Polysaccharide composition of the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni)

An ethanol-insoluble, high molecular weight fraction was collected from the juice of Morinda citrifolia fruit grown in Viet Nam. The fraction is composed primarily of carbohydrate (67% (w/w)). The polysaccharide fraction consists predominantly of GalAp (53.6mol%), Araf (13.6mol%), Galp (17.9mol%) and Rhap (9.5mol%). Glycosyl linkage analysis suggests the polysaccharide fraction contains mostly the pectic polysaccharides, homogalacturonan (4-GalAp), rhamnogalacturonan I (4-GalAp, 2-Rhap, 2,4-Rhap), arabinan (5-Araf, 3,5-Araf, t-Araf), type I arabinogalactan (4-Galp, 3,4-Galp, t-Araf) and beta-glucosyl Yariv-binding type II arabinogalactan (3,6-Galp, t-Araf). Low levels of xyloglucan (4-Glcp, 4,6-Glcp, t-Xylp, t-Fucp), heteroxylan (4-Xylp) and heteromannan (4-Manp) are also present.     

海巴戟(Morinda citrifolia L.)组织培养研究

以海巴戟（Morinda citrifolia L．）种子为试材,在不剥除种皮的情况下,在MS无激素培养基上播种1年内未见发芽,在剥除种皮的情况下,在MS无激素培养基上发芽率最高,50d内可达75％。海巴戟子叶和下胚轴均能单独由细胞分裂素BA0．7～2．0mg／L诱导不定芽发生,不定芽可直接从外植体发生,也可从愈伤组织发生,添加生长素NAA0．05～0．1mg／L则完全抑制不定芽发生,同时强烈促进愈伤组织生长和不定根发生。带芽茎段在BA1．5mg／L配合低浓度生长素时均能通过腋芽萌发和不定芽发生而增殖。芽梢在NAA0．1mg／L、IBA0．1mg／L或IAA0．1mg／L均有根群发生,但NAA0．1mg／L诱导生根时切口愈伤组织较多,部分不定根由愈伤组织发生。而IAA0．1mg／L诱导生根时根群欠发达,以IBA0．1mg／L最佳。     

库克诺你果汁提取物体外清除自由基及抗氧化活性研究

本文对诺你果汁多糖、乙醇溶出物和乙酸乙酯萃取物体外对超氧阴离子(O2·)、羟自由基(·OH)、DPPH和脂质过氧化(LPO)的抑制作用进行了研究。超氧阴离子(O2·)由邻苯三酚自氧化产生;羟自由基(·OH)由Fenton反应产生;利用Fe2 诱发卵黄脂蛋白产生丙二醛(MDA),TBA法测定。所有测定均为分光光度法。结果表明,与已知抗氧化剂L抗坏血酸相比,乙醇溶出物和乙酸乙酯萃取物均有明显的捕捉自由基和抗氧化能力,而多糖捕捉自由基和抗氧化能力很低,且对O2·没有抑制作用,反而会增加其生成速度。     

库克Noni果汁多糖含量及分子量测定

建立测定库克Noni果汁中多糖含量及分子量的方法。通过醇沉法分离Noni果汁多糖,进一步分离纯化得到均一多糖组分;用精制Noni果汁多糖测得该多糖对葡萄糖的换算因子,对多糖含量进行定量测定;并通过SE-HPLC(Size Exclusion-High Performance Liquid Chromatography)法测定了该多糖的相对分子量。结果表明,多糖含量测定方法简便可行,供试液在4 h内显色稳定,重现性较好,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为1.93%(n=3);测得该多糖的相对分子量为1140 KDa。     

两株西沙群岛野生诺尼种子内生酵母CICC32991与CICC32993的多相分类鉴定

目的 通过多相鉴定方法对分离自我国西沙群岛野生诺尼种子内的两株酵母(CICC32991,CICC32993)进行准确鉴定.方法 包括形态学观察试验、生理生化特征试验、以及核糖体DNA序列系统发育学分析等技术.结果 形态学和生理生化试验结果显示CICC32991为Eremothecium sp.,CICC32993为Kodamaea ohmeri;系统发育分析显示CICC32991为Eremothecium coryli,CICC32993为Kodamaea ohmeri.结论 综合各试验结果表明菌株CICC32991为Eremothecium coryli;CICC32993为奥默柯达菌(Kodamaea ohmeri).     

