Verapamil contributes to the clastogenic effects of acrylamide, cyclophosphamide, and dioxidine on somatic cells of BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice

The chromosome aberration assay of metaphase bone marrow cells was used to study the clastogenic effects of acrylamide, cyclophosphamide, dioxidine, and their combinations with Verapamil (a calcium antagonist) in male BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice. Verapamil gavage at single (5 mg/kg) and repeated doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg five times at 24-h intervals) significantly enhanced the clastogenic activity of acrylamide (50 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in BALB/C mice; in C57BL/6 mice, this effect was only observed when they received Verapamil at doses of 2.5 mg/kg for 5 days. Verapamil administered repeatedly (2.5–10 mg, gavage) significantly increased the clastogenic activity of cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in C57BL/6 mice. In BALB/C mice, this effect of Verapamil was only observed at a dose of 10 mg/kg (gavage). When injected intraperitoneally at a single dose of 0.1–0.4 mg/kg, Verapamil significantly enhanced the clastogenic activity of cyclophosphamide in mice of both strains. This calcium antagonist produced identical effects when administered to BALB/C mice intraperitoneally (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) and by gavage (5 mg/kg) and to C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally (5 and 10 mg/kg) and by gavage (2.5 mg/kg). Repeated administration of Verapamil (at all doses tested) promoted the clastogenic effect of dioxidine (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on C57BL/6 mice, having no such influence on BALB/C mice. These results demonstrate the co-clastogenic activity of Verapamil in mice and suggest that its specific manifestations depend on the dose, method, and route of drug administration and the genotype of test animals.     

Verapamil contributes to the clastogenic effects of acrylamide, cyclophosphamide, and dioxidine on somatic cells of BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice

The chromosome aberration assay of metaphase bone marrow cells was used to study the clastogenic effects of acrylamide, cyclophosphamide, dioxidine, and their combinations with Verapamil (a calcium antagonist) in male BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice. Verapamil gavage at single (5 mg/kg) and repeated doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg five times at 24-h intervals) significantly enhanced the clastogenic activity of acrylamide (50 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in BALB/C mice; in C57BL/6 mice, this effect was only observed when they received Verapamil at doses of 2.5 mg/kg for 5 days. Verapamil administered repeatedly (2.5-10 mg, gavage) significantly increased the clastogenic activity of cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in C57BL/6 mice. In BALB/C mice, this effect of Verapamil was only observed at a dose of 10 mg/kg (gavage). When injected intraperitoneally at a single dose of 0.1-0.4 mg/kg, Verapamil significantly enhanced the clastogenic activity of cyclophosphamide in mice of both strains. This calcium antagonist produced identical effects when administered to BALB/C mice intraperitoneally (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) and by gavage (5 mg/kg) and to C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally (5 and 10 mg/kg) and by gavage (2.5 mg/kg). Repeated administration of Verapamil (at all doses tested) promoted the clastogenic effect of dioxidine (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on C57BL/6 mice, having no such influence on BALB/C mice. These results demonstrate the co-clastogenic activity of Verapamil in mice and suggest that its specific manifestations depend on the dose, method, and route of drug administration and the genotype of test animals.     

PGE restores the immune response in chemotherapy-treated,tumor-bearing mice

Two hundred seventy-one B-16 melanoma-bearing mice were randomized and treated for 4 days with either control diluent, 10 μg of 16, 16-dimethyl-PGE₂-methyl-ester (di-M-PGE₂), chemotherapy, or chemotherapy plus di-M-PGE₂. The chemotherapeutic regimens included adriamycin (7.5 mg/kg), 5-fluorouracil (250 mg/kg), nitrogen mustard (5 mg/kg), and vincristine (0.5 mg/kg). The number of plaque-forming cells and hemagglutinin titers in response to sheep erythrocytes were used as measures of humoral immunity while cellular immunity was assessed by evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity. As we previously reported, the presence of subcutaneous B-16 tumors induced substantial immunosuppression and this suppression was reversed by treatment with di-M-PGE₂. Treatment with all four chemotherapeutic agents induced profound immunosuppression. Similarly, the addition of di-M-PGE₂ to the chemotherapy protocols resulted in significant augmentation of cellular and humoral immunity.     

