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1.
Sarah Ehrlich-Rogozinski Antonio De Maio Halina Lis Nathan Sharon 《Glycoconjugate journal》1987,4(4):379-390
The interaction of125I-labeledErythrina cristagalli agglutinin (ECA) with neutral glycosphingolipids on thin layer chromatograms was examined by the overlay technique followed by radioautography. The lectin bound topara-globoside with a sensitivity about 10 times higher than to lactosylceramide or globoside, in agreement with the specificity of the lectin forN-acetyllactosamine. The lower limit of detection ofpara-globoside was about 0.66 nmol. The specific binding of ECA to this glycolipid was confirmed by a highly sensitive enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA), utilizing the horseradish peroxidase-avidin-biotin system for detection of bound lectin. Overlays of neutral glycosphingolipid extracts from human erythrocyte membranes and from human granulocytes with ECA demonstrated that the lectin can be employed for the detection of small amounts ofpara-globoside in biological materials also in the presence of excess globoside. No staining was obtained when thin layer chromatograms of neutral glycosphingolipid extracts from rabbit erythrocyte membranes were overlayed with125I-ECA. Afterin situ treatment of the chromatograms with -galactosidase, the lectin bound to several components, one of which had a mobility corresponding to that of the pentahexosylceramide Gal3Gal4GlcNAc3Gal4Glc1Cer, the major neutral glycosphingolipid of rabbit erythrocytes, thus providing further evidence for the specificity of ECA forpara-globoside.Abbreviations GSL
glycosphingolipid(s)
- CDH
lactosylceramide, Gal4Glc1Cer
- CTH
trihexosylceramide, Gal4Gal4Glc1Cer
- GLOB
globoside, GalNac3Gal4Gal4Glc1Cer
- PG
para-globoside, Gal4GlcNAc3Gal4Glc1Cer
- AsGM1
asialo-GM1, Gal3GalNAc4Gal4Glc1Cer
- FORS
Forsmann antigen, GalNAc3GalNAc3Gal4Gal4Glc1Cer
- CPH
pentahexosylceramide, Gal3Gal4GlcNAc3Gal4Glc1Cer
- ECA
Erythrina cristagalli agglutinin
- SBA
soybean agglutinin
- PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
- PVP-40
polyvinylpyrrolidone M.W. 40000
- BSA
bovine serum albumin
- HRP-avidin
horseradish peroxidase conjugated to avidin
- ELLA
enzyme-linked lectin assay
- ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- PMNL
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- HPTLC
high performance thin layer chromatography 相似文献
2.
Fish egg polysialoglycoprotein (PSGP) is a novel type of 200 kDa-glycoprotein containing more than 50% sialic acid by weight and about 90O-glycosidically-linked sialoglycan units per molecule. Of about 100 different molecular species assumed to be present in a sialoglycan mixture obtained by alkaline borohydride treatment ofSalvelinus leucomaenis pluvius PSGP, 23 mono- to tetrasialylglycans were isolated by anion-exchange chromatography and preparative column chromatography on porous silica, and their structures were determined. Core asialo-oligosaccharides were obtained from PSGP of four species of salmonid fishes by exhaustive enzymatic desialylation of sialoglycan mixtures and the structures of purified compounds were determined. Two complete types of asialopentasaccharide core structures, Fuc1-3GalNAc1-3Gal1-4 Gal1-3GalNAcOL, and GalNAc1-4GalNAc1-3Gal1-4Gal1-3GalNAcOL, and all of the possible biosynthetic precursors of these pentasaccharide cores were found in every PSGP examined. All types of oligosaccharide chains, both complete and incomplete, were found to occur in highly sialylated forms in PSGP.Abbreviations NeuAc
N-acetylneuraminic acid
- NeuGc
N-glycolylneuraminic acid
- GalNAcOL
N-acetylgalactosaminitol
- PSGP
polysialoglycoprotein
- SRO
sialidase-resistant oligosaccharide 相似文献
3.
