<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gallaecimonas mangrovi</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from mangrove sediment

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, strictly aerobic bacterium HK-28^T was isolated from a mangrove sediment sample in Haikou city, Hainan Province, China. Strain HK-28^T was able to grow at 10–45 °C (optimum 25–30 °C), pH 5.0–8.5 (optimum 6.0–7.0) and 0.5–12.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.0–3.0%, w/v). The major cellular fatty acids were C_16:0, Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c), Summed Feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_17:0, C_12:0 3-OH and C_17:1ω8c. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the predominant respiratory quinone. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, four unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified glycophospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 50.2 mol%. Accoroding to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain HK-28^T shared 97.1 and 96.7% sequence similarities to the validly named species Gallaecimonas xiamenensis MCCC 1A01354^T and Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans MCCC 1A06435^T, respectively, and shared lower sequence similarities (<?92.0%) to all other genera. Phylogenetic analysis showed strain HK-28^T was clustered with G. pentaromativorans MCCC 1A06435^T and G. xiamenensis MCCC 1A01354^T. Strain HK-28^T showed low DNA–DNA relatedness with G. xiamenensis MCCC 1A01354^T (28.3?±?1.5%) and G. pentaromativorans MCCC 1A06435^T (25.2?±?2.4%). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, strain HK-28^T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Gallaecimonas, for which the name Gallaecimonas mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HK-28^T (=?KCTC 62177^T?=?MCCC 1K03441).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Azohydromonas riparia</Emphasis> sp. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azohydromonas ureilytica</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from a riverside soil in South Korea

White and pale yellow coloured bacteria were isolated from the riverside soil, Daejeon, South Korea, and were designated UCM-11^T, UCM-F25, and UCM-80^T. We found that all strains were able to reduce nitrate, and the cells were aerobic and motile. The DNA G+C contents of UCM-11^T, UCM-F25, and UCM-80^T were between 68.9 to 71.2 mol% and the main ubiquinone was observed as Q-8. Based on16S rRNA gene sequences, strains UCM-11^T and UCM-F25 were found to closely match with Azohydromonas australica IAM 12664^T (98.48–98.55%), and the strain UCM-80^T was the closest match with Azohydromonas lata IAM 12599^T (98.34%). The presence of summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:0, summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c) as well as twokinds of hydroxyfatty acids consisting of C_10:0 3-OH and C_12:0 2-OH, and branched fatty acids containing C_16:0 iso and C_17:0 cyclo were detected in all the strains. Phosphatidylethanolamine was a major polar lipid. DNA–DNA relatedness confirmed UCM-11^T, UCM-F25 and UCM-80^T as novel members of the genus Azohydromonas. Based on the morphological, physiological, biochemical and genotypic characteristics, we suggest that strains UCM-11^T, UCM-F25, and UCM-80^T represent novel species within the genus Azohydromonas. The names Azohydromonas riparia sp. nov., and Azohydromonas ureilytica sp. nov. are proposed for the type strains UCM-11^T (=KACC 18570^T =NBRC 111646^T) and UCM-80^T (=KACC 18576^T =NBRC 111658^T), respectively.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Corynebacterium defluvii</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from Sewage

