Changes in the Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Vicia faba Mesophyll Protoplasts Induced by Isolation

The lipid and fatty acid compositions of mesophyll protoplastsof Broad bean (Vicia faba) have been analysed by gas chromatography.The results indicate that protoplast isolation triggered therapid hydrolysis of several membrane lipids, notably phosphatidylcholineand monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. The decrease of these lipidswas compensated for by an increase in the amount of the neutrallipid fraction. Analyses of the fatty acid compositions suggestthat phosphatidylcholine from the microsomes and monogalactosyldiacylglycerolfrom the chloroplast were degraded to diacylglycerol and freefatty acids and used for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. (Received April 20, 1984; Accepted September 27, 1984)     

Stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani) on five early and seven maincrop potato cultivars I. Infection of shoots, stolons and tubers

In 1983 and 1984, potato seed tubers of five early and seven maincrop cultivars were inoculated with cultures of Rhizoctonia soluni during planting to simulate severe seed infection. Shoot and stolon infection was assessed in June-August and black scurf on tubers recorded after harvest in October. Almost all shoots of all cultivars had stem canker in both years and disease on shoots, stolons and tubers was more severe in 1984 than in 1983. In 1983 similar amounts of disease developed on all early cultivars and between 11% (Ulster Sceptre) and 32% (Maris Peer) shoots were pruned off. Maris Peer had a stem canker score lower than other cultivars in 1984 but more than half the shoots were pruned off. Shoot pruning on Estima, Ulster Prince and Ulster Sceptre was more common on plants from sprouted than non-sprouted seed. Between 30 and 50% of stolons were pruned off. After harvest in 1985, black scurf was least prevalent on Arran Comet and Maris Peer tubers and in 1984 on Arran Comet and Estima tubers from non-sprouted seed. Of the maincrop cultivars, King Edward plants from sprouted seed had many shoots pruned off in both years. Shoot pruning was also prevalent on Maris Piper and Pentland Squire plants from non-sprouted seed. Record had fewest pruned shoots and stolons and the lowest stem canker score. The disease was more severe on Pentland Crown and Maris Piper plants from non-sprouted than sprouted seed. Black scurf was most common on Cara and King Edward tubers in 1983 and on King Edward and Record tubers in 1984. In both years few shoots but many tubers were infected on plants from non-inoculated seed and the significance of this is discussed.     

黄土高原地区种子植物区系中的珍稀濒危植物研究

黄土高原地区植物区系是南北和东西区系成分的交汇 ,也是旱生、中生和湿生植物聚集的地区 ,生长着比较丰富的植物种类 ,有种子植物 32 2 4种 ,其中珍稀濒危植物 78种 ,分别隶属于 4 3科 6 6属 ,国家一类保护植物 2种 ,国家二类保护植物 10种 ,国家三类保护植物 15种 .地理成分分析表明 ,在属一级水平上以北温带成分、中国特有成分、东亚成分为主 ,种一级水平上以华北区系成分为主 .另外 ,在分析黄土高原珍稀濒危植物致濒机制的基础上 ,进一步提出了保护对策     

REGENERATION FROM SEED OF SINARUNDINARIA FANGIANA,A BAMBOO,IN THE WOLONG GIANT PANDA RESERVE,SICHUAN, CHINA

Seed production of Sinarundinaria fangiana was low on plants that flowered in 1984, one year after clones mass-flowered. Insects killed 41% of flower ovaries or developing seed on 1984 plants. Soil seed bank samples suggest that 34% of flowers produced seed in 1983 when the species mass-flowered. Viability of seed produced in 1983 was 22–34%. Sinarundinaria fangiana seed germinated in both 1984 and 1985. Germination and establishment were greater in sites with a closed canopy forest than in clearcuts. Removal of the forest canopy appears to retard 5. fangiana regeneration from seed. Forestry practices should be altered from clearcutting to selective cutting in areas adjacent to panda reserves to prevent compositional change in the forest understory that may be detrimental to pandas.     

