雨生红球藻基因组文库的构建及鉴定

本研究以雨生红球藻34-1n为材料,提取其基因组DNA,利用限制性内切酶Sau3AⅠ对基因组DNA进行酶解,回收6~8kb的基因组DNA片段,并浓缩至200ng/μL。该片段与经BamH Ⅰ酶切和去磷酸化处理后的pUC18载体连接,然后电击转化到受体菌Escherichia.coli DH5α中,获得雨生红球藻34-1n的基因组文库。该文库的平均插入片段长度约为6.5kb,获得6×105个克隆数。通过PCR筛选,由雨生红球藻基因组文库中获得含bkt1序列的单克隆菌,与β-胡萝卜素氧化酶序列(GenBank:DQ086233.1)进行比对,结果表明bkt1基因组序列含有6个外显子。本研究为进一步鉴定雨生红球藻相关基因提供了一个文库平台。     

北极岛衣共生菌藻宏基因组文库的构建

为从地衣中筛选耐寒基因,采用CTAB法提取岛衣北极变种的共生菌藻中基因组DNA,经Sau3AⅠ酶切,获得2~6 kb的DNA片段。再与经BamHⅠ酶切消化并经去磷酸化处理的质粒载体pUC19体外连接,转化至DH5α大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的感受态细胞中,成功构建了岛衣北极变种的宏基因组文库。     

杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶基因5′上游序列的克隆与功能分析

目的:克隆杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶（NR）基因5′上游序列序列,并对其功能进行分析。方法: 利用BamHI、EcoRI、HindIII、PstI、SalI、Xbal 6种限制性内切酶分别酶切盐藻基因组DNA,并与接头连接,构建成盐藻基因组步行文库。采用 LA-PCR方法,从上述盐藻步行基因组文库中扩增NR基因5′上游序列序列,测序并进行分析。为检测其表达特性,构建了该片段与GUS 嵌合基因的表达载体pNR-GUS, 通过电击法将所构建的重组表达载体转化盐藻,组织化学染色法观察GUS的表达。结果: 从盐藻基因组步行文库中扩增出约1200bp特异片段,序列分析表明5′上游序列含有启动子的特征性序列。GUS瞬时表达染色结果显示,该DNA 片段具有硝酸盐诱导和铵抑制的启动子活性。结论：所克隆的盐藻的5′上游序列可能是一种具有"开关"活性的可控性启动子。     

杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶基因5′上游序列的克隆与功能分析

目的:克隆杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶(NR)基因5′上游序列,并对其功能进行分析。方法:利用BamHI、EcoRI、HindIII、PstI、SalI、Xbal6种限制性内切酶分别酶切盐藻基因组DNA,并与接头连接,构建成盐藻基因组步行文库。采用LA-PCR方法,从上述盐藻步行基因组文库中扩增NR基因5′上游序列,测序并进行分析。为检测其表达特性,构建了该片段与GUS嵌合基因的表达载体pNR-GUS,通过电击法将所构建的重组表达载体转化盐藻,组织化学染色法观察GUS的表达。结果:从盐藻基因组步行文库中扩增出约1200bp特异片段,序列分析表明5′上游序列含有启动子的特征性序列。GUS瞬时表达染色结果显示,该DNA片段具有硝酸盐诱导和铵抑制的启动子活性。结论:所克隆的盐藻的5′上游序列可能是一种具有“开关”活性的可控性启动子。     

杜氏盐藻rbcS启动子的克隆和功能分析

为提高转基因盐藻的表达效率,利用基因组步行方法和巢式PCR,从盐藻中克隆了1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶（Rubisco）的小亚基基因rbcS 的5'上游调控序列,并对其进行序列分析和转基因功能分析。采用Dra I、EcoR V、Pvu II和Stu I四种平端限制内切酶分别酶切盐藻基因组DNA,并与接头连接,构建基因组步行文库GWL 1、GWL 2、GWL 3和GWL 4;设计特异引物从这四种文库中扩增rbcS基因的5'上游调控序列。在GWL 1、GWL 4中分别扩增出约1.2 kb的片段。对该序列的分析表明,它的3'端与已知盐藻rbcS cDNA 的5'端序列完全一致,说明是该基因的5'端上游区,并且包含多个与转录调控有关的保守序列（如TATA-box、CAAT-box）,富含GT的重复序列。此序列EcoR I下游的片段与除草剂抗性基因bar相融合,构建表达载体,电击法转化盐藻。通过对转化藻株的抗性筛选以及PCR和Southern blot检测,表明该区域能驱动外源基因bar在转基因盐藻中的表达,推断是盐藻rbcS基因的启动子调控区。     

