Purification and characterization of protein methylase II from Helicobacter pylori

Protein methylase II (AdoMet:protein-carboxyl O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) was identified and purified 115-fold from Helicobacter pylori through Q-Sepharose ion exchange column, AdoHcy-Sepharose 4B column, and Superdex 200 HR column chromatography using FPLC. The purified preparation showed two protein bands of about 78 kDa and 29 kDa molecular mass on SDS-PAGE. On non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, the enzyme migrated as a single band with a molecular mass of 410 kDa. In addition, MALDI-TOF-MS analysis and Superdex 200 HR column chromatography of the purified enzyme showed a major mass signal with molecular mass values of 425 kDa and 430 kDa, respectively. Therefore, the above results led us to suggest that protein methylase II purified from H. pylori is composed of four heterodimers with 425 kDa (4x(78+29)=428 kDa). This magnitude of molecular mass is unusual for protein methylases II so far reported. The enzyme has an optimal pH of 6.0, a K(m) value of 5.0x10(-6) M for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and a V(max) of 205 pmol methyl-(14)C transferred min(-1) mg(-1) protein.     

Purification and some molecular properties of protein methylase II from equine erythrocytes

Protein methylase II (S-adenosyl-L-methionine: protein carboxyl-O-methyltransferase; E.C. 2.1.1.24) has been purified 28 000 fold from equine erythrocytes. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed either in presence or in absence of SDS, and on analytical ultracentrifugation. It appears constituted of a single polypeptidic chain of a molecular weight very close to 25 000 Daltons. Other enzymatic properties of the protein are quite similar to those previously reported for similar enzymes. The amino acid analysis of the enzyme is presented. The single cysteine residue, the enzyme contains, is essential for the enzymatic activity. Other amino acids apparentely involved in catalysis are tentatively identified.     

Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes

A new procedure utilizing immunoaffinity column chromatography has been used for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12） from human erythrocytes. The comparison between this rapid method （one step） and the tra- ditional procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by Blue Sepharose CL-6B chromatography shows that the new method gives a highest specific activity with a highest yield in a short time. The characterization of the purified GAPDH reveals that the native enzyme is a homotetramer of -150 kDa with an absolute specificity for the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide （NAD＋）. Western blot analysis using purified monospecific polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified GAPDH showed a single 36 kDa band corresponding to the enzyme subunit. Studies on the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity revealed optimal values of about 43℃ and 8.5, respectively. The kinetic parameters were also calculated： the Vmax was 4.3 U/mg and the Km values against G3P and NAD＋ were 20.7 and 17.8 μM, respectively. The new protocol described represents a simple, economic, and reproducible tool for the purification of GAPDH and can be used for other proteins.     

Purification and properties of protein methylase II

Protein methylase II (S-adenosyl-methionine:protein-carboxyl methyltransferase) from calf thymus was purified approximately 2400-fold with a yield of 7% by incorporating the pH 5.1 treatment and QAE (triethylaminoethyl)-Sephadex column chromatography to the published purification steps (Kim and Paik (1970) J. Biol. Chem., 245, 1806). The enzyme is found stable at pH 10.2, but loses 50% of its activity in 60 min at pH 5. The enzyme activity disappeared in 8 m urea 2.5 m guanidine hydrochloride at pH 8.0. However, about 80% of the activity returned upon dialysis of the mixture. The highly purified enzyme is stable for at least 2 yr in the presence of 50% glycerol at pH 8.0 or in the form of lyophilized powder. Protein methylase II from different tissues exhibits different pI values, determined by isoelectrofocusing; 4.85 with the enzyme preparation isolated from calf thymus, 5.8 from calf spleen, and 5.08 from rat testis. Reinvestigation of the methanol-forming enzyme system from calf posterior pituitary gland by Axelrod and Daly [Science 150, 892 (1965)] indicated that this enzyme is identical with protein methylase II.     