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shapeds, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative strain, designated Y49^T, was isolated from sewage collected from Jilin Agricultural University, China. It grew at 20–40°C (optimum at 30°C), at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum at 7.0) and at 0–1.0% sodium chloride (optimum at 0%). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-8 (MK-8) and the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, four unidentified lipids, and two unidentified aminolipids. The peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The cell-wall sugars were galactose, arabinose, and glucose. The fatty acids were C_9:0, C_16:0, C_16:1 ω9c, C_17:1 ω9c, C_18:3 ω6c (6,9,12), C_18:1 ω9c, and C_18:0. The DNA G+C content was 51.4 mol%. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbors of strain Y49^T were Corynebacterium efficiens DSM 44549^T (97.5%), Corynebacterium callunae DSM 20147^T (97.2%), Corynebacterium deserti GIMN 1.010^T (96.8%), Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032^T (96.4%), and other species belonging to this genus (92.3–95.4%). The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain Y49^T and C. efficiens DSM 44549^T, C. callunae DSM 20147^T, C. deserti GIMN1.010^T, and C. glutamicum ATCC 13032^T was 25.5±2.0%, 21.1±1.0%, 16.5±0.5%, and 13.5±0.9%, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain Y49^T represents a novel species of the genus Corynebacterium, for which the name Corynebacterium defluvii sp nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y49^T (= KCTC 39731^T =CGMCC 1.15506^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirosoma lituiforme</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, curved rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated S1-2-4^T, was isolated from soil in Jeollabuk-do province, Republic of Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain S1-2-4^T was a member of the family Cytophagaceae and most closely related to ‘Spirosoma radiotolerans’ DG5A (97.2%), Spirosoma fluviale MSd3^T (96.4%), and Spirosoma linguale DSM 74^T (96.3%). The genomic DNA G + C content of strain S1-2-4^T was 49.7 mol%. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c), C_16:1ω5c, and C_16:0, and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. MK-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain S1-2-4^T with the genus Spirosoma. DNA-DNA hybridization between strain S1-2-4^T and ‘Spirosoma radiotolerans’ showed relatively low DNA-DNA relatedness (31%). Strain S1-2-4^T could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic neighbors based on its phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain S1-2-4^T represents a novel member of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma lituiforme sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1-2-4^T (= KCTC 52724^T = JCM 32128^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acidovorax monticola</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil

A novel strain K-4-16^T was isolated from forest soil of Namsan Mountain, Seoul, South Korea, and was taxonomically characterized by a polyphasic approach. Strain K-4-16^T was observed to be a Gram-staining negative, grayish white-coloured, motile with peritrichous flagella, and rod shaped bacterium. It was able to grow at 15–45 °C, at pH 4.5–10.5, and at 0–4% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain K-4-16^T belongs to the genus Acidovorax and is closely related to Acidovorax anthurii CFBP 3232^T (98.3% sequence identity), Acidovorax konjaci K2^T (97.9% sequence identity), Acidovorax valerianellae CFBP 4730^T (97.8% sequence identity), and Acidovorax caeni R-24608^T (97.8% sequence identity). The only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant fatty acids of strain K-4-16^T were summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), C_16:0, and summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c). The genomic DNA G+C content of this novel strain was 64.7 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain K-4-16^T and its reference strains were below the threshold value of 70%. The morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished this strain from its close phylogenetic neighbors. Thus, strain K-4-16^T represents a novel species of the genus Acidovorax, for which the name Acidovorax monticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K-4-16^T (=?KEMB 9005-570^T?=?KACC 19171^T?=?NBRC 113141^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lysobacter spongiae</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from spongin

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated 119BY6-57^T was isolated from spongin. The taxonomic position of the novel isolate was confirmed using the polyphasic approach. Strain 119BY6-57^T grew well at 25–30°C on marine agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 119BY6-57^T belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae and is related to Lysobacter aestuarii S2-C^T (99.8% sequence similarity), L. maris KMU-14^T (97.5%), and L. daejeonensis GH1-9^T (97.3%). Lower sequence similarities (97.0%) were found with all of the other recognized members of the genus Lysobacter. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 69.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the major fatty acids were C_16:0 iso, C_15:0 iso, summed feature 9 (comprising C_17:1 iso ω9c and/or C_16:0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), and C_11:0 iso 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, and an unidentified polar lipid. DNADNA relatedness values between strain 119BY6-57^T and its closest phylogenetically neighbors were below 48.0 ± 2.1%. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, it is concluded that strain 119BY6-57^T is a new member within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter spongiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 119BY6-57^T (= KACC 19276^T = LMG 30077^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Viridibacterium curvum</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from freshwater

A Gram stain-negative, yellowish green-pigmented, facultatively anaerobic, motile, curved rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain JJ016^T was isolated from an artificial lake in South Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JJ016^T indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Rhodocyclaceae and exhibited 95.0% identity to Uliginosibacterium gangwonense 5YN10-9^T. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c), C_16:0, C_14:0, and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c). The DNA G+C content of strain JJ016^T was 61.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone and major polar lipid of strain JJ016^T were ubiquinone-8 and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and the biochemical evidence presented, we concluded that strain JJ016^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodocyclaceae, for which the name Viridibacterium curvum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JJ016^T (=KACC 16899^T =JCM 18715^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Halomonas tibetensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from saline lakes on Tibetan Plateau