Adriamycin in the combined chemotherapy of small-cell lung cancer

The results of combined chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy of 158 patients with small cell lung cancer are presented. Adriamycin was used as one of the components of the induction chemotherapy of 98 out of the 158 patients. Chemoradiotherapy (nitrosomethylurea, methotrexate, CCNU, adriamycin, vincristine, DTIC, radiotherapy) was performed according to 4 schemes and combined chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, or CCNU, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate plus adriamycin, vincristine, natulan) was performed according to 2 schemes. The total efficacy (complete and partial regression) of the 6 schemes averaged to 80 per cent. The number of patients with complete regression amounted to 29 per cent. Long-term survival for more than 2 years was observed in 17 per cent of the patients. No signs of metastases or relapses for 5 years were recorded in 6 per cent of patients. Adriamycin is one of the most active antitumor drugs in combined chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy of small cell lung cancer.     

Early effect of the anticancer drug biocarbazin (DTIC synonym) on mice spermatogenesis

Biocarbazin (DTIC synonym) is an anticancer drug acting as a purine analogue, as an alkylating agent, as a SH-group blocker. Biocarbazin administration in doses 50 and 200 mg/kg of body weight to adult male BALB/c mice suppresses the process of spermatogenesis. Seminiferous tubule of the testis displayed dose-dependent histological alterations manifested with decrease of mitotically dividing cells and increase in the number of multinucleated spermatocytes and spermatids. RNA synthetic activity studied by means of autoradiography showed a tendency for a reduction in the spermatogonia and pachytene spermatocytes.     

Selective restoration of immunosuppressive effect of cytotoxic agents by thymopoietin fragments

Summary Swiss male mice were immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide, cisplatinum, vincristine and methotrexate. The ability of the thymopoietin (TP) fragments TP-3, TP-4 and TP-5 to restore antibody production and phagocytosis was studied. Impaired antibody production after vincristine treatment was partially or totally restored by TP-3, TP-4 or TP-5. Only TP-3 or TP-5 interfered with the antibody-production-damaging effect of cisplatinum. The same effect of methotrexate could not be influenced by any of the TP fragments. The phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages was reduced by vincristine, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide treatment. In this respect, TP-3 protected the function of macrophages against vincristine and cyclophosphamide treatment. TP-4 was active in the case of damage caused by vincristine and methotrexate, and TP-5 interfered with the phagocytosis-inhibiting effect of methotrexate. Each TP fragment seems to have a specific target orientation within the immune system. This also means that the proper TP fragment should always be chosen for combination therapy with various types of cytotoxic drugs.     

环磷酰胺诱导小鼠血小板减少症模型的建立(英文）

比较由环磷酰胺两种不同给药方式诱导小鼠血小板减少症模型的效果,并对效果较稳定的一种给药方式进行最佳造模剂量摸索,以期确定一个造模效果较好,毒副作用较低,利于观察治疗药物疗效的血小板减少症模型。模型A组,第1天尾静脉注射环磷酰胺200 mg/kg,然后连续6 d,每天1次以维持剂量30 mg/kg腹腔注射环磷酰胺。模型B组,按150 mg/kg皮下注射环磷酰胺,每天1次,连续3 d。结果显示模型B组造模效果较好,故以模型B组给药方法进行剂量摸索实验。由第7天的血小板计数可知环磷酰胺低（100 mg/kg）、中（120 mg/kg）、高（140 mg/kg）剂量均可引起血小板减少症,而低剂量组与其他组比较有高效低毒的特点,更有利于观察治疗药物的作用,可用于具有升血小板作用药物的药效学研究     

A peculiar toxicity manifested by platinum(II)amines in rats: Gastric distension after intraperitoneal administration

Metoclopramide i.p. reduces the gastric distension consistently seen in rats given cisplatin i.p. at effective immunosuppressant doses (6 mg/kg). Many other immunosuppressant/oncolytic platinum amines also engendered gastric distension but certain dimers and 1,2-cyclohexanediaminoplatinum (II) compounds did not. This phenomenon appears to be due to paralysis of gastric emptying (without appetite suppression).     