O139霍乱弧菌质粒基因组文库的建立及O抗原基因的筛选

合成O-抗原的基因是串联在一起的一个基因簇,提取O139霍乱弧菌基因组DNA,限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ酶切,电泳回收4～20kb的DNA片段,构建质粒基因组文库.随机筛选重组克隆,获得一株可与O139霍乱弧菌抗血清发生凝集反应的重组克隆,命名为大肠杆菌DH5a(pMG320).经鉴定分析重组克隆所表达的O-抗原具有良好的免疫原性及反应原性.酶切分析质粒pMG320,推知其O-抗原基因大小约4.6kb.这为今后O139霍乱疫苗的研制及O139霍乱弧菌O-抗原基因的结构和功能研究提供了条件.     

水稻二化螟和三化螟基因组ddRADseq文库的构建

本文介绍了构建水稻二化螟和三化螟"双酶切限制性酶切位点关联DNA测序"(Double digest restrictionsite associated DNA sequencing,ddRADseq)文库的方法。利用安捷伦2100生物分析仪对4种单酶切及2种双酶切的酶切产物片段大小及分布范围进行分析,筛选出Mlu C I和Nla III两种限制性内切酶组合对螟虫基因组DNA进行酶切。酶切后的DNA片段两端连接上特定的P1、P2接头后,用Pippin Prep回收大小为285-435 bp的DNA片段。通过PCR扩增进行文库的富集并引入index序列。构建好的ddRADseq文库用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和生物分析仪进行质量检测。本方法所构建的文库DNA片段长度、分布和摩尔浓度能够达到Illumina平台测序的技术要求。本研究证实了利用Mlu C I和Nla III组合酶切构建水稻螟虫基因组ddRADseq文库的可行性,为在水稻螟虫中利用ddRADseq技术开展生物地理学、种群遗传学和系统发育重建等方面的研究奠定基础。     

集胞藻的随机插入诱变和光激活异养突变株的筛选

以4－碱基限制性内切酶部分酶切集胞藻PCC6803基因文库总质粒DNA,并插入卡那霉素抗性基因标记,构建了二级随机插入诱变文库。以该诱变文库总DNA转化集胞藻PCC6803,得到大量有抗性标记基因随机插入的转化子,利用这一方法获得了不能进行光激活异养生长的突变株,并克隆了抗性标记基因插入部位DNA片段,在持续光照但加DCMU抑制光合作用的情况下,这些突变株仍然能够利用葡萄糖异养生长,推测突变基因与短时光信号的感应有关。     

甲基营养菌MP681基因组测序文库的构建

目的:建立甲基营养菌MP681基因组文库,用于鸟枪法测序。方法:提取MP681基因组DNA,经超声随机片段化及T4 DNA聚合酶末端修平处理后,与经SmaⅠ酶切、小牛肠碱性磷酸酶(CIP)去磷酸化处理的pUC19载体连接,电击转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态,并通过末端双向测序对文库质量进行评价。结果:分别构建了2～4 kb和4～6 kb基因组文库,电泳结果显示插入片段长度与预期符合,文库库容均在10万以上。结论:构建了插入片段大小和库容符合要求的甲基营养菌MP681全基因组鸟枪法2～4 kb、4～6 kb测序文库。     

武夷菌素产生菌Fosmid文库的构建及文库探针的获得

以不吸水链霉菌武夷变种CK-15为材料,提取基因组DNA,经Sau 3A Ⅰ部分酶切后回收35-40 kb之间的片段,连接到pCC1FOS载体上,经过包装转染涂布后构建得到了CK-15基因组的Fosmid文库,文库的滴度为8.8×105CFU/mL.随机挑取16个阳性克隆,经EcoR Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ双酶切电泳分析,样品插入片段平均长度大于35 kb,插入率为100%,符合构建文库的要求.根据多氧霉素、尼克霉素生物合成基因及大环内酯类聚酮合成酶基因(PKS)设计特异性引物,以基因组为模板进行PCR扩增,筛选特异性引物探针.结果用大环内酯类聚酮合成酶基因设计引物扩增出1 693 bp的片段经Blast比对其与大环内酯类抗生素生物合成基因相似性为95%以上.武夷菌素产生菌CK-15 Fosmid文库的构建及文库探针的获得,为武夷菌素生物合成基因的克隆奠定了基础.     