基于谷胱甘肽-磁性微粒的GST融合蛋白纯化体系的建立

本研究将还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)共价结合在异硫氰酸根末端磁性微粒表面,制备了具有超顺磁性的谷胱甘肽-磁性微粒亲和介质,以表面修饰有谷胱甘肽的磁性微粒为载体,建立了谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)融合蛋白的纯化体系。对100μL细胞裂解液纯化体系所需磁性微粒用量、谷胱甘肽-磁性微粒与细胞裂解液的孵育时间、清洗条件等进行了优化。以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对融合蛋白的纯度进行了检测,Bradford方法对融合蛋白进行了定量测定,对纯化得到的目的蛋白进行了Western blotting分析。结果表明,每毫克异硫氰酸根末端磁性微粒对GSH的固定化容量为150μg,10 mg谷胱甘肽-磁性微粒可满足100μL细胞裂解体系中目的蛋白的纯化,最佳孵育时间为40 min,对GST融合蛋白的平均纯化量为516μg。本方法快速、简便,基于磁性微粒的分离还可实现自动化,对GST融合蛋白的纯化具有很好的应用前景。     

鸭血超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的纯化及性质研究

超氧化物歧化酶(E、C、1.15.1.1)是催化超氧阴离子起歧化反应的金属酶类,血红细胞中的SOD属Cu Zn—SOD。本文详细报道了从鸭血分离纯化SOD的改进方法(同时用猪血作对比研究)。设计了热变性、(NH_4)_2SO_4分级监析、低浓乙醇—氯仿短时去除残留血红蛋白、凝胶层析四步纯化方案,获得高产率电泳纯SOD。用紫外扫描,PAGE电泳后考马斯亮蓝和SOD活性杂色,SDS—电泳,HPLC分离和各电泳带组分的N—端测定等技术检测纯度,并进行性质研究。证明所得SOD是均一的;N—端为Ala;分子量和亚分子量各为32,359和16,500dt;并与猪血SOD对比研究其某些性质;对HPLC出现的多个活力峰及PAGE电泳显现的多条活性带进行了讨论。     

Thiamin transport by human erythrocytes and ghosts

Summary Thiamin transport in human erythrocytes and resealed pink ghosts was evaluated by incubating both preparations at 37 or 20°C in the presence of [³H]-thiamin of high specific activity. The rate of uptake was consistently higher in erythrocytes than in ghosts. In both preparations, the time course of uptake was independent from the presence of Na⁺ and did not reach equilibrium after 60 min incubation. At concentrations below 0.5 m and at 37°C, thiamin was taken up predominantly by a saturable mechanism in both erythrocytes and ghosts. Apparent kinetic constants were: for erythrocytes,K _m =0.12, 0.11 and 0.10 m andJ _max=0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 pmol·l^–1 intracellular water after 3, 15, and 30 min incubation times, respectively; for ghosts,K _m =0.16 and 0.51 m andJ _max=0.01 and 0.04 pmol·l^–1 intracellular water after 15 and 30 min incubation times, respectively. At 20°C, the saturable component disappeared in both preparations. Erythrocyte thiamin transport was not influenced by the presence ofd-glucose or metabolic inhibitors. In both preparations, thiamin transport was inhibited competitively by unlabeled thiamin, pyrithiamin, amprolium and, to a lesser extent, oxythiamin, the inhibiting effect being always more marked in erythrocytes than in ghosts. Only approximately 20% of the thiamin taken up by erythrocytes was protein-(probably membrane-) bound. A similar proportion was esterified to thiamin pyrophosphate. Separate experiments using valinomycin and SCN^– showed that the transport of thiamin, which is a cation at pH 7.4, is unaffected by changes in membrane potential in both preparations.     

Purification of human lysozyme from milk and pancreatic juice

Human milk lysozyme was purified by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and Sepharose 4B gel-permeation chromatography. This procedure was also found applicable to the purification of human pancreatic juice lysozyme. Double-diffusion analyses indicated that human milk lysozyme was immunochemically identical to human saliva and human pancreatic juice lysozyme. Based on the identity of the N-terminal 10-amino-acid-residue sequence analyzed, it was suggested that human milk lysozyme and human pancreatic juice lysozyme are identical molecular entities.     