Melanogenesis‐Inhibitory Saccharide Fatty Acid Esters and Other Constituents of the Fruits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni)

Five new saccharide fatty acid esters, named nonioside P ( 3 ), nonioside Q ( 4 ), nonioside R ( 8 ), nonioside S ( 10 ), and nonioside T ( 14 ), and one new succinic acid ester, butyl 2‐hydroxysuccinate (=4‐butoxy‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐oxobutanoic acid) ( 31 ), were isolated, along with 26 known compounds, including eight saccharide fatty acid esters, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 , and 13 , three hemiterpene glycosides, 15, 17 , and 18 , six iridoid glycosides, 21 – 25 , and 27 , and nine other compounds, 20, 28, 29 , and 32 – 37 , from a MeOH extract of the fruit of Morinda citrifolia (noni). Upon evaluation of these and five other glycosidic compounds, 11, 16, 19, 26 , and 30 , from M. citrifolia fruit extract for their inhibitory activities against melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells induced with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), most of the saccharide fatty acid esters, hemiterpene glycosides, and iridoid glycosides showed inhibitory effects with no or almost no toxicity to the cells. These compounds were further evaluated with respect to their cytotoxic activities against two human cancer cell lines (HL‐60 and AZ521) and their inhibitory effects on Epstein? Barr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) activation induced with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells.     

Phytochemical composition and in vitro biological activities of Morinda citrifolia fruit juice

Morinda citrifolia is a plant with broad nutraceutical and therapeutic effects and used in the traditional treatment of several ailments. The objective of this work is to investigate the phytochemistry of the fruit juice of M. citrifolia on one hand and on other hand to evaluate its antiradical and antibacterial activity. The phytochemical investigation was carried out by tube staining tests of the extract of two types of fruit juice of M. citrifolia. The antioxidant activity of these juices was evaluated by reducing the DPPH radical method. Concerning the antibacterial activity, it was tested on the in vitro growth of 10 reference bacterial strains using the well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemistry of M. citrifolia fruit juices revealed the presence of large groups of secondary metabolites including polyphenols, reducing compounds, mucilage and terpernoids. The antioxidant activity of M. citrifolia fruit juices is dose-dependent and higher than that of ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial activity on other hand revealed that fruit juices inhibit growth inhibitory activity of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, S. epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus oralis, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. This observed difference is significant for each juices on the strains (p < 0.001). These results support the use of M. citrifolia in traditional medicine and are the starting points for the development of a new drug to combat both dietary conditions and chronic conditions associated with oxidative stress.     

Morinda citrifolia mitigates rotenone-induced striatal neuronal loss in male Sprague-Dawley rats by preventing mitochondrial pathway of intrinsic apoptosis

Objectives: Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the motor system, as a result of death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The present scenario of research in PD is directed to identify novel molecules that can be administered individually or co-administered with L-Dopa to prevent the L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia (LID) like states that arise during chronic L-Dopa administration. Hence, in this study, we investigated whether Morinda citrifolia has therapeutic effects in rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) with special reference to mitochondrial dysfunction mediated intrinsic apoptosis.

Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were stereotaxically infused with rotenone (3?µg in both SNPc and VTA) and co-treated with the ethyl acetate extract of Morinda citrifolia and levodopa.

Results: The results revealed that rotenone-induced cell death was reduced by MCE treatment as measured by decline in the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins. Moreover, MCE treatment significantly augmented the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and blocks the release of cytochrome c, thereby alleviating the rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, as evidenced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining in the striatum.

Discussion: Taken together, the results suggest that Morinda citrifolia may be beneficial for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like PD.     

Effects of peripheral CCK receptor blockade on gastric emptying in rats

Type A CCK receptor (CCKAR) antagonists differing in blood-brain barrier permeability [devazepide penetrates; the dicyclohexylammonium salt of Nalpha-3-quinolinoyl-d-Glu-N,N-dipentylamide (A-70104) does not] were used to test the hypothesis that duodenal nutrient-induced inhibition of gastric emptying is mediated by CCKARs located peripheral to the blood-brain barrier. Rats received A-70104 (700 or 3,000 nmol. kg(-1). h(-1) iv) or devazepide (2.5 micromol/kg iv) and either a 15-min intravenous infusion of CCK-8 (3 nmol. kg(-1). h(-1)) or duodenal infusion of casein, peptone, Intralipid, or maltose. Gastric emptying of saline was measured during the last 5 min of each infusion. A-70104 and devazepide abolished the gastric emptying response to a maximal inhibitory dose of CCK-8. Each of the macronutrients inhibited gastric emptying. A-70104 and devazepide attenuated inhibitory responses to each macronutrient. Intravenous injection of a CCK antibody to immunoneutralize circulating CCK had no effect on peptone or Intralipid-induced responses. Thus endogenous CCK appears to act in part by a paracrine or neurocrine mechanism at CCKARs peripheral to the blood-brain barrier to inhibit gastric emptying.     