Cloning and identification of cellulase genes from uncultured microorganisms in pulp sediments from paper mill effluent]

The metagenomic DNA of pulp sediments from paper mill effluent was extracted and purified. The 16S rDNA was amplified using the purified metagenomic DNA as template and a 16S rDNA library was prepared. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA clones showed that diverse of uncultured bacteria inhabit in this environment, which can be classified into 4 clusters as Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. A metagenomic library containing 10000 clones was constructed into cosmid vector, and the capacity of inserted DNA of which was 3.53 x 10(8) bp. Functional screening of the library resulted in isolation of two independent clones expressing endoglucanase activity, three independent clones expressing exoglucanase activity and two independent clones expressing beta-glucosidase activity. One clone expressing strongest enzyme activity from each activity category was chosen to be further analyzed. Three novel cellulase genes designated as umcel5L, umcel5M and umbgl3D were identified by subcloning, sequencing and expression. The umcel5L encodes an endoglucanase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 5, which is most related to an endoglucanase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum at 43% identity and 59% similarity. The umcel5M encodes a cellodextrinase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 5, which is most similar to a cellodextrinase from Fibrobacter succinogenes at 48% identity and 69% similarity. The umbgl3D encodes a putative beta-glucosidase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 3, which shares highest homology with a beta-glucosidase from Thermotoga maritima at 46% identity and 61% similarity. It is the first time to reveal the bacterial diversity of pulp sediments from paper mill effluent and clone novel cellulase genes from the bacteria by culture-independent method.     

温室黄瓜根结线虫发生地土壤微生物宏基因组文库的构建及其一个杀线虫蛋白酶基因的筛选

【目的】本研究旨在通过非培养手段构建和筛选宏基因组文库,以求找到新型的杀线虫蛋白酶基因。【方法】采用密度梯度离心法提取和纯化温室土壤微生物总DNA,经平末端、连接、包装、转染后,构建宏基因组Fosmid文库,同时,以脱脂奶为底物,以根结线虫为靶标,对文库进行功能初筛。【结果】该文库库容31008个克隆,平均插入片段36.5kb,包含1.13Gbp的微生物基因组信息,适合大规模的微生物功能基因筛选,通过功能初筛,筛选到1个含杀线虫蛋白酶基因的Fosmid克隆(pro12)。进一步构建和筛选出亚克隆(espro124a5),通过对基因结构进行了初步分析发现:espro124a5是一种分泌型胞外蛋白酶,与来自于Maricaulis maris MCS10(accession no.YP_756822at NCBI)的丝氨酸蛋白酶S15仅有45%的同源性,是一种新型的丝氨酸蛋白酶,有其保守的催化三元组:Asp469、His541和Ser348。【结论】密度梯度离心法提取到的DNA纯度高、片段长,完全能满足构建宏基因组Fosmid文库的要求;同时,构建的宏基因组Fosmid文库库容大,有利于我们从中筛选其他的微生物基因资源。     

碱性土壤微生物基因的克隆和多样性分析

从碱性土壤样品中直接抽提和分离宏基因组DNA, 首先构建了包含5 562个阳性克隆的碱性土壤16S rDNA文库, 随机抽取9个克隆测序后构建的系统进化树表明了碱性土壤环境微生物种群基因的多样性。纯化土壤宏基因组DNA后采用EcoRⅠ酶部分酶切处理, 我们又构建了以pGEM-3Zf(+)为载体的DNA部分文库AL01。AL01文库包含23650个克隆, 随机插入载体的外源DNA片段平均大小为3.2 kb左右, DNA文库的总容量为75.68 Mb。建库效率为从每克环境样品中获得6 000个左右的含随机外源DNA片段插入载体的克隆。采用酶活筛选策略, 我们从AL01文库中筛选到一个编号为pGXAA2011的阳性克隆携带有一个完整的碱性蛋白酶基因。蛋白酶活性检测其酶活作用最佳温度为40℃, 最适作用pH 值为9.5。另外, 我们还克隆和表达了一个新型b-葡萄糖苷酶基因unglu01, 该基因和现有数据库中的b-葡萄糖苷酶基因没有任何DNA或者氨基酸水平的同源性。将unglu01基因的ORF与表达载体pETBlue-2连接后导入宿主菌株Tuner(DE3)pLacI中, 该重组表达克隆在含柠檬酸高铁铵和七叶苷的LA平板上表现清晰的b-葡萄糖苷酶活性, SDS-PAGE电泳可以检测到29 kDa大小的目的蛋白。     