Demographic properties of an outlier population of Orchis militaris L. (Orchidaceae) in England

Orchis militaris L. underwent a catastrophic decline in range and plant numbers in the British Isles around the end of the nineteenth century, and was long thought to be nationally extinct. A small number of colonies have been discovered since then, including one in Buckinghamshire, which has been recorded annually almost every year since its discovery in 1947. This paper presents an analysis of the demography and behaviour of this population using census data which have been collected annually from 1977 to 1995. Yew trees which shaded the site occupied by the orchids were removed in 1984 and 1989, and the growth of the herb layer has been strongly constrained by active management since 1989. Since the start of this period of intensive management, the annual gains and losses of plants in the population have become more pronounced, but in most years there has been a net gain in the number of plants. The number and proportion of the emergent plants which flower each year has increased considerably since 1986, and the age structure, which was dominated by older plants prior to 1984, has since become dominated by younger plants, reflecting the increased rate of recruitment and lack of a corresponding increase in mortality. Analyses are presented to show changes in behaviour in consecutive years between the pre-1984 and post-1986 management eras.     

Comparisons of Plasma Membranes from Shoots and Roots of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma): Polypeptide Composition, ATPase Activity and Specific Naphthylphthalamic Acid Binding Capacity

Polypeptide compositions, ATPase characteristics, and the N-1-naphthylphthalamicacid binding capacity of plasma membranes prepared from winterrye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma) shoots and roots were examinedand compared. Some unique polypeptides were revealed in each plasma membraneby one- and two-dimensional slab gel electrophoresis. A differencewas also detected in glycopeptide compositions. The plasma membranesfrom both organs contained Mg²⁺-stimulated ATPase exhibitingslightly different properties in the divalent cation specificityand the kinetic constants. The ATPase activities from both organsshowed a similar optimum pH around 6.5, simple Michaelis-Mentensaturation with increasing ATP-Mg concentrations, and littleK⁺-stimulation at the optimum pH. Both ATPases were inhibitedby orthovanadate, however, the degree of inhibition was a littledifferent in each membrane sample. The specific N-1-naphthylphthalamicacid binding capacity in the shoot plasma membrane was 2.6-foldhigher than that in the root plasma membrane. These results suggest that polypeptide compositions of plasmamembranes vary corresponding with a difference in the physiologicalfunctions of plasma membranes between shoots and roots of winterrye. ¹ Contribution No. 2670 from the Institute of Low TemperatureScience. (Received May 17, 1984; Accepted October 9, 1984)     

The fatty acid composition of fern lipids

Fatty acid compositions of the lipids isolated from the pinnae of four fern species show that they differ from those of the lipids in leaves of higher plants in having C-20 polyunsaturated acids, mainly arachidonic acid. As in higher plants, the ω-3 polyunsaturated acids are concentrated in the monogalactosyl diglycerides. Variations are found both in the fatty acid compositions and in the monogalactosyl/digalactosyl diglyceride ratio during the growing season.     

陕西药用植物区系的研究

本文论述了陕西药用植物的种类组成,区系特征,并分析了它们的分布特点。1.陕西药用植物资源丰富,共有241科989属2278种(含种下等级,下同)。2.陕西药用植物具有相对的古老性,与华中亚热带区系有着千丝万缕的联系, 同时也有较多的年青成分,表现出明显的温带性特点。3.由于南北地质。地貌、土壤及气候等条件的差异, 决定了陕西药用植物分布上具有极不均匀的特点。4.陕西药用植物具有多种区系成分,它与川东一鄂西及华北地区联系最为密切。     

陕西药用植物区系的研究

本文论述了陕西药用植物的种类组成,区系特征,并分析了它们的分布特点。1.陕西药用植物资源丰富,共有241科989属2278种(含种下等级,下同)。2.陕西药用植物具有相对的古老性,与华中亚热带区系有着千丝万缕的联系, 同时也有较多的年青成分,表现出明显的温带性特点。3.由于南北地质。地貌、土壤及气候等条件的差异, 决定了陕西药用植物分布上具有极不均匀的特点。4.陕西药用植物具有多种区系成分,它与川东一鄂西及华北地区联系最为密切。     