Henrik Saxe 《Trees - Structure and Function》1993,8(1):39-48
Summary Analysis of 62 mature Norway spruce (Picea abies provenance Viborg) trees growing in a Danish plantation was undertaken along with analysis of their nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Na), in each of the three youngest needle age classes, from branches of four exposure directions near the tree top. The aim was to investigate if one among the studied possible predisposing factors was also a triggering factor in the 1989 outbreak of the Red Norway spruce decline in Denmark. Neither nutrient imbalance or deficiency, nor excessive N-deposition or salt-stress were indicated as triggering factors in 1989. The Red syndrome, noticeable for the bright red colour of the current-year needles, was found to be an extension of the European type Novel Decline. Red syndrome is similar to previously reported phenomena of top-dying and sub top-dying, in that it had fewer needle age classes and significantly higher contents of mobile cations (and Ca) in the younger needle classes. Tree ring analysis suggested that the Red syndrome was initiated in the early 1980s, when the trees experienced adverse climatic conditions. Because of this long-term development of the Red Norway spruce decline syndrome, it is concluded that a triggering factor is of minor importance relative to the multitude of predisposing factors. 相似文献
4.
Jacques Raymond Brahim Mimouni Jean-Louis Azanza 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1994,193(1-4):69-79
The seed storage globulins from sixHelianthus and four hybrids were studied using mono and bidimensional gel SDS electrophoresis (+ 2 mercaptoethanol). The polypeptide composition of each subunit was determined. Different pairs are specifically expressed according to the species studied. Three typical patterns were discriminated. All the studied species exhibit five subunits: two of them are expressed in all the species (11 and 22). The subunit corresponding to the 11 pair is present inH. petiolaris and in the three populations ofH. annuus studied. The 2b2 pair is common toH. annuus andH. argophyllus. H. petiolaris presents two specific 2a2 and 44 pairs andH. annuus a specific 33 pair. InH. argophyllus 11 33 or 44 are never observed but are replaced by 13 and 31 pairs. Some globulins, poorly represented, are of forms but present chains of higher molecular weights (in the range 54–56 kDa). Expressing variations in the banding patterns between these species by the use of a similarity index reveals complete identity between the three populations ofH. annuus. Identity between the twoH. petiolaris studied is also observed.H. annuus andH. argophyllus appear to be closer to each other thanH. petiolaris concerning the seed storage globulins. 相似文献
5.
Ultrastructure of four types of striated muscle fibers in the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa,L.)
Summary Four types of striated muscle fibers with distinctive ultrastructure were defined in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.): white, intermediate, and red fibers of m. parietalis, and red fibers of m. craniovelaris.White fibers are thick, contain very few mitochondria and fat vacuoles, and possess distinct and separate myofibrils with thin Z-disks and distinct M-lines. Intermediate fibers are thinner, possess largely similar myofibrils that often are even better separated due to a higher content of fat vacuoles and especially mitochondria and glycogen granules. Red fibers of m. parietalis contain large amounts of mitochondria, fat vacuoles, and glycogen granules. Their myofibrils possess M-lines, and although branching more, the myofibrils of red fibers conform with a Fibrillenstruktur pattern like those of white and intermediate fibers. Red fibers of m. craniovelaris are very thin, possess many smaller fat vacuoles, and large amounts of mitochondria and glycogen granules. The myofibrils are significantly thinner than in m. parietalis fibers, run as quite independent well separated units, possess thicker Z-disks, and lack M-lines. Large amounts of myosatellite cells are associated with these red fibers.Triads are located near A/I-junctions in all four fiber types and occur irregularly, the density of triads being different in the various fiber types.We are indebted to Dr. Finn Walvig, Biological Station, University of Oslo, Drøbak, for supply of hagfishes, and we also wish to thank Dr. Jan K. S. Jansen, Institute of Physiology, University of Oslo, for valuable suggestions during this study. 相似文献
6.