视黄醇结合蛋白的分离纯化

在变性条件下,应用Sephacryl-100凝胶过滤和Source-30Q阴离子交换两步分离,实现了分离纯化性质不稳定、易于降解的视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)之目的。最后经过分步缓慢复性,获得具有生物活性的RBP,为其单克隆抗体制备及最终应用于临床营养评价和相关疾病的诊断创造了条件。     

1H‐indazole molecules reduced the activity of human erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an important metabolic enzyme family closely related to many physiological and pathological processes. Currently, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are the target molecules in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. In present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of some indazole molecules on the CA‐I and CA‐II isoenzymes isolated from human erythrocytes. We showed that human CA‐I and CA‐II activities were reduced by of some indazoles at low concentrations. IC₅₀ values, K_i constants, and inhibition types for each indazole molecule were determined. The indazoles showed K_i constants in a range of 0.383 ± 0.021 to 2.317 ± 0.644 mM, 0.409 ± 0.083 to 3.030 ± 0.711 mM against CA‐I and CA‐II, respectively. Each indazole molecule exhibited a noncompetitive inhibition effect. Bromine‐ and chlorine‐bonded indazoles were found to be more potent inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. In conclusion, we conclude that these results may be useful in the synthesis of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.     

The interaction of haemoglobin, magnesium, organic phosphates and band 3 protein in nucleated and anucleated erythrocytes

The anion influx was measured in order to study the interaction among organic phosphates, magnesium, haemoglobin and the N-terminal of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 protein in human, chicken and trout erythrocytes. The rate constant for SO(4)(2-) influx in human and trout erythrocytes increased significantly when it was measured with an increased concentration of intracellular Mg(2+). The SO(4)(2-) influx was also measured in human erythrocyte ghosts in the presence and absence of Mg(2+). The smaller activation provoked by Mg(2+) in ghosts could be caused by the presence of a small quantity of haemoglobin which remained inside. The SO(4)(2-) uptake in chicken erythrocytes in the presence and in absence of Mg(2+) was characterized by very similar rate constants. The results suggest that the small increase in intracellular Mg(2+) in the erythrocytes involves an increase in the formation of Mg(2+)-ATP and Mg(2+)-2,3 BPG complexes reducing the affinity of the organic phosphates for Hb. This new situation may influence the functions of the anion transporter with consequent variations of SO(4)(2-) influx throughout the erythrocyte membrane in human and in trout erythrocytes, whereas in chicken RBCs this function cannot occur and, in fact, no increase in sulphate influx was noticeable. The measurement of Hb/O(2) affinity by the use of alternating fixed and variable concentrations of organic phosphates and Mg(2+), confirms the interactions between these elements and their effect on the mechanism of the affinity. When we measured the sulphate influx in the presence of DIDS we found some differences in the three types of cells.     

Phosphorylation of membrane proteins by cytosolic casein kinases in human erythrocytes. Effect of monovalent ions, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and spermine

Summary Membrane proteins of human erythrocytes can be phosphorylated not only by membrane casein kinase (MS) but also by cytosolic casein kinases CS and CTS, resembling casein kinase I and II, respectively.Casein kinase CS, like membrane casein kinase MS, preferentially phosphorylates membrane proteins such as band 2 (spectrin, -subunit) and band 3, which are the major phosphate-acceptor proteins in the endogenous phosphorylation of isolated ghosts in the presence of [-³²P]ATP.By contrast, cytosolic casein kinase CTS phosphorylates, in addition to band 2, some membrane proteins, whose endogenous phosphorylation in isolated ghosts under the same conditions is negligible, if any.The CS- and CTS-catalyzed phosphorylations exhibit different response to increasing NaCl (or KCI) concentrations up to physiological levels (140 mM KCI, 20 mM NaCI); i.e. CS-and MS-catalyzed phosphorylations are strongly inhibited by 75–150 mM KCI (or NaCl), while CTS-catalyzed phosphorylation is practically unaffected.In the absence of added NaCl, CS- and MS-catalyzed phosphorylations are markedly inhibited by 1.5-3 mM 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, whereas CTS-catalyzed phosphorylation appears to be practically unaffected.Finally, CS- and MS-catalyzed phosphorylations are slightly inhibited also by 1 mM spermine, while CTS-catalyzed phosphorylation is enhanced by this polycation concentration.     