SURVIVORSHIP AND FECUNDITY OF THE POLYCARPIC PERENNIAL MENTZELIA NUDA (LOASACEAE) IN NEBRASKA SANDHILLS PRAIRIE

Survivorship and fecundity of the polycarpic perennial Mentzelia nuda were investigated to help understand its population dynamics. Between 1978 and 1984, all 685 individuals found in a Nebraska sandhills prairie plot were marked and their fate followed. Three plants lived seven years, but the average lifespan was less than two years. Most plants spent their first year as nonflowering rosettes: only 9% flowered the first summer after germination. Overall, first-year survivorship ranged from 0.20 to 0.50 between 1978 and 1984. Fifty-two percent of rosettes survived to flower. Survivorship of flowering individuals was about the same as the survivorship of rosettes, although actual survivorships varied significantly between years. Both rainfall and age affected survivorship and fecundity.     

New approaches for restricting spread of potato leafroll virus by different methods of eradicating infected plants from potato crops

Experiments were made at Invergowrie in 1984 and 1985 to compare the spread of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) after removing infected plants by three different methods; conventional roguing, desiccation with diquat, or incineration for 45–60s using a propane gas flame. Potato leaf roll 'infector' plants, grown in plots of virus-free Maris Piper seed potatoes, were artificially infested in June with aphids (Myzus persicae) from a laboratory culture, and removed from the plots after 2 or 3 wk. In both years, natural infestations of potato aphids were scarce during this period. There was no significant difference in the proportion of tubers infected with PLRV in adjacent plants after the neighbouring infector plants had been rogued by hand or desiccated with diquat, but the proportion was considerably reduced following incineration of the infector plants. In 1984, the spread of PLRV in conventionally rogued plots was also significantly reduced by a mixture of deltamethrin plus heptenophos, applied four times from 80% crop emergence, and was almost eliminated by a treatment with aldicarb granules, either at planting, or as a side-dressing 5 wk later. In 1985, delaying infector removal by 8 days in early July significantly increased the spread of PLRV to neighbouring plants from 2.3% (1 July) to 8.3% (9 July). A single application of deltamethrin plus heptenophos to infectors 1 wk before removal did not significantly decrease spread. Although incineration was quick and effective, the value of this method of eradicating infector plants in seed potato crops is limited because it failed to destroy infected tubers.     

近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制

湿地是水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,其景观格局极易受到气候变化和人类活动的影响。利用1984—2014年的11期遥感影像数据,综合运用GIS技术和景观格局指数方法,对白洋淀湿地景观格局变化特征及其驱动力机制进行了分析。结果表明,1984—2014年期间,挺水植物和沉水植物呈减少趋势,农田和居民点持续快速增长,纯水体为"增加—减少—再增加"的趋势,林地和裸土地变化幅度不大。其中挺水植物一直是白洋淀最主要的景观类型,占研究区总面积比例达到37%—61%。农田的平均斑块面积最大,挺水植物的最大斑块指数和分维度指数最高,挺水植物和农田的聚集度指数最大,居民点、林地和裸土地空间分布离散,破碎化程度高,连通性差。1989—2004年白洋淀景观多样性指数呈减少趋势,景观格局趋于不稳定,同期聚集度指数上升,湿地连通性增加;1984—1989年和2004—2014年期间白洋淀多样性指数上涨,聚集度指数逐年下降,景观异质性增加。人口和社会经济发展是影响白洋淀景观格局变化的主要因素。     

秦岭种子植物区系中的珍稀濒危植物

在秦岭种子植物区系中有34种国家二类和三类珍稀濒危保护植物,其中濒危2种、稀有17种、渐危15种。地理成分分析表明,在属一级水平上以北温带成分、中国特有成分及东亚成分为主,种一级水平上以华中区系成分为主。野外调查发现其中2种分布于秦岭北坡,7种见于秦岭南坡,其余25种广布于秦岭南北坡;珍稀濒危植物的垂直分布多集中于海拔1000－2000m之间。     