Ben A. Bulthuis Gregory M. Koningstein Adriaan H. Stouthamer Henk W. van Verseveld 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》1993,63(1):1-16
The magnitude of the proton motive force (p) and its constituents, the electrical () and chemical potential (-ZpH), were established for chemostat cultures of a protease-producing, relaxed (rel
–) variant and a not protease-producing, stringent (rel
+) variant of an industrial strain ofBacillus licheniformis (respectively referred to as the A- and the B-type). For both types, an inverse relation of p with the specific growth rate was found. The calculated intracellular pH (pHin) was not constant but inversely related to . This change in pHin might be related to regulatory functions of metabolism but a regulatory role for pHin itself could not be envisaged. Measurement of the adenylate energy charge (EC) showed a direct relation with for glucose-limited chemostat cultures; in nitrogen-limited chemostat cultures, the EC showed an approximately constant value at low and an increased value at higher . For both limitations, the ATP/ADP ratio was directly related to .The phosphorylation potential (G'p) was invariant with . From the values for G'p and p, a variable H+/ATP-stoichiometry was inferred: H+/ATP=1.83+0.52µ, so that at a given H+/O-ratio of four (4), the apparent P/O-ratio (inferred from regression analysis) showed a decline of 2.16 to 1.87 for =0 to max (we discuss how more than half of this decline will be independent of any change in internal cell-volume). We propose that the constancy of G'p and the decrease in the efficiency of energy-conservation (P/O-value) with increasing are a way in which the cells try to cope with an apparent less than perfect coordination between anabolism and catabolism to keep up the highest possible with a minimum loss of growth-efficiency. Protease production in nitrogen-limited cultures as compared to glucose-limited cultures, and the difference between the A- and B-type, could not be explained by a different energy-status of the cells.Abbreviations CCCP
carbonylcyanide-p-trichloromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- DW
dry weight of biomass
- F
Faraday's constant, 96.6 J/(mV × mol)
- Fo
chemostat outflow-rate (ml/h)
- FCCP
carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- G'p
phosphorylation potential, the Gibbs energy change for ATP-synthesis from ADP and Pi
- G'0p
standard Gibbs energy change at specified conditions
- H+/ATP
number of protons translocated through
- ATP
synthase in synthesis of one ATP
- H+/O
protons translocated during transfer of 2 electrons from substrate to oxygen
-
specific growth rate (1/h)
- H+
transmembrane electrochemical proton potential, J/mol
- Mb
molar weight (147.6 g/mol) of bacteria with general cell formula C6.0H10.8O3.0N1.2
- pHout,in
extracellular, intracellular pH
- Pi
(intracellular) inorganic phosphate
- p
proton motive force, mV
- pH
transmembrane pH-difference
-
transmembrane electrical potential, mV
- P/O
number of ADP phosphorylated to ATP upon reduction of one O2– to H2O by two electrons transferred through the electron transfer chain
- P/O
(H+/O) × (H+/ATP)–1
- P/OF, P/ON
P/O with the two electrons donated by resp. (NADH + H+) and FADH
- q
specific rate of consumption or production (mol/g DW × h)
-
rel
+,rel
–
stringent, relaxed genotype
- R
universal gas constant, 8.36 J/(mol × degree)
- T
absolute temperature
- TPMP+
triphenylmethylphosphonium ion
- TPP+
tetraphenyl phosphonium ion
- Y
growth yield, g DW/mol
- Z
conversion constant=61.8 mV for 310 K (37 °C)
- ZpH
transmembrane proton potential or chemical potential, mV 相似文献
7.
In the legume Phaseolus vulgaris L., glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC.6.3.1.2.) occurs as three cytosolic polypeptides, , and , and a plastidic polypeptide, . This paper describes the subunit composition of active octameric GS isoenzymes from root nodules and plumules using ionexchange high-performance liquid chromatography followed by two-dimensional denaturing gel electrophoresis and Western immunodetection. Root nodules contained four separable GS activities, three of which were composed mainly of cytosolic , / and GS polypeptides, whereas the fourth activity, consisted of plastidic GS polypeptides. The increase in GS activity during nodulation was due largely to the appearance of -containing isoenzymes, and to a lesser extent on the isoenzyme, whereas the -isoenzyme activity remained approximately constant throughout. Plumule GS from imbibed seeds was found to be composed of separate and isoenzymes, but 2 d after germination, plumule GS consisted of a mixture of , / and isoenzymes. The results from both nodules and plumules indicate that different cytosolic GS polypeptides in P. vulgaris are able to assemble into both homo-octameric and heterooctameric isoenzymes. Moreover, the changes in the patterns of isoenzymes observed during nodule development and plumule growth are interpreted to be caused both by temporal changes in the denovo synthesis of the polypeptides and also by their spatial separation in different cell types.Abbreviations 1D, 2D
one-, two-dimensional
- GS
glutamine synthetase
- GSs
GS semibiosynthetic activity
- GSt
GS transferase activity
- IEX-HPLC
ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography
- kDa
kilodaltons
- SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 相似文献
8.