海绵宏基因组文库构建及抗菌肽功能基因的初步筛选

宏基因组文库技术是利用未培养微生物基因资源的有效途径。成功构建澳大利亚厚皮海绵的Fosmid宏基因组文库,插入片段平均大小为36.8kb。利用建立的宏基因组文库,采用PCR技术初步筛选到具有编码抗菌肽的功能基因。这是我国首次尝试构建海绵宏基因组文库,对于今后开发利用海绵丰富的基因资源具有重要的意义。     

Screening for novel lipolytic enzymes from uncultured soil microorganisms

The construction and screening of metagenomic libraries constitute a valuable resource for obtaining novel biocatalysts. In this work, we present the construction of a metagenomic library in Escherichia coli using fosmid and microbial DNA directly isolated from forest topsoil and screened for lipolytic enzymes. The library consisted of 33,700 clones with an average DNA insert size of 35 kb. Eight unique lipolytic active clones were obtained from the metagenomic library on the basis of tributyrin hydrolysis. Subsequently, secondary libraries in a high-copy-number plasmid were generated to select lipolytic subclones and to characterize the individual genes responsible for the lipolytic activity. DNA sequence analysis of six genes revealed that the enzymes encoded by the metagenomic genes for lipolytic activity were novel with 34–48% similarity to known enzymes. They had conserved sequences similar to those in the hormone-sensitive lipase family. Based on their deduced amino acid similarity, the six genes encoding lipolytic enzymes were further divided into three subgroups, the identities among which ranged from 33% to 45%. The six predicted gene products were successfully expressed in E. coli and secreted into the culture broth. Most of the secreted enzymes showed a catalytic activity for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C₄) but not p-nitrophenyl palmitate (C₁₆).     

Sequence analysis of a salt tolerant metagenomic clone

Metagenome represent an unlimited resource for discovery of novel genes. Here we report, sequence analysis of a salt tolerant metagenomic clone (6B4) from a pond water metagenomic library. Clone 6B4 had an insert of 2254 bp with G+C composition of 64.06%. DNA sequence from 6B4 showed homology to DNA sequences from pro-teobacteria indicating origin of 6B4 metagenomic insert from a yet uncharacterized proteobacteria. Two encoded proteins from clone 6B4 showed match with ATP-depen-dent Clp protease adaptor protein (ClpS) and phasin, while two truncated encoded proteins showed match with poly-3-hydroxybutyrate synthase and permease. Clp complex is known to play a role in stress tolerance. Expression of ClpS from metagenomic clone is proposed to be responsible for salt tolerance of the metagenomic clone 6B4.     

利用拓扑异构酶II提高转化效率及其在从细菌群落中克隆六六六γ异构体脱氯化氢酶基因中的应用

一个简单的技术上的调整被应用于利用T载体构建的基因组或宏基因组文库策略中。该技术利用拓扑异构酶Ⅱ将超螺旋引入松散的T-A环状重组分子,从而提高转化效率。利用该技术构建一个宏基因组文库,并从中克隆到一个六六六γ异构体脱氯化氢酶基因(linA-like)。     

Enriching plant microbiota for a metagenomic library construction

Plant microbiota (the microorganisms that live in any associations with plant tissues) represents a rather unexplored area of metagenomic research compared with soils and oceans. Constructing a metagenomic library for plant microbiota is technically challenging. Using all the biomass without pre-enrichment could lead to vast proportions of the host plant DNA in the metagenomic library, doubtless obliterating the microbial contribution. Therefore, the first and essential step is to enrich for the constituent microorganisms from plant tissues. Here, a strong enrichment for plant microbiota was achieved by coupling SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) with NaCl, creating a predominantly microbial metagenomic library that contains 88% bacterial inserts. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that the metagenomic DNA of enrichments originates from very diverse microorganisms. At least 74 distinct ribotypes (at a 97% threshold) from seven different bacterial phyla were identified and mainly distributed among Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Additionally, a simplified version of Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) was developed for a quick and efficient assessment of the enriching procedures. This work opens further insight into the great biotechnical potential of plant microbiota, holding more potential for drug discovery through a metagenomic strategy, and paving the way for recovery and biochemical characterization of functional gene repertoire from plant microbiota.