Strains pyc13^T and ZGT13 were isolated from Lake Pengyan and Lake Zigetang on Tibetan Plateau, respectively. Both strains were Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, nonmotile, and nonflagellated bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains pyc13^T and ZGT13 belong to the genus Halomonas, with Halomonas alkalicola 56-L4-10aEn^T as their closest neighbor, showing 97.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The predominant respiratory quinone of both strains was Q-9, with Q-8 as a minor component. The major fatty acids of both strains were C_18:1ω6c/C_18:1ω7c, C_16:1ω6c/C_16:1ω7c, C_16:0, and C_12:0 3OH. The polar lipids of both strains consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, phospholipids of unknown structure containing glucosamine, and unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G + C content of pyc13^T and ZGT13 were 62.6 and 63.4 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain pyc13^T were 34, 41, 61, 35, and 35% with the reference strains H. alkalicola 56-L4-10aEn^T, H. sediminicola CPS11^T, H. mongoliensis Z-7009^T, H. ventosae Al12^T, and H. fontilapidosi 5CR^T, respectively. Phenotypic, biochemical, genotypic, and DNA-DNA hybridization data showed that strains pyc13^T and ZGT13 represent a new species within the genus Halomonas, for which the name H. tibetensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is pyc13^T (= CGMCC 1.15949^T = KCTC 52660^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arcobacter acticola</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from seawater on the East Sea in South Korea

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, non-flagellated, and rod-shaped bacterium, designated AR-13^T, was isolated from a seawater on the East Sea in South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain AR-13^T grew optimally at 30°C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 0–0.5% (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AR-13^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Arcobacter species, clustering coherently with the type strain of Arcobacter venerupis. Strain AR-13^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.1% to the type strain of A. venerupis and of 93.2–96.9% to the type strains of the other Arcobacter species. Strain AR-13^T contained MK-6 as the only menaquinone and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), C_16:0, C_18:1ω7c, and summed feature 2 (iso-C_16:1 I and/or C_14:0 3-OH) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain AR-13^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 28.3 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness value with the type strain of A. venerupis was 21%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain AR-13^T is separated from recognized Arcobacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain AR-13^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Arcobacter, for which the name Arcobacter acticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AR-13^T (=KCTC 52212^T =NBRC 112272^T).     

Taxonomic description and draft genome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas sediminis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from the rhizospheric sediment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites karka</Emphasis>

The taxonomic position of a Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated PI11^T, isolated from the rhizospheric sediment of Phragmites karka was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Strain PI11^T could grow optimally at 1.0% NaCl concentration with pH 7.0 at 30°C and was positive for oxidase and catalase but negative for hydrolysis of starch, casein, and esculin ferric citrate. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain PI11^T belonged to the genus Pseudomonas sharing the highest sequence similarities with Pseudomonas indoloxydans JCM 14246^T (99.72%), followed by, Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. oleovorans DSM 1045^T (99.29%), Pseudomonas toyotomiensis JCM 15604^T (99.15%), Pseudomonas chengduensis DSM 26382^T (99.08%), Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. lubricantis DSM 21016^T (99.08%), and Pseudomonas alcaliphila JCM 10630^T (99.01%). Experimental DNA-DNA relatedness between strain PI11^T and P. indoloxydans JCM 14246^T was 49.4%. The draft genome of strain PI11^T consisted of 4,884,839 bp. Average nucleotide identity between the genome of strain PI11^T and other closely related type strains ranged between 77.25–90.74%. The polar lipid pattern comprised of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine. The major (> 10%) cellular fatty acids were C_18:1ω6c/ω7c, C_16:1ω6c/ω7c, and C_16:0. The DNA G + C content of strain PI11^T was 62.4 mol%. Based on the results of polyphasic analysis, strain PI11^T was delineated from other closely related type strains. It is proposed that strain PI11^T represents represents a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PI11^T (= KCTC 42576^T = DSMZ 100245^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Limnobacter humi</Emphasis> sp. nov., a thiosulfate-oxidizing,heterotrophic bacterium isolated from humus soil,and emended description of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Limnobacter</Emphasis> Spring <Emphasis Type="Italic">et al.</Emphasis> 2001

