。     

食果动物与被取食植物的相互关系:协同进化?

在种子传播过程中动植物是否存在协同进化关系一直是争论的焦点。有观点认为,植物通过食果动物对其种子的传播可能获得逃避种子捕食者、占据新的生境斑块和基因流动等好处,而动物通过消化果肉获得营养和能量作为回报,动植物彼此相互作用,进而可能建立协同进化关系。动植物之间还可能发生在种、属或科水平以上的多物种的多配协同进化,或者通过关键种的协同进化来带动其他食果动物和植物相关性状的进化。“果肉防御假说”则认为果肉原本是保护种子的防御组织,后来才进化成为吸引食果动物以促进种子传播的物质。然而,食果动物和植物一对一的协同进化的例证并不多见;适合种子萌发和生长的环境在时空上难以确定;食果动物和植物的进化速度不一致;植物与种子传播者的选择压力存在着高度的不对称和不平衡,加上环境因素的重要影响,这种选择压力受到极大的限制而有可能变得不显著。种子传播中动植物在进化意义上的关系尚需进一步研究。未来研究应对食果动物和植物关系的复杂性和多样性有足够的认识。通过对系统发育中相联系的不同种的动植物关系的比较研究来揭示动植物关系对物种分化的影响,有可能为检验食果动物和植物之间的协同进化关系提供新的证据。食果动物传播种子对植物群落动态变化的影响、动植物关系和生物多样性保护等仍将是该领域研究的热点。     

第四届国际食果动物与种子扩散研讨会

二十世纪七十年代以来,食果动物与种子扩散关系已成为生态学领域的研究热点之一。因为它不仅涉及动植物之间的协同进化问题,而且与生物多样性保护、森林退化和破碎化和外来种入侵等当前环境问题密切相关。国际食果动物与种子扩散研讨会先后在墨西哥（第一届和第二届）、巴西分别于1986年、1993年和2000年已成功举行了三届,     

果实(种子)化学防御与食果实动物的适应对策

种子植物在果实(种子)成熟后需要防御食果实动物捕食种子,同时要传播种子至适宜萌发的生境。很多植物依赖食果实动物传播种子,称动物传播植物。果实(种子)化学防御是抵御种子捕食者的重要手段。果实(种子)中次生物质包括各种生物碱、生氰糖苷、萜类和酚类等,种类繁多;次生物质的含量随果实成熟过程而变化。次生物质可以抵御动物的捕食,其毒性对种子传播者和种子捕食者没有选择性,即具泛毒性。果肉中的次生物质也可以起到轻泻剂的作用,缩短种子在动物消化道的滞留时间,以影响传播效率。果实(种子)次生物质的产生不受植物环境条件的影响,其产生与果实质量有关。在温带地区,通常SS型果实次生物质含量低,而FL型果实含量高。食果实动物可通过调整捕食行为、摄取环境中特殊物质和获得丰富营养等3个方面适应次生物质。果实(种子)中次生物质的研究对动植物相互作用、协同进化理论具有重要的意义。     

蒜头果的濒危原因研究

蒜头果是我国特有的常绿阔叶树种 ,形态解剖上既有原始性状 ,又有较进化的特征 ,对研究铁青树科的分类有一定意义。它的种仁油脂可作为合成麝香酮的理想原料 ,被列为国家二级保护植物。目前已陷入易危的境地。本文对天然蒜头果的地理分布与资源、生物学和生态学特性及其环境因子影响等方面进行了分析讨论 ,试图揭示其濒危原因。研究结果表明 ,蒜头果固有的生物学特性不利于种群的发展 ,动物对蒜头果果实的取食和危害又使得本来就有限的种子数量大为减少 ,人类活动的破坏不仅直接减少了蒜头果资源 ,同时也破坏了蒜头果的适生环境 ,从而不利于蒜头果的生长和天然更新。     

长爪沙鼠的行为和生理生态学研究进展

动物生理生态学主要研究野生动物对自然环境的适应,阐述或回答动物与生存和繁殖相关的生态学问题.长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)栖息地环境从西向东横跨荒漠草原和典型草原,而且具有明显的季节性,其生理生态学研究对于了解物种分布范围的决定因素、对季节性环境的适应策略以及种群动态等生态学和进化生物学问题具有重要意义.对本研究组关于长爪沙鼠的生活史特征、能量代谢特征、社群行为和贮食行为、生态免疫以及种群动态等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对未来可能的发展方向进行展望.     