Interleukin-1α synergistic in vivo enhancement of cyclophosphamide- and carboplatin-mediated antitumor activity

 Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) has potent acute antitumor activity in vivo and can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug-mediated antitumor responses. Studies were undertaken to examine the ability of IL-1α to enhance the activity of cyclophosphamide (CTX) administered in combination with carboplatin. To determine the in vivo effect of IL-1α, CTX and/or carboplatin, mice bearing 14-day RIF-1 tumors were treated on day 0 with a concurrent i.p. injection of varying doses of CTX (5–150 mg/kg), human IL-1α (125 μg/kg), and carboplatin (50 mg/kg) and examined 24 h later for the surviving fraction by the in vivo excision clonogenic-tumor-cell assay. Even at the lowest doses of CTX, IL-1α significantly enhanced the clonogenic tumor cell kill when compared to treatment with CTX alone. When carboplatin was added to the treatment schema, significantly greater clonogenic cell killing and tumor regrowth delay were observed as compared to any agent alone or a two-drug combination (CTX/IL-1α or CTX/carboplatin). Significant enhancement was observed even at low doses of CTX in combination with carboplatin and IL-1α. The interaction between the three-drug combination was found to be synergistic as determined by the median dose effect with significant dose reduction apparent for IL-1α and CTX when used in this combination. These results demonstrate that IL-1α can synergistically enhance the antitumor efficacy of CTX and the combination of CTX and carboplatin. Received: 11 September 1996 / Accepted: 20 May 1997     

紫球藻及其胞外多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

探讨紫球藻及其胞外多糖对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,用环磷酰胺(CY)建立昆明种小鼠免疫功能低下的实验模型。小鼠随机均分6组,其中2组每天分别给予紫球藻藻粉1200、600 mg/kg灌胃,2组给予紫球藻胞外多糖300、150 mg/kg灌胃,正常对照组及CY组用等容积生理盐水灌胃,连续14 d。实验结果表明紫球藻及其胞外多糖均可显著提高免疫抑制小鼠的脾指数、胸腺指数、碳廓清能力、单核细胞吞噬功能,并可对抗环磷酰胺引起的外周血白细胞数目下降,因此紫球藻藻粉及其胞外多糖对小鼠免疫功能具有一定的正向调节作用。毒性实验表明,小鼠腹腔注射300、150 mg/kg紫球藻胞外多糖溶液和分别给予紫球藻藻粉1200、600 mg/kg灌胃,小鼠未出现死亡,也未有明显毒性反应出现的一些指标变化,说明紫球藻藻粉及胞外多糖的安全性较高。     

Chemoprotective effects of recombinant human IL-1 alpha in cyclophosphamide-treated normal and tumor-bearing mice. Protection from acute toxicity, hematologic effects, development of late mortality, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy

In this study, recombinant human IL-1 alpha (rhIL-1 alpha) was used to protect normal and tumor-bearing BALB/c mice from the acute toxicity caused by lethal doses of cyclophosphamide (Cy) and 5-fluorouracil. Pretreatment of mice for 7 days with 10,000 U/day of rhIL-1 alpha protected 70 to 100% of mice from the acute death induced by lethal doses of both Cy (380 mg/kg) and 5-fluorouracil (250 mg/kg). In contrast, post-treatment of mice with single or multiple doses of rhIL-1 alpha was not chemoprotective. Pretreatment of mice with rhIL-1 alpha increased the acute LD90 of Cy from 380 mg/kg to greater than 500 mg/kg in normal mice, an LD90 dose-modifying effect of at least 1.25, was accompanied by a more rapid recovery from neutropenia and a less severe reduction in the number of bone marrow single lineage monocyte, myeloid, or myelomonocytic colonies. Some of the mice (10 to 50%) that were successfully protected by pretreatment with rhIL-1 alpha died after day 50. These mice consistently presented with extensive pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis at death. Mice bearing murine renal cancer (Renca) were also protected from the acute toxic effects of Cy (450 mg/kg) by pretreatment with rhIL-1 alpha. Renca-bearing mice pretreated with rhIL-1 alpha and either sublethal (300 mg/kg) or lethal (450 mg/kg) doses of Cy exhibited enhanced survival times over those of untreated Renca-bearing mice. Interestingly, the cause of death in Renca-bearing mice that ultimately failed treatment with rhIL-1 alpha plus 300 mg/kg Cy was recurrent tumor, whereas most mice treated with rhIL-1 alpha plus 450 mg/kg Cy had no detectable tumor, although several died from late pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, the dose escalation of Cy in rhIL-1 alpha-pretreated mice results in greater antitumor effects of Cy. However, the dose escalation of some cytotoxic agents allowed by the use of myelostimulatory agents can result in late fatal complications not detected in acute toxicity testing.     