Three Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, chemolithoheterotrophic bacterial strains, designated UCM-30, UCM-33, and UCM-39^T, were isolated in South Korea. Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, the three isolated strains were found to be similar to Limnobacter thiooxidans CS-K2^T (97.41–97.68%), Limnobacter litoralis KP1-19^T (95.55–95.76%), and various genera belonging to the class Betaproteobacteria (90.34–93.34%). DNA-DNA hybridization showed 79.3–83.9% similarity between the genomic DNA of UCM-39^T, UCM-30, and UCM-33, while the sequence similarity between UCM-39^T and L. thiooxidans KACC 13837T or L. litoralis LMG 24869T was 23.7% and 18.6%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of UCM 39T was 59.7 mol%, the major ubiquinone was Q-8, and the optimal oxidation rate was observed at 10 mM thiosulfate. The major fatty acids (≥ 10%) were summed features 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) and 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c), and C_16:0. The major polar lipids (diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol) were found in all members of genus Limnobacter. Based on phenotypic, physiological, and phylogenetic analyses, the UCM-39T strain was found to be significantly distinct to represent a novel species affiliated to the genus Limnobacter. We propose to name it Limnobacter humi sp. nov. with the type strain UCM-39^T (=KACC 18574^T =NBRC 111650^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavisolibacter carri</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from an automotive air-conditioning system

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and yellow bacterium, designated TX0651^T, was isolated from an automotive air-conditioning system. Phylogenetically, the strain groups with the members of the genus Flavisolibacter and exhibits high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Flavisolibacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 636^T (97.4%), Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae Gsoil 492^T (96.3%) and Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 643^T (96.2%). DNA–DNA relatedness between TX0651^T and F. ginsenosidimutans KCTC 22818^T and F. ginsengiterrae KCTC 12656^T were determined to be less than 40%. The low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness identifies the strain TX0651^T as a novel species in the genus Flavisolibacter. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), iso-C_15:1 G and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7. The polar lipids were found to be comprised of phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified amino-glycophospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified amino lipid and unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 31.2 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain TX0651^T should be classified in a novel species in the genus Flavisolibacter, for which the name Flavisolibacter carri sp. nov. (=?KACC 19014^T?=?KCTC 52836^T?=?NBRC 111784^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenobacter sedentarius</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a soil

A novel Gram-negative and red-pinkish bacterium designated DG5B^T was isolated from a dry soil. Cells were rods that were catalase- and oxidase-positive, and non-motile. The strain was found to grow at temperatures from 10 to 30°C (optimum 25°C) and pH 6.0–8.0, (optimum pH 7) on R2A broth. 16S rRNA gene sequence (1,452 bp) analysis of this strain identified it as a member of the genus Hymenobacter that belongs to the class Cytophagia. The highest gene sequence similarities were with Hymenobacter arizonensis OR362-8^T (98.3%), Hymenobacter humi DG31A^T (97.6%), and Hymenobacter glaciei VUG-A130^T (96.6%). Strain DG5B^T exhibited <70% DNA-DNA relatedness with H. arizonensis (34.7 ± 7.0%; reciprocally, 29.7 ± 1.2%) and H. humi (39.4 ± 4.3%; reciprocally, 39.5 ± 3.3%) as a different genomic species, and its genomic DNA G+C content was 59.8%. Strain DG5B^T had the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: the major fatty acids are iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:1ω5c, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c / C_16:1ω6c); polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unknown aminophospholipid (APL), unknown glycolipids (GL), unknown phospholipids (PL), and unknown polar lipids (L); the major quinone is MK-7. The absorbance peak of pigment is at 481.0 nm. Strain DG5B^T showed low-level resistance to gamma-ray irradiation. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic properties indicated that isolate DG5B^T represents a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter for which the name Hymenobacter sedentarius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DG5B^T (=KCTC 32524^T =JCM 19636^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tardibacter chloracetimidivorans</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphingomonadaceae</Emphasis> isolated from an agricultural soil from Jeju Island in Republic of Korea