我国农田生态系统土壤动物生态学研究进展

综述了我国近30年来农田生态系统土壤动物生态学研究进展,概述了我国农田土壤动物的群落多样性及其地理分布,总结了农田生态系统中土壤动物对不同耕作方式、施肥和喷洒农药等农业措施、不同土地利用方式以及工业污染的响应,并就土壤动物对农田生态系统健康状况的指示作用等研究的相关进展进行了讨论.通过与国外相关领域的研究进行比较,指出目前研究中存在的问题,提出农田生态系统未来研究的一些热点问题及展望.     

啮齿动物的贮藏行为与植物种子的扩散

绝大多数啮齿动物一方面取食大量的植物种子和果实,另一方面通过其贮食行为将植物种子和果实搬运到远离母树的地点,即扩散,并将它们分散埋藏在落叶下或浅表的土层中,从而影响种子和果实的时空分布,最后导致幼苗在有利的条件下发生和建成,实现植物更新。啮齿动物与植物种子和果实之间已广泛形成了互惠或协同进化的关系。啮齿动物的贮食行为主要通过以下几个过程对植物种子和果实的扩散产生影响：选择、搬运和埋藏以及随后对种子和幼苗存活和死亡的影响等。本综述了啮齿动物对植物种子和果实贮藏的研究结果,以期为进一步开展啮齿动物的贮食行为在植物种子和果实的扩散中的作用的研究提供参考。     

The flora of the early Miocene Brandon Lignite, Vermont, USA. VIII. Caldesia (Alismataceae)

Caldesia, a genus of aquatic monocotyledons, is represented by four living species, which are widely distributed in the temperate and tropical Old World. The genus has an extensive Oligocene through Pleistocene fossil record in Eurasia. We survey the morphology of the extant and fossil fruits of the Alismataceae, and provide a detailed review of the morphology and anatomy of living and fossil Caldesia fruits. The latter exhibit substantial similarity, making the recognition of separate species on the basis of fruit morphology difficult. We erect the new species Caldesia brandoniana from the Early Miocene Brandon Lignite of Vermont primarily on the basis of its geographic isolation; careful revision of all fossil fruiting material of Caldesia might require placement of the Brandon specimens in a more inclusive form species. Together with leaves of Caldesia from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho, this occurrence indicates that Caldesia was in the New World as recently as the Early Miocene.     

梨小食心虫生物防治研究进展

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)是世界性分布的果树主要害虫之一,可危害多种果树。多年来,过度依赖化学农药防治梨小食心虫效果并不理想,且杀伤天敌、污染环境、导致农药残留。利用自然天敌防治梨小食心虫高效、无毒、无污染,符合当前社会对环保的要求。本文结合前人工作,从病原微生物、寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、性信息素、化学信息物质等方面,综述了梨小食心虫生物防治的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Relation of fruit color,elongation, hardness,and volume to the infestation of olive cultivars by the olive fruit fly,Bactrocera oleae

The susceptibility of olive cultivars to the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), has seldom been studied. This article examines factors associated with olive fruit fly infestation of 16 commonly planted Sicilian olive cultivars. Total infestation data were simultaneously correlated with categorical and quantitative factors using ordinal logistic regression. When all factors were included in the analysis, year, sampling date, cultivar, and fruit color were highly significant, but the quantitative factors fruit volume, fruit elongation, and fruit hardness were not. When the analysis was repeated excluding cultivar, all quantitative factors were significant, and elongation and volume were highly significant. Spherical, large, and hard fruit seemed to be preferred by B. oleae over fruit that are elongate, small, and soft. Therefore, fruit color, elongation, volume, and hardness provide useful information regarding the susceptibility of cultivars. In both organic and conventional olive cultivation, information about olive cultivar susceptibility to olive fruit fly will help orchard managers to produce quality oil and table olives while reducing treatments for olive fruit fly control.     