Toxicity of anticancer agents, growth and chemosensitivity of human tumour xenografts in a segregating stock of AF nude mice.

An investigation of the usefulness of a segregating stock of nude mice [AF nude mice (AF-nu)] for screening anticancer agents was undertaken. The toxicity of anticancer agents, takes and growth rates of human tumour xenografts and chemosensitivities of xenografts in AF-nu were studied and compared with those in BALB/cA nude mice (BALB/cA-nu). The results showed differences in the pattern of mortalities of AF-nu and BALB/cA-nu administered a range of anticancer agents. Body weight changes in the two nude mouse strains differed in the case of 5-fluorouracil, but not for nimustine, adriamycin and vincristine. All tumours transplanted in AF-nu grew as in BALB/cA-nu. Growth rates of 2 xenografts (gastric cancer and glioblastoma) were not significantly different between the 2 nude mouse strains, but those of 2 lung tumour xenografts were significantly greater in AF-nu than those in BALB/cA-nu. There were no significant differences in chemosensitivities of human tumours in AF-nu and BALB/cA-nu (consistency rate as evaluated by our criteria was 88%). From these results, it is suggested that AF-nu are more suitable for anticancer agent screening and experimental chemotherapy of human tumour xenografts than BALB/cA-nu because of lower costs and high reproductive rate. Although they are genetically heterogeneous, sets of experimental animals sharing the same gene pool can be produced routinely.     

建立小鼠淋巴瘤模型所需环磷酰胺最佳预处理剂量探索

目的:探讨不同剂量环磷酰胺对小鼠肿瘤成模情况的影响,寻找一种简单、有效的建立肿瘤模型的预处理方法。方法:给予BALB/c裸鼠腹腔注射不同剂量环磷酰胺,72小时后再给予小鼠皮下接种淋巴瘤细胞,观察预处理前后小鼠外周血白细胞数量及体重变化情况,以及肿瘤成模率、急性死亡率等。结果:①组1(NS对照组)、组2(100mg/kg×1d)、组3(125mg/kg×1d)、组4(75mg/kg×2d)预处理后体重较处理前无显著性变化,亦无急性死亡情况发生;而组5(125mg/kg×2d)、组6(200mg/kg×2d)、组7(125mg/kg×3d)、组8(250mg/kg×3d)小鼠体重较预处理前明显减轻,且急性死亡率依次为30%、58.3%、50%、75%;②组1和组2小鼠预处理后72小时外周血白细胞数较处理前无明显差异,同时均未成模;而组3、组4、组5、组6、组7、组8小鼠白细胞较预处理前均显著下降,成模率依次为20%、83.3%、60%、33.3%、50%、25%。结论:使用环磷酰胺75mg/kg连续2天腹腔注射的预处理方案,操作简单,成本低廉,通过观察外周血白细胞数和小鼠体重水平等指标即可初步判断建模情况,同时肿瘤成模率高,毒副作用小,是理想的预处理方案。     

Preproghrelin-derived peptide, obestatin, fails to influence food intake in lean or obese rodents