A pale yellow bacterial strain, designated JJ-A5^T, was isolated form an agricultural soil from Jeju Island in Republic of Korea. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-negative, motile, flagellated and rod-shaped. The strain grew at 15–30°C, pH 6.0–9.0, and in the presence of 0–1.5% (w/v) NaCl. Growth occurred on R2A, but not on Luria-Bertani agar, nutrient agar, trypticase soy agar and MacConkey agar. The strain utilized alachlor as a sole carbon source for growth. The strain JJ-A5^T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities lower than 95.4% with members of the family Sphingomonadaceae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain belongs to the family Sphingomonadaceae and strain JJ-A5^T was distinctly separated from established genera of this family. The strain contained Q-10 as dominant ubiquinone and spermidine as major polyamine. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c), summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), 11-methyl C_18:1ω7c, C_16:0 and C_14:0 2-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G + C content of the strain was 62.7 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, genomic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain JJ-A5^T is considered to represent a novel genus and species within the family Sphingomonadaceae, for which the name Tardibacter chloracetimidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Tardibacter chloracetimidivorans is JJ-A5^T (= KACC 19450^T = NBRC 113160^T).     

Proposal of three novel species of soil bacteria, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Variovorax ureilyticus,Variovorax rhizosphaerae</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Variovorax robiniae</Emphasis>, in the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Comamonadaceae</Emphasis>

Three novel bacterial strains (UCM-2^T, UCM-G28^T, and UCM-G35^T) were obtained while isolating soil bacteria for the development of antibiotics. Cells of these strains were Gram-negative, non-spore forming, motile by means of a single flagellum, and rod shaped. In all strains, the predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). Cells contained C_16:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c), and C_17:0 cyclo as the major fatty acids, and C_10:0 3-OH as the major hydroxy fatty acid. The polar lipid profiles of the three novel strains were dominated by diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G + C contents of strains UCM-2^T, UCM-G28^T, and UCMG35^T were 67.5, 65.9, and 66.4 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences showed that strain UCM-2^T was most closely related to Variovorax soli NBRC 106424^T, whereas strains UCM-G28^T and UCM-G35^T were most similar to Variovorax ginsengisoli Gsoil 3165^T. Values indicating DNA-DNA hybridization between the novel isolates and closely related species in the genus Variovorax were lower than the 70% cut-off point. These phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data indicate that the three isolates should be classified as new members of the genus Variovorax, for which the names Variovorax ureilyticus sp. nov., Variovorax rhizosphaerae sp. nov., and Variovorax robiniae sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are UCM-2^T (= KACC 18899^T = NBRC 112306^T), UCMG28^T (= KACC 18900^T = NBRC 112307^T), and UCM-G35^T (= KACC 18901^T = NBRC 112308^T), respectively.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenobacter daeguensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from river water

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated 16F3Y-2^T, was isolated from the Han River, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 16F3Y-2^T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes and was most closely related to ‘Hymenobacter terrae’ DG7A (98.01%), H. soli PB17^T (97.26%), H. glaciei VUG-A130^T (96.78%), H. antarcticus VUG-A42aa^T (96.72%), H. ruber PB156^T (96.61%), and H. saemangeumensis GSR0100^T (95.77%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 16F3Y-2^T was 62.9 mol%. The isolate contained MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c; 35.5%), C_15:0 iso (16.9%), C_16:1 ω5c (10.9%), and C_15:0 anteiso (9.9%) as major fatty acids. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain 16F3Y-2^T with the genus Hymenobacter. However, strain 16F3Y-2^T exhibited relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with ‘H. terrae’ KCTC 32554 (44.1%) and H. soli KCTC 12607^T (24.3%), clearly indicating that the isolate constitutes a new genospecies. Strain 16F3Y-2^T could be differentiated from its phylogenetic neighbors on the basis of several phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain 16F3Y-2^T represents a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter daeguensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F3Y-2^T (=KCTC 52537^T =JCM 31654^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Roseomonas aeriglobus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from an air-conditioning system