An increase in the “inhibitor-β” content of detached wheat leaves following a period of wilting 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
S. T. C. Wright 《Planta》1969,86(1):10-20
Summary Wheat seedlings were grown under a 14-hour photoperiod and the first leaves excised at the end of the eighth dark period. The effect of treatments causing wilting on the inhibitor- content of such leaves was studied.When leaves were rapidly wilted (i.e. to a 6% fresh weight loss) and extracted immediately, the amount of inhibitor- per leaf was found to be the same as in fresh turgid leaves. However, when the leaves were maintained in a wilted condition in darkness for a period of 110 minutes, there was a marked increase in inhibitor- content.The greater the degree of wilting (i.e. up to about a 9% loss in fresh weight) the greater the eventual inhibitor- content. Moreover, the increment in inhibitor- was shown to be temperature dependent.The time lapse requirement and the temperature dependency of the inhibitor- formation suggest an enzymic conversion from a precursor.If a similar phenomenon occurs during the wilting of intact plants then the increase in this growth inhibitor might play a role in some of the physiological changes which accompany water stress. 相似文献
9.
Hanns Ulrich Seitz Dorothea Elisabeth Gärtner 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1994,38(2-3):337-344
In contrast to undifferentiated cell suspension cultures of Digitalis lanata, photomixotrophic shoot cultures of Digitalis purpurea accumulate cardiac glycosides in substantial concentrations. They are used to investigate enzymes of the cardenolide pathway. All cardenolides are 5-configurated. The progesterone 5-reductase and the 3-hydroxysteroid-5-oxidoreductase are present in shoot cultures but not in undifferentiated cell cultures. These enzymes provide precursors for cardenolides, whereas the presence of the progesterone 5-reductase, also present in shoot cultures, is discussed with regard to its role in phytosterol biosynthesis and may be attributed to the general steroid pathway. The progesterone 5-reductase had an activity maximum during the early growth period seven days after onset of cultivation, whereas the corresponding progesterone 5-reductase activity was highest on day 11. The maximum cardenolide accumulation was after 24 days. The enzyme activities present in crude extracts from shoot cultures were characterized with regard to their requirements for NADPH and NADH, pH-optimum, temperature optimum, affinity to their substrates and their localization in the cell. The progesterone 5-reductase was purified 769-fold.Abbreviations DW
dry weight
- FW
fresh weight
- PVP
polyvinylpyrrolidone 相似文献
10.
The effect of isoproterenol, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin on the accumulation of adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) was studied in homogeneous neuronal cultures from 8-day chick embryo hemispheres. Among the catecholamines, isoproterenol had a more pronounced effect on the accumulation of cAMP. Norepinephrine and dopamine were considerably less potent and serotonin was ineffective. The response of neuronal cells to isoproterenol was inhibited by propranolol, suggesting that the cAMP increase was mediated by -adrenergic receptors. Maximally effective concentration of isoproterenol (10 M) produced a 2.5-fold increase in cAMP content which is in contrast to the much greater cAMP response elicited by isoproterenol in chick brain tissue. These results suggest that in chick embryo hemispheres the nonneuronal cells are the major sites of the effect of -adrenergic agonists. The low responsiveness of the cAMP-generating system found in neuronal cultures in interpreted as reflecting either the number of -adrenergic receptors or the regulation of -adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase at the membrane level. 相似文献
11.
Sterols of male and female flowers of Cucumis sativus L. were similar in composition. The principal compound was 24-ethyl-5-cholesta-7,22-dien-3-ol. Five other 5-7 were detected: 24-methyl-7-ene, 24-ethyl-7-ene, 24-ethyl-7,24(28)Z-diene, 24-ethyl-7,25-diene and 24-ethyl-7,22,25-triene. Small amounts of 5 (cholesterol, 24-methylcholesterol and 24-ethylcholesterol) were detected. The possible significance of these sterols is discussed.Abbreviations GLC
gas-liquid chromatography
- GC-MS
combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 相似文献
12.
J. G. Waines P. I. Payne 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1987,74(1):71-76
Summary The high molecular weight (HMW) subunit composition of glutenin was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in the A genome of 497 diploid wheats and in 851 landraces of bread wheat. The material comprised 209 accessions of wild Triticum monococcum ssp. boeoticum from Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, Armenia, Iraq, and Iran; 132 accessions of the primitive domesticate T. monococcum ssp. monococcum from many different germplasm collections; one accession of free-threshing T. monococcum ssp. sinskajae; 155 accessions of wild T. urartu from Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, Iraq, and Iran; and landraces of T. aestivum, mainly from the Mediterranean area and countries bordering on the Himalayan Mountains. Four novel HMW glutenin sub-units were discovered in the landraces of bread wheat, and the alleles that control them were designated Glu-Ald through Glu-Alg, respectively. The HMW subunits of T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum have a major, x subunit of slow mobility and several, less prominent, y subunits of greater mobility, all of which fall within the mobility range of HMW subunits reported for bread wheat. In T. monococcum ssp. monococcum the range of the banding patterns for HMW subunits was similar to that of ssp. boeoticum. However, two accessions, while containing y subunits were null for x subunits. The single accession of Triticum monococcum ssp. sinskajae had a banding pattern similar to that of most ssp. boeoticum and ssp. monococcum accessions. The HMW subunit banding patterns of T. urartu accessions were distinct from those of T. monococcum. All of them contained one major x and most contained one major y subunit. In the other accessions a y subunit was not expressed. The active genes for y subunits, if transferred to bread wheat, may be useful in improving bread-making quality. 相似文献
13.