Objectives: Obestatin has been initially characterized as a new peptide derived from the ghrelin precursor, which suppresses food intake and inhibits the orexigenic and prokinetic actions of ghrelin when injected peripherally or centrally in lean mice. However, reproducing these data remains controversial. Reasons for the disparity may be the use of different doses, routes, and animal models. We aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral and intracisternal (IC) injection of obestatin on feeding, gastric motility, and blood glucose in rats as well as in diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice. Research Methods and Procedures: Food intake and gastric emptying of a semi‐liquid caloric meal were measured after intraperitoneal (IP) injection of obestatin in rats and DIO mice. Gastric phasic motility and blood glucose were monitored in urethane‐anesthetized rats after IC or intravenous (IV) injection of obestatin. Results: Obestatin injected intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 0.1 to 3 mg/kg influenced neither acute food intake nor gastric emptying in rats. Obestatin injected intravenously at 0.3 or 3 mg/kg and IC at 7.5 or 30 µg/rat modified neither fasted gastric phasic motility nor blood glucose levels, while ghrelin (30 µg/kg, IV) increased and vagotomy suppressed gastric motility, and an oligosomatostatin analog (3 µg/rat, IC) decreased blood glucose. Obestatin, injected intraperitoneally (0.3 mg/kg) in DIO mice, did not alter feeding response to a fast, while urocortin 1 (10 µg/kg, IP) induced a 73.3% inhibition at 2 hours. Discussion: Our data demonstrate that peripheral administration of obestatin did not modify food intake in rats or obese mice or gastric motor function in rats.     

不同剂量阿霉素致大鼠局灶节段硬化肾病模型的建立比较

目的探讨不同剂量阿霉素对大鼠局灶节段硬化肾病模型的影响。方法左侧肾切除加尾静脉注射不同剂量阿霉素致大鼠肾脏局灶节段性硬化,观察不同剂量阿霉素对模型大鼠成活率、24 h尿蛋白定量、血清肌酐、尿素氮、肾脏病理的影响。结果不同阿霉素注射剂量组大鼠4周、8周成活率随着注射剂量的升高呈逐渐下降趋势,且4周、8周时阿霉素注射剂量4.5～6 mg/kg组模型大鼠成活率均低于50%;8周时成活率与注射剂量呈高度显著性负相关（r=0.9045,P〈0.01）。各阿霉素注射剂量组于1周出现尿蛋白明显升高（P〈0.01）、2周出现血清肌酐明显升高（P〈0.01）、4周出现血清尿素氮明显升高（P〈0.01）,并均呈进行性增高,2周时除3 mg/kg组外,其余各组血清尿素氮较正常组高（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;8周时各注射剂量组大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量、血清肌酐、血清尿素氮与阿霉素注射剂量呈高度显著性正相关（r=0.942 9,P〈0.01;r=0.938 4,P〈0.01;r=0.956 8,P〈0.01）。各组大鼠肾脏病理均提示肾小球出现局灶节段硬化表现,且硬化程度随注射剂量的增加而呈加重趋势。结论阿霉素尾静脉注射剂量3 mg/kg模型组大鼠死亡率低,同时大鼠肾脏病理又能表现出符合人类肾小球局灶节段硬化的改变,是较为理想的造模剂量。     

Enhanced radiosensitivity for the induction of translocations in mouse stem cell spermatogonia following treatment with cyclophosphamide or adriamycin

The effects of pretreatment of mouse spermatogonial stem cells with cyclophosphamide (100 and 200 mg/kg) and adriamycin (2.5, 5 and 7 mg/kg) on the induction of chromosomal translocations by high doses (800 or 900 rad) of X-rays applied 24 h later, were studied by spermatocyte analysis. The results indicate that both compounds were able to alter the chromosomal radiosensitivity of surviving stem cells. It is concluded that depletion of differentiating and differentiated spermatogonia is sufficient for triggering stem cells into a more radiosensitive phase.     