串联亲和纯化技术及其应用

串联亲和纯化(tandemaffinitypurification,TAP)是一种能快速研究体内蛋白质相互作用的新技术,经过两步特异性亲和纯化,可快速得到生理条件下与靶蛋白质存在真实相互作用的蛋白质。TAP方法最初用于酵母中,因其具通用性、高效性、高纯度及假阳性低等特点得到了快速发展,至今已成功运用于许多其他生物。现主要介绍TAP方法的原理、TAP标签及其在不同物种中的应用。     

Inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux in human erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts

Summary The phosphate self-exchange flux in resealed erythrocyte ghosts and in amphotericin B (5.5 m) permeabilized erythrocytes has been studied. The phosphate self-exchange flux exhibits an S-shaped concentration dependence and a self-inhibition in permeabilized red cells while in erythrocyte ghosts no self-inhibition of the phosphate flux has been observed. The apparent halfsaturation constants and the apparent Hill coefficients were assessed by the double reciprocal Hill plots of versus 1/[P] ⁿ . The phosphate half-saturation constants amount to approx. 125mm in ghosts and to about 75mm in permeabilized cells while the apparent Hill coefficients amount to 1.15 and to 1.65 (pH 7.2, 25°C), respectively. Both chloride and sulfate elicit a mixed-type inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux. In permeabilized cells, chloride and sulfate shift the flux optimum towards higher phosphate concentrations and reduce the apparent Hill coefficients. In erythrocyte ghosts, the apparent Hill coefficients are insensitive to these anions. The double reciprocal Hill plots indicate a mixed-type inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux by DNDS, salicylate and dipyridamole and a noncompetitive inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux by phlorhizin. By contrast, the Hill-Dixon plots for chloride and sulfate indicate a competitive inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux in erythrocyte ghosts and a mixed-type inhibition in permeabilized cells and provide Hill coefficients of greater than unity for chloride and sulfate. The Dixon plots for DNDS, salicylate, phlorhizin and dipyridamole show a noncompetitive inhibition of the phosphate flux and provide apparent Hill coefficients of 0.95–1.0 for inhibitor binding. Using the Debye-Hückel theory, the effects of ionic strength upon phosphate transport and inhibitor binding can be eliminated. The results of our studies provide strong evidence for the assumption that electrostatic forces are involved in phosphate transport and in inhibitor binding.     

Immobilized palladium(II) ion affinity chromatography for recovery of recombinant proteins with peptide tags containing histidine and cysteine

Fusion of peptide‐based tags to recombinant proteins is currently one of the most used tools for protein production. Also, immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) has a huge application in protein purification, especially in research labs. The combination of expression systems of recombinant tagged proteins with this robust chromatographic system has become an efficient and rapid tool to produce milligram‐range amounts of proteins. IMAC‐Ni(II) columns have become the natural partners of 6xHis‐tagged proteins. The Ni(II) ion is considered as the best compromise of selectivity and affinity for purification of a recombinant His‐tagged protein. The palladium(II) ion is also able to bind to side chains of amino acids and form ternary complexes with iminodiacetic acid and free amino acids and other sulfur‐containing molecules. In this work, we evaluated two different cysteine‐ and histidine‐containing six amino acid tags linked to the N‐terminal group of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and studied the adsorption and elution conditions using novel eluents. Both cysteine‐containing tagged GFPs were able to bind to IMAC‐Pd(II) matrices and eluted successfully using a low concentration of thiourea solution. The IMAC‐Ni(II) system reaches less than 20% recovery of the cysteine‐containing tagged GFP from a crude homogenate of recombinant Escherichia coli, meanwhile the IMAC‐Pd(II) yields a recovery of 45% with a purification factor of 13. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗甲肝病毒基因工程单抗分离纯化与鉴定