The effects of gibberellin A3 on white clover during floral development

Hokkanen & Pimentel (1984) proposed a novel approach for the selection of biocontrol agents. They advocated the selection of agents from a relative of the weed plant rather than from the target weed species itself. The new relationship that such agents would have with the weed would be characterised by a relative lack of homeostasis compared with the old herbivore-plant associations traditionally used in weed biocontrol, and would consequently be more effective. There are few examples to support these contentions because of the traditional use of old herbivore-plant associations in weed biocontrol. In the present study, herbivore-plant associations in agricultural situations, which are analogous to agent-weed associations, are examined to assess the potential of new associations for weed biocontrol. The herbivores on 14 introduced crop plants which have salient similarities to the major weeds in the south-western Cape were surveyed: (a) 68% of the 188 insect and mite herbivores are indigenous species in new associations with these host plants, and (b) of the five most damaging pests on each of 13 of the crop plants, 53% are in new associations with the plants. Of the 40 most important agricultural pests in South Africa, 58% are in new associations, confirming these results. About 50% of the insect and mite herbivores in new associations with their host plants are oligophagous, indicating that new associations are not necessarily characterised by polyphagy and hence unsafe for use in weed biocontrol. We conclude that new associations between herbivore species and host plants have strong potential in weed biocontrol because (a) their frequency in agriculture indicates that they can easily be established in weed biocontrol situations, (b) they are as damaging as old associations and (c) they are not necessarily unsafe as regards host specificity. We therefore advocate the use of both the classical approach and that of Hokkanen & Pimentel (1984). Our support for Hokkanen & Pimentel (1984) is, however, based on evidence and rationale clearly different to theirs, and we provide novel guidelines, which can be routinely and practically applied in the selection of agents for weed biocontrol.     

甜橙与酸橙体细胞杂种核质组成鉴定

采用流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)、简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)和酶切扩增多型性序列(cleaved amplifiedpolymorphic sequence,CAPS)等技术分析酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.)叶肉原生质体和甜橙(C.sinenis Osbeck cv.Shamouti)胚性愈伤组织原生质体电融合再生的体细胞杂种.FCM研究结果表明,所有的体细胞杂种植株荧光强度是二倍体对照的2倍,说明所分析的植株为四倍体.用SSR和CAPS分析了体细胞杂种的核质遗传组成,在试验的4对SSR引物中,有2对能区分开融合亲本.在2对引物中,体细胞杂种植株包含双亲的全部特异带,表明它们为异核杂种.通用引物扩增结合限制性内切酶酶切能鉴别融合亲本,在具有多型性的引物/酶组合中,所有体细胞杂种的线粒体和叶绿体DNA带型与胚性亲本(甜橙)完全一样.结果表明体细胞杂种核基因组来自双亲,而胞质基因组来自悬浮系亲本.讨论了所用技术的特点、柑橘四倍体体细胞杂种核质遗传规律及本组合体细胞杂种的应用.     

甜橙与酸橙体细胞杂种核质组成鉴定(英文)

采用流式细胞术(flow cytometry, FCM)、简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat, SSR)和酶切扩增多型性序列(cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, CAPS)等技术分析酸橙(Citrus aurantium L. )叶肉原生质体和甜橙(C. sinenis Osbeck cv. Shamouti)胚性愈伤组织原生质体电融合再生的体细胞杂种。FCM研究结果表明,所有的体细胞杂种植株荧光强度是二倍体对照的2倍,说明所分析的植株为四倍体。用SSR和CAPS分析了体细胞杂种的核质遗传组成,在试验的4对SSR引物中,有2对能区分开融合亲本。在2对引物中,体细胞杂种植株包含双亲的全部特异带,表明它们为异核杂种。通用引物扩增结合限制性内切酶酶切能鉴别融合亲本,在具有多型性的引物/酶组合中,所有体细胞杂种的线粒体和叶绿体DNA带型与胚性亲本(甜橙)完全一样。结果表明体细胞杂种核基因组来自双亲,而胞质基因组来自悬浮系亲本。讨论了所用技术的特点、柑橘四倍体体细胞杂种核质遗传规律及本组合体细胞杂种的应用。     

Influences of Plant Species,Season and Location on Leaf Endophytic Bacterial Communities of Non-Cultivated Plants