Callus was initiated from immature leaf and stem segments of rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Landora) and subcultured every four weeks on a basal medium of half-strength Murashige & Skoog (1962) salts plus 30 g l-1 sucrose (1/2 MS) and supplemented with 2.2 M BA, 5.4 M NAA and 2.2–9.0 M 2,4-D. Embryogenic callus and subsequently somatic embryos were obtained from 8-week-old callus culture on 1/2 MS+2.2 M BA+0.05 M NAA+0.3 M GA3+200–800 mg l-1 L-proline. Long-term cultures were established and maintained for up to 16 months by repeated subculture of embryogenic callus on L-proline deficient medium. About 12% of cotyledonary stage embryos taken from cultures cold-stored at 8±1°C for 4 days germinated on 1/2 MS+2.2 M BA+0.3 M GA3+24.7 M adenine sulphate.Abbreviations BA
benzyladenine
- NAA
-naphthaleneacetic acid
- 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- GA3
gibberellic acid 相似文献
14.
J. W. S. Brown Y. Ma F. A. Bliss T. C. Hall 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1981,59(2):83-88
Summary Charge and molecular weight heterogeneity of globulin-1 (G1) polypeptides of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Different bean cultivars were classified into three groups: Tendergreen, Sanilac, and Contender on the basis of their protein subunit composition. Nine distinct major bands: 51,49, 48.5,48T, 48S, 47, 45.5, 45S, and 45C, and two minor bands: 46T and 46S were found to account for the three profiles seen on one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Two-dimensional analysis revealed these eleven protein bands to be composed of a minimum of fourteen distinct protein subunits. The Tendergreen and Sanilac types differ in their G1 polypeptide composition. The protein patterns of the Contender types are intermediate, containing many protein subunits found in the patterns of the Tendergreen and Sanilac types suggesting a genetic and evolutionary relationship. 相似文献
15.
Summary The B factors of Schizophyllum commune are of 3 classes: The high recombining class I has 7 alleles and 7 alleles; the low recombining classes are class II with 7 allels and probably 2 alleles and class III with probably 2 (or also 2) alleles and 7 allels. A fourth hypothetical class (-) was not found and either does not exist or is indistinguishable from class III by the tests employed. The and alleles differ from and by either (a) mutations affecting both mating specificity and recombination frequency, or (b) deletions involving most of the B region.The research was supported by a grant from the Atomic Energy Commission of the U.S. No. (30-1)-3875 and was performed at the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 相似文献
16.
Tibor Benedek 《Mycopathologia》1962,17(3):255-260
Summary
Castellani's water culture method for microscopic fungi was re-examined and confirmed in its every detail. It is an ideal method for, at least, the smaller culture collection, in order to avoid continuous, short term subculturing.
Benedek's suggestion for establishment of a mycotheca preserved in chlorallactophenol on the analogy of the herbarium of phanerogamists, may fill a long felt gap in mycological laboratories.
Zusammenfassung Castellani's Wasserkultur-methode für mikroskopische Pilze wurde einer Kontrolluntersuchung unterzogen. Sie konnte in all ihren Einzelheiten bestätigt werden. Sie ist eine ideale Methode, wenigstens für kleine Kultursammlungen, um eine fortgesetzte, kurz-fristige Überimpfung zu vermeiden. Benedek's Vorschlag für die Einrichtung einer Mykotheka in Chlorallactophenol in Analogie mit dem Herbarium für Blütenpflanzen, mag eine lang gefühlte Lücke im mykologischen Laboratorium beseitigen.