为克服血源免疫球蛋白制品的不足,开发了抗甲肝病毒基因工程单克隆抗体anti-HAV IgG。用无血清培养基培养rCHO工程细胞株,上清液经过rProtein A SFF亲和层析→脱盐→离子交换层析→超滤换液纯化后,所得anti-HAV IgG纯度达99%以上,比活性约100IU/mg,anti-HAV IgG活性回收率40%。所纯化的anti-HAV IgG分子量150kD,等电点8.4～9.3。免疫印迹实验证实anti-HAV IgG为人源全抗体分子。亲和层析介质rProtein A SFF确实存在亲和配基脱落问题,但通过后续纯化步骤可有效除去。在亲和层析过程中加入高盐清洗步骤,可有效降低宿主DNA残留量水平。对样品中自由巯基含量进行了测定,认为非还原电泳图谱中低分子量条带是由于抗体分子内存在自由巯基引起。用该工艺制备的anti-HAV IgG各项纯度检测指标均达到我国对基因工程产品的质量要求。     

Purification of a peptide tagged protein via an affinity chromatographic process with underivatized silica

Silica is widely used for chromatography resins due to its high mechanical strength, column efficiency, easy manufacturing (i.e. controlled size and porosity), and low‐cost. Despite these positive attributes to silica, it is currently used as a backbone for chromatographic resins in biotechnological downstream processing. The aim of this study is to show how the octapeptide (RH)4 can be used as peptide tag for high‐purity protein purification on bare silica. The tag possesses a high affinity to deprotonated silanol groups because the tag''s arginine groups interact with the surface via an ion pairing mechanism. A chromatographic workflow to purify GFP fused with (RH)4 could be implemented. Purities were determined by SDS‐PAGE and RP‐HPLC. The equilibrium binding capacity of the fusion protein GFP‐(RH)4 on silica is 450 mg/g and the dynamic binding capacity around 3 mg/mL. One‐step purification from clarified lysate achieved a purity of 93% and a recovery of 94%. Overloading the column enhances the purity to >95%. Static experiments with different buffers showed variability of the method making the system independent from buffer choice. Our designed peptide tag allows bare silica to be utilized in preparative chromatography for downstream bioprocessing; thus, providing a cost saving factor regarding expensive surface functionalization. Underivatized silica in combination with our (RH)4 peptide tag allows the purification of proteins, in all scales, without relying on complex resins.     

Binding of51Cr to human erythrocytes

Radioactive chromium accumulated in human erythrocytes exists in two forms: one bound to macromolecules, e.g., hemoglobin, and one in a low molecular weight form. Both forms are released from cells either spontaneously or as a result of toxic induction.     

Isolation of the vitellogenin-binding protein from locust ovaries

A rapid, efficient procedure for the isolation and purification of the vitellogenin binding protein from locust ovarian membranes is described. After solubilization with the nonionic detergent octyl-β-D-glucoside and removal of the detergent, the binding protein is subjected to affinity chromatography on vitellogenin coupled covalently to Affi-Gel 15. The binding protein is eluted with suramin and EDTA at low pH value. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 156,000 in the eluted fraction. By ligand blotting this polypeptide could be identified as the vitellogenin binding protein. It retains its high-affinity binding properties. The specific binding of vitellogenin increases from 4.8 μg (intact ovarian membranes) to 170.9 μg (affinity purified binding protein) per mg membrane protein, which corresponds to a purification factor of 35.