A novel pale pink-coloured, strictly aerobic, Gram-stain negative bacterial strain, designated strain KER25-12^T, was isolated from a laboratory air-conditioning system in South Korea. Cells were observed to be non-motile cocci showing positive catalase and oxidase reactions. Strain KER25-12^T was found to grow at 10–30 °C (optimum, 25–30 °C), at pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0–7.0) and in the presence of 0–2% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). Ubiquinone-10 and spermidine were detected as the sole respiratory quinone and the predominant polyamine, respectively. The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c), summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:0 and C_18:0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain KER25-12^T was determined to be 70.0 mol%. The major polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified aminolipid. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain KER25-12^T belongs to the genus Roseomonas and shows high sequence similarity to Roseomonas aerilata 5420S-30^T (98.57%), Roseomonas pecuniae N75^T (97.44%) and Roseomonas vinacea CPCC 100056^T (97.40%). Based on the morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, strain KER25-12^T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas aeriglobus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KER25-12^T (= KACC 19282^T = JCM 32049^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phenylobacterium terrae</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a soil sample of Khyber-Pakhtun-Khwa,Pakistan

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated YIM 730227^T, was isolated from a soil sample, collected from Karak district, Khyber-Pakhtun-Khwa, Pakistan. The bacterium was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 730227^T is closely related to Phenylobacterium lituiforme FaiI3^T (97.5% sequence similarity), Phenylobacterium muchangponense A8^T (97.4%), Phenylobacterium panacis DCY109^T (97.1%), Phenylobacterium immobile E^T (97.1%) and Phenylobacterium composti 4T-6^T (97.0%), while also sharing 98.0% sequence similarity with Phenylobacterium hankyongense HKS-05^T after NCBI blast, showing it represents a member of the family Caulobacteraceae. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids were C_16:0, summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c), C_18:1ω7c 11-methyl and C_17:0. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified glycolipids, phospholipid and unidentified lipid. The G?+?C content of the genomic DNA was 68.2 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain YIM 730227^T with P. hankyongense HKS-05^T, P. lituiforme FaiI3^T, P. muchangponense A8^T, P. panacis DCY109^T, P. immobile E^T and P. composti 4T-6^T were 31.3?±?0.6, 26.1?±?0.2, 24.3?±?0.1, 21.8?±?0.9, 19.8?±?0.6 and 18.2?±?1.1%, respectively, values lower than 70%. Besides the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences and the biochemical characteristics indicated that the strain YIM 730227^T represents a novel member of the genus Phenylobacterium, for which the name Phenylobacterium terrae sp. nov. (type strain YIM 730227^T =?KCTC62324^T?=?CGMCC 1.16326^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirosoma luteolum</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from water

A novel Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as 16F6E^T, was isolated from a water sample. Cells were yellowish in color and catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain grew at 10–37°C (optimum at 25°C) but not at 4 and 42°C, and pH 5–7 (optimum at pH 7). It showed moderate resistance to gamma-ray irradiation. Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed that strain 16F6E^T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae of the class Cytophagia. Furthermore, this isolate showed relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (90.7–93.1%) to the members of the genus Spirosoma. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:1 ω5c, C_16:0 N alcohol, and C_16:0. The polar lipid profile indicated presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminophospholipids, an unknown amino lipid, unknown phospholipids, and unknown polar lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 16F6E^T was 56.5 mol%. Phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic properties indicated that isolate 16F6E^T represents a novel species within the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma luteolum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F6E^T (=KCTC 52199^T =JCM 31411^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Halomonas heilongjiangensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline and alkaline soil

A moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain 9-2^T, was isolated from saline and alkaline soil collected in Lindian county, Heilongjiang province, China. The strain was observed to be strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and motile. It was found to require NaCl for growth and to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0.5–14 % (w/v) (optimum, 7–10 %, w/v), at temperatures of 10–45 °C (optimum 25–30 °C) and at pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum pH 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 9-2^T is a member of the genus Halomonas and is closely related to Halomonas desiderata DSM 9502^T (96.68 %), Halomonas campaniensis DSM 1293^T (96.46 %), Halomonas ventosae DSM 15911^T (96.27 %) and Halomonas kenyensis DSM 17331^T (96.27 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization value was 38.9 ± 0.66 % between the novel isolate 9-2^T and H. desiderata DSM 9502^T. The predominant ubiquinones were identified as Q9 (75.1 %) and Q8 (24.9 %). The major fatty acids were identified as C_16:0 (22.0 %), Summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/C_18:1 ω7c, 19.6 %), Summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c, 12.6 %), C_12:0 3-OH (12.0 %) and C_10:0 (11.7 %). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 69.7 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain 9-2^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas heilongjiangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9-2^T (=DSM 26881^T = CGMCC 1.12467^T).