BA、GA3和IAA对富士苹果果形形成的影响

以9年生富士苹果为材料,研究富士苹果形成过程中BA、GA,和IAA对果形、品质、内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：在花期喷GA,对富士苹果的坐果率影响效果最好,分别比清水对照和无处理对照提高49％和79．45％。BA100mg·L^-1GA3300mg·L^-1＋IAA20mg·L^-1对降低富士苹果偏斜率效果最好。在花期、花期＋幼果期和幼果期分别喷BA和在花期喷GA3可以提高果实中可溶性固形物的含量。花期喷IAA、BA、GA,和BA＋GA,＋IAA对内源激素IAA和GA3的含量均有促进作用,在整个生长季内不同处理下IAA、GA3含量均高于清水对照且差异明显;花期喷BA、GA3和BA＋GA3＋IAA对内源激素ZT含量有促进作用,尤其在果实幼果期和膨大期与清水对照相比效果明显;花期喷GA3和BA＋GA3＋IAA与清水对照相比内源激素ABA含量有明显降低,其中幼果期变化显著。     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

Evolution of early determinate tomato cultivars during the last three decades as a result of research conducted at Warsaw Agricultural University

Earliness is a crucial factor of tomato field production in Poland. A. Michalska and B. Kubicki (1978) conducted the first investigations on tomato earliness at the Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding. The main conclusions from these studies indicated that it was possible to obtain varieties earlier than ‘New Yorker’ as a result of transgression. The two new varieties (‘Alfa’ and ‘Akord F₁’) proved to be two weeks earlier than ‘New Yorker’. However, earliness was correlated with smaller fruit weight (30–40 g). At the next stage of experiment some improvement was achieved both in the size of fruit (45 g for ‘Beta’ up to 70 g for ‘Alka’) as well as colour intensity and good flavour. With the next few years fruit weight was still increased (up to 100 g for ‘Maskarena’) and a higher level of firmness was obtained (mid firm fruits for ‘Maskarena’ and ‘Delta’). At present, the Polish Research Centre for Cultivar Testing recommends our varieties ‘Betalux’, ‘Promyk’ and ‘Delta’ as standards.     

Gynoecium, fruit and seed structure of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae)

Despite an emphasis on fruit characters in Paullinieae taxonomy, few detailed morphological and anatomical studies of the gynoecia, fruits and seeds exist. The aims of the present study were (1) to provide a detailed documentation of gynoecium, fruit and seed structure and ontogeny in selected Paullinieae taxa; (2) to determine whether the gynoecium, seed and seedling provide additional characters of systematic value within the tribe; and (3) to relate the structural findings to mechanisms of fruit dehiscence and dispersal within these taxa. Newly described characters of systematic value within Paullinieae are shape and surface of the obturator, type of pollen tube transmitting tract, indumentum of the inner and outer surface of the carpels, ovary wall anatomy, aril anatomy, pseudo-hilum form, seedling germination mode and structure of first leaves. The fruits of Paullinia are septifragal, and conspicuous colour contrasts between the pericarp, aril and seed in most species of this genus are suggestive of a bird dispersal syndrome. Interestingly, it appears that relatively minor structural changes are associated with switches to rodent dispersal in Paullinia sphaerocarpa and water dispersal in P. clathrata and P. hystrix. Anemochorous fruits are septifragal ( Cardiospermum and Urvillea ) or schizocarpic ( Houssayanthus , Lophostigma , Serjania ). They are structurally similar and Cardiospermum with septifragal capsules may also show septicidal dehiscence.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 147 , 159–189.     

Promising applications of cold plasma for microbial safety,chemical decontamination and quality enhancement in fruits

Consumers’ demand is increasing for safe foods without impairing the phytochemical and sensory quality. In turn, it has increased research interest in the exploration of innovative food processing technologies. Cold plasma technology is getting popularity now days owing to its high efficacy in decontamination of microbes in fruit and fruit-based products. As a on-thermal approach, plasma processing maintains the quality of fruits and minimizes the thermal effects on nutritional properties. Cold plasma is also exploited for inactivating enzymes and degrading pesticides as both are directly related with quality loss and presently are most important concerns in fresh produce industry. The present review covers the influence of cold plasma technology on reducing microbial risks and enhancing the quality attributes in fruits.     

Apple and peach fruit volatiles and the apple constituent butyl hexanoate attract female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta, in the laboratory

Volatiles emitted from immature and mature peach and apple fruits were all attractive to mated female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), in a dual choice arena. Females did not discriminate between odours emitted by these two major host plants. The same natural blends were behaviourally ineffective for virgin females. A major component of apple fruit volatiles, butyl hexanoate, also attracted female C. molesta. Mated females were attracted to two medium dosages, while virgin females responded positively to the lowest of the five dosages tested. The time course of the captures of the moths shows a diurnal activity cycle known from the field. The possible implications of a semiochemical which attracts females are discussed in the context of previous findings that gravid females may immigrate from peaches into apple orchards particularly in the later phase of the season.