Cure of mice bearing a late-stage,highly metastatic,drug-resistant tumor by adoptive chemoimmunotherapy

We show here that in contrast to BALB/c mice bearing a late-stage, large MOPC-315 plasmacytoma, BALB/c mice bearing a late-stage, large RPC-5 plasmacytoma were not cured by cyclophosphamide therapy (15, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg). However, most BALB/c mice bearing a late-stage RPC-5 tumor were cured by cyclophosphamide therapy (100 mg/kg) in conjunction with adoptive immunotherapy using tumor-infiltrated spleen cells (TISpC) that had been cultured with inactivated RPC-5 tumor cells plus polyethylene glycol 6000, even though this protocol was not effective for the therapy of mice bearing a barely palpable, early-stage RPC-5 tumor. Only a few of the mice that were cured of a late-stage RPC-5 tumor following adoptive chemoimmunotherapy (ACIT) were resistant to a subsequent challenge with RPC-5 tumor cells. However, the challenged mice that had developed progressively growing tumors could then be cured by cyclophosphamide alone when the tumor became large, even though this treatment was not curative for mice bearing a tumor of similar size but not previously treated by ACIT. Thus, the cure by ACIT of BALB/c mice bearing a lethal, late-stage RPC-5 tumor with extensive metastases provides a novel experimental tumor model for investigating the mechanisms by which a chemotherapeutic drug and adoptive cellular immunotherapy can cooperate in causing the complete regression of a large tumor load.Supported by research grant CA-30088 from the National Cancer Institute and IM-435 from the American Cancer Society. M. B. M. was supported by Career Development Award CA-01350 from the National Cancer InstituteThis work is a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree     

低硒小鼠模型的建立及低硒对心肌的影响

目的建立低硒实验动物模型,观察低硒对心肌的影响。方法利用黑龙江地产酵母配制低硒小鼠饲料,使用配制的小鼠饲料喂养BALB/c幼鼠,经过4个月的喂养,测定血清、肝脏、心肌细胞的硒含量,观察心肌超微结构的变化,测定血清心肌酶的变化。结果利用黑龙江地产酵母配制的低硒饲料,硒含量为0.016 mg/kg,符合低硒标准。BALB/c鼠用该饲料喂养4个月,心肌、肝脏、血清硒含量分别为0.187 mg/kg、0.219 mg/kg、0.241mg/kg,符合低硒诊断标准。观察低硒鼠心肌超微结构,可见心肌细胞线粒体肿胀,细胞核出现了异型性,血清心肌酶较常硒鼠升高。结论利用黑龙江地产酵母成功配制了低硒饲料。经过低硒饲料饲养可建立低硒鼠模型。低硒可以引起BALB/c鼠心肌细胞损伤。     

Potentiating effects of caffeine on teratogenicity of alkylating agents in mice

Teratogenic to subteratogenic doses of x-ray, mitomycin C, MNNG, thio-TEPA, cyclophosphamide, and chlorambucil were administered to pregnant ICR mice together with caffeine at doses of 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg on day 11 of gestation. Fetuses were examined for gross malformations on day 18 of gestation. The teratogenicity of mitomycin C was significantly potentiated by caffeine at a dose as low as 12.5 mg/kg. The teratogenicity of chlorambucil was also significantly potentiated by caffeine at 50 mg/kg, but similar potentiation was not observed for x-ray, MNNG, thio-TEPA, and cyclophosphamide.     

Comparative study of the cardiotoxicity of the anthracycline antibiotics, carminomycin and adriamycin, in white mice]

The cardiotoxic effect of karminomycin and adriamycin administered intravenously for 5 times in equitoxic doses constituting equal portions of LD50 of the respective antibiotic on its single intravenous administration was studied on albino mice. Histological examination of the heart showed that almost identical damages of the myocardium occured after administration of karminomycin and adriamycin in doses of 0.45 of LD50 (1.5 mg/kg) and 0.3 of LD50 (6.3 mg/kg) respectively. The character of the damages due to the antibiotics was close, the most significant changes were observed when the animals were sacrificed 1 month after the last administration of the drug. The histological method is of value in estimation of the cardiotoxic effect of the drugs, using mice as the model suitable for the investigation. Adriamycin had more pronounced cumulative properties as compared to karminomycin: suppression of the weight gain in the mice and their death rate were higher with the use of adriamycin.