Résumé La méthode deCastellani, la culture en d'eau des champignons microscopiques, a été ré-examinée. Elle pouvait être confirmée en tous les détails. C'est une méthode idéale, au moins, pour la collection de cultures de petite dimension, pour éviter les transferts continus et d'intervalle courte.La suggestion deBenedek pour établir une mycothèque en chlorallactophénol, par analogie avec l' herbier pour les phanérogames peut remplir une lacune, existante pour long temps, aux laboratoires mycologiques.相似文献
17.
Four glycosidases were analyzed in 10 mm apical segments prepared from growing roots (15 mm) of Zea mays L. The pH optima were found to be 5.8 for -glucosidase, 4.4 for -galactosidase, 6.4 for -glucosidase and 6.0 for -galactosidase. The -glucosidase showed 4-fold higher activity than the -galactosidase. The distribution of the -glucosidase activity was signifcantly different from that of the -galactosidase, -glucosidase and -galactosidase.Abbreviations -Glu
-glucosidase
- -Gal
-galactosidase
- -Glu
-glucosidase
- -Gal
-galactosidase 相似文献
18.
Plantlets of Bidens pilosus L., considered to be basically symmetrical, can be lateralized (A/B) by being administered a symmetry-breaking signal such as puncturing one of the plant cotyledons. The induced asymmetry remains latent as long as the plants have not been made permissive, i.e. as long as the plant apex is left functioning. When the apex has been removed (plant decapitation), the latent asymmetry is expressed by one of the cotyledonary buds (a/b) statistically beginning to elongate before the other. The interval of time between delivering the symmetry-breaking signal and making the plant permissive is the memorization-time, t. Memorization can be quantified by using a precedence index, q, the values of which range from 0 (no detectable asymmetry with regard to bud growth) to ±1 (bud growth perfectly asymmetric in favour of either bud b or a). Even for memorization times, t, up to 14 d, q-values up to 0.4 (or even larger) are observed. Various experimental characteristics (e.g. light, temperature, presence or absence of the root system) but not the plant age can affect the q-values, at the moment when the treatments are performed, at least in the range of 6 to 25 d. Combining several puncturing treatments either increases or decreases the q-values, depending on the nature of these treatments and the time-intervals, t, between them. Symmetrically removing both cotyledons in the minutes following the puncturing of one of them does not significantly alter the results, which means that the symmetry-breaking message is rapidly transported and memorized within the plant. Non-traumatic asymmetrical treatments (droplets of saline solutions, light-gradients) can also act as symmetry-breaking signals and be memorized. Plants other than Bidens are likely to possess similar memorization ability, although the q-values observed up to now have not been very large. 相似文献
19.
Claire D. F. Parsons 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》1984,8(1):71-93
Idioms of distress refers to the popular expression of emotional tension that arises in the relationship between sickness and kinship. By reference to case studies and discussions among the Polynesian people of Tonga, the author shows where such tension arises and how it influences the sickness process. Sickness is necessarily a collective phenomenon which can best be understood not simply as a clinical event, but as an experience that is part of the experience of family. Various ways of expressing distress as a reflexive encounter between personal and cultural meaning systems are reviewed, as are several new concepts such as doing sickness as kinship, and turning in the process of decision making in the kinship management of sickness. The explanatory models of sickness in Tonga are shown to encompass culturally sanctioned expressions of distress as part of the adaptive coping mechanisms in that society. Distress frequently emerges in somatic form, as a number of studies have shown. However, the author emphasizes the kinship meaning of sickness, kinship management and sickness therapy, the adaptive process of idiomatic expressions of distress, which are expanded here and offered as potential avenues for elaboration in other cultural milieu. Two aspects of the notion idioms of distress are noted, and the phenomenon is understood as a process which acts as a prime mover in social change. 相似文献
20.
Wayne C. Koff William E. Fogler Jordan Gutterman Isaiah J. Fidler 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1985,19(2):85-89
Summary Human recombinant gamma interferon (INF-) activated human peripheral blood monocytes to a cytotoxic state capable of lysing adherent tumorigenic cells without harming normal cells. The efficiency of INF- activation of monocytes is enhanced by encapsulating INF- within liposomes: The minimum effective dose (MED) of free INF- for monocyte activation was found to be 1–10 U/ml, per 105 monocytes, whereas the minimum dose for INF- encapsulated in liposomes was less than 0.0025 U. Monocytes treated with liposome-encapsulated INF- retained their cytotoxic phenotype for much longer than do monocytes treated with free INF-. Since liposomes can be passively targeted to cells of the reticuloendothelial system following IV administration, these findings suggest that liposome-encapsulated INF- may have therapeutic potential that should be evaluated in vivo. 相似文献