Bacteria are known to be associated endophytically with plants. Research on endophytic bacteria has identified their importance in food safety, agricultural production and phytoremediation. However, the diversity of endophytic bacterial communities and the forces that shape their compositions in non-cultivated plants are largely uncharacterized. In this study, we explored the diversity, community structure, and dynamics of endophytic bacteria in different plant species in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve of northern Oklahoma, USA. High throughput sequencing of amplified segments of bacterial rDNA from 81 samples collected at four sampling times from five plant species at four locations identified 335 distinct OTUs at 97% sequence similarity, representing 16 phyla. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the communities, followed by the phyla Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria. Bacteria from four classes of Proteobacteria were detected with Alphaproteobacteria as the dominant class. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that host plant species and collecting date had significant influences on the compositions of the leaf endophytic bacterial communities. The proportion of Alphaproteobacteria was much higher in the communities from Asclepias viridis than from other plant species and differed from month to month. The most dominant bacterial groups identified in LDA Effect Size analysis showed host-specific patterns, indicating mutual selection between host plants and endophytic bacteria and that leaf endophytic bacterial compositions were dynamic, varying with the host plant’s growing season in three distinct patterns. In summary, next generation sequencing has revealed variations in the taxonomic compositions of leaf endophytic bacterial communities dependent primarily on the nature of the plant host species.     

European initiatives in the improvement of agricultural plants and microorganisms by genetic engineering

On 9 and 10 October 1984 the European Communities' program in biomolecular engineering of crop plants and associated microorganisms met at the Carlsberg Laboratory in order to assess research progress, discuss future plans and coordinate efforts. Major trends and highlights apparent from the presentations are discussed here^1,2.     

Early growth and final yield of autumn sownVicia faba L cultivars given different forms of fertiliser N over winter

Summary Between 3 Nov. 1983 and 9 Apr. 1984, six applications of fertiliser N (ammonium, nitrate or urea) were given to four autumn sown (26 Oct. 1983)Vicia faba L cultivars, Banner Winter (BW) and Maris Beagle (MBg), cold tolerant cultivars normally sown in the autumn, and Herz Freya (HF) and Maris Bead (MBd), cold sensitive cultivars more commonly sown in the spring. The effects of additional N were determined by comparison with plants given zero-N (controls). Application of N, regardless of form, had no effect on % emergence at the first sampling (15 Dec. 1983); >90% for BW, MBg and HF, but only 40–60% for MBd. At this time the dry weight, carbon content and nitrogen content of all cultivars was approximately 20% less than that of the seed on planting. No more plants emerged after 15 Dec. 1983. Between 15 Dec. 1983 and 20 Feb. 1984, all cultivars, regardless of N treatment, showed little change in dry weight, carbon content and nitrogen content but the proportion of total plant dry weight, carbon content and nitrogen content in the cotyledons decreased while the proportions in root, stem and leaf tissue increased. On 20 Feb. 1984 there were no N effects. All cultivars but especially BW and MBg, showed progressive increases in dry weight, carbon content and nitrogen content during the period 20 Feb. 1984 to 8 May 1984. Pooled results for all four cultivars indicated that on 8 May 1984, plants given ammonium and urea had a greater dry weight, carbon content and nitrogen content than controls. At harvest (1–3 Sep. 1984), BW and MBg outyielded (g dw seed m⁻²) HF and MBd. Pooled results for all cultivars indicated that application of N regardless of form gave increased yield and an increased N concentration (mg N g⁻¹ dw) in the seed.     

关于IUCN和WWF联合植物保护研究计划工作的成就和今后的任务

植物是人类和动物生活所必需,由于缺乏长远规划的目标,无计划的滥用已导致许多植物灭绝或陷入濒临灭绝的境地。为此,IUCN—WWF联合建立了“植物保护研究计划”,并把其列入他们各自工作的重点。主要工作内容有下列各项:1)传播信息宣传群众;2)建立必要的植物保护的工作条件:3)植物遗传资源的保护:4)野生经济植物的保护:5)加强植物园开展植物保护的工作条件:6)促进植物丰富的国家开展植物保护工作。