Anthraquinones in cell suspension cultures of Morinda citrifolia

From cell suspension cultures of Morinda citrifolia five known anthraquinones, rubiadin, lucidin, morindone, lucidin-3-β-primeveroside and morindone-6-β-primeveroside, and seven new anthraquinones were isolated. Six of the seven new quinones were characterized as 2-methyl-3,5,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone, 3-hydroxymorindone, 5,6-dihydroxylucidin, 2-methyl-3,5,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone-6-β-primeveroside, 3-hydroxymorindone-6-β-primeveroside and 5,6-dihydroxylucidin-3-β-primeveroside, respectively.     

Accumulation of anthraquinones in Morinda citrifolia cell suspensions

Cell suspensions of Morinda citrifolia were cultivated in a B5-medium containing 4% sucrose as the sole carbon source and 1 mg l^-1 naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) or 1 mg l^-1 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Both auxins were able to support growth but only in the presence of NAA anthraquinone production was observed. 2,4-D inhibited the production in NAA cultures. Anthraquinone synthesis took place in the growth and the stationary phase and amounts of 0.2–0.4 mmol (about 100–200 mg) g^-1 dry weight could be reached.Under both growth conditions sucrose was hydrolyzed extracellularly by invertase. From the resulting monosaccharides, glucose was taken up preferentially and an appreciable uptake of fructose only took place when medium glucose was exhausted. Sugar uptake rates were similar when cells were grown in NAA and in 2,4-D medium but the intracellular sugar contents (expressed on a dry weight basis) differed considerably. The presence of sucrose, glucose and fructose was demonstrated under both growth conditions. The amounts of sucrose and glucose were much lower in the 2,4-D cells than in the NAA-cells especially during the growth phase. Fructose contents were low and comparable, while in NAA cells an unknown sugar (possibly the sugar moiety of the glycosylated anthraquinones) was observed especially at the end of the growth phase and in the stationary phase. The differences in sugar concentrations were even larger due to the lower water contents of the NAA cells.Respiration of 2,4-D cells was much higher than that of NAA cells during the growth phase. A sharp increase in sugar contents (mainly sucrose) occurred in the 2,4-D cells at the end of the growth phase and corresponded with the fall in respiratory activity.A possible correlation between the lack of production of anthraquinones in 2,4-D cells and a less efficient growth metabolism in these cells is discussed.Abbreviations AQ anthraquinones - 2,4-D 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acid - DW dry weight - FW fresh weight - NAA naphthyl acetic acid - pCPO p-chloro-phenoxy-acetic acid     

Fluid shear effects on suspension cultures of Morinda citrifolia

The shear susceptibility of cell suspension cultures of the plant cell Morinda citrifolia was investigated by subjecting the cells to the well-defined shear field generated in turbulent flow through a capillary. Suspensions were circulated using a peristaltic pump and average shear stresses between 25 and 350 N m(-2) were generated in the capillary test section. Control experiments were performed to assess the possible contribution of the peristaltic pump to the observed cell damage. There was clear evidence of pump-induced damage at the more severe test conditions and all viability measurements were corrected accordingly. Both shake flask suspension cultures (aged between 9 and 15 days) and repeated batch fermentation cultures, grown in a stirred tank reactor (STR) under a variety of controlled agitation conditions, were tested in the capillary shear loop. The cell damage incurred was evaluated in terms of suspension viability, as determined by a dye exclusion technique. Viability loss was found to conform closely to a first-order model in which the rate constant was observed to increase with the imposed shear stress. Furthermore, a linear relationship was identified between the specific death constant and the cumulative energy dissipated. Post-shear morphological measurements showed that the chain length distribution is shifted toward markedly lower values. In comparison with shake flask cultures, repeated batch fermentation cultures exhibited a marked increase in sensitivity to capillary shear. Based upon the determined morphological characteristics, this result is primarily attributable to the increased chain lengths characteristic of the repeated batch cultures. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Evaluation of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice antiproliferative activity using the Helianthus tuberosus classical in vitro growth model system

Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) is a tropical plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for numerous purposes and, nowadays, is largely commercialised on the worldwide market as a dietary supplement. Long-term in vitro cultures of Helianthus tuberosus dormant parenchyma explants constitute a classical growth model that can be used to evaluate the proliferative or antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic effects of different mixtures of chemicals present in food or with putative pharmacological applications. Explants of dormant tubers were cultured in vitro with 2%, 10% and 20% (v/v) of noni fruit juice. After four weeks of culture, explant cell growth was reduced 40.5%, 72.5% and 73.9%, respectively, by 2%, 10% and 20% (v/v) of noni juice in comparison to untreated controls. Our results demonstrated that noni fruit juice possesses strong antiproliferative capacity, low cytotoxicity and moderate antioxidant activity.     

糖尿病大鼠弓状核-海马肥胖抑素通路构成及对胃运动和胃排空的影响

目的: 探究糖尿病大鼠弓状核(ARC)-海马肥胖抑素(obestatin)神经通路构成,以及该通路对大鼠胃运动、胃排空的影响。方法: 健康雄性Wistar大鼠采用果糖溶液诱导胰岛素抵抗加腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法制备糖尿病模型,造模之后,随机分为5组:对照组(NS组)、0.1、1和10 pmol obestatin组、obestatin+NBI27914组,每组7只;各组通过置管分别向海马内注射0.5 μl 生理盐水(NS)、obestatin(0.1 pmol、1 pmol、10 pmol)和混合液(10 pmol obestatin + 60 pmol NBI27914),给药后立即记录大鼠胃运动,15 min后进行胃排空研究;通过荧光金(FG)逆行追踪及免疫组化方法比较正常及糖尿病大鼠ARC-海马obestatin神经通路构及ARC obestatin mRNA表达的异同。结果: 与正常大鼠相比,糖尿病大鼠ARC FG/obestatin双标神经元数目显著减少(P＜0.05),ARC obestatin mRNA表达量显著下降(P＜0.05);obestatin各组可剂量依赖性的抑制大鼠胃运动及胃排空(P＜0.05~0.01),obestatin的这些效应可被促肾上腺皮质激素受体1(CRFR1)阻断剂NBI27914部分阻断(P＜0.05);obestatin对糖尿病大鼠胃运动和胃排空的抑制效应显著减弱(P＜0.05)。结论: ARC-海马之间存在obestatin神经和功能通路,参与糖尿病大鼠胃运动及胃排空调控,且CRFR1信号通路参与该过程。该通路功能的减弱可能参与了糖尿病早期胃动力紊乱的发病。     

诺丽籽乙醚冷浸提取物的GC—MS分析

为分析诺丽(Noni)籽乙醚冷浸提取物中的成分,采用乙醚冷浸提取法提取诺丽籽中的成分,应用气相色谱-质谱联用法对化学成分进行鉴定,用峰面积归一化法测定各个化合物在乙醚冷浸提取物中的相对百分含量.鉴定出45个峰中的35个化合物,占提取物总含量的96.52%.主要化合物为酸和酯类化合物,其中酸类化合物占42.89%;酯类化合物占45.92%;苯衍生物占2.69%,另外,还含有少量的烷烃占0.56%等.     

Pressurized hot water extraction of anthraquinones from the roots of Morinda citrifolia

This study examines pressurized hot water extraction of anthraquinones from dried roots of Morinda citrifolia (Noni). The effects of various operating conditions such as water temperature (110, 170, and 220 degrees C), and water flow rate (2, 4, and 6 mL min(-1)) on extraction yield and extraction rate were determined. At 220 degrees C, the extraction yield was the highest and was approximately 43.6 mg g(-1). Subcritical water extraction at 4 mL min(-1) or higher was found to be able to recover all the antraquinones present in the roots within 3 h of extraction, even at 170 degrees C. Pressure had no significant effect on the results for the range of temperatures studied. The flow rate of 6 mL min(-1) resulted in the highest extraction rate, but the extraction efficiency, as measured by the amount of anthraquinones extracted per unit volume of water was lower than that of 4 mL min(-1). Anthraquinones solubility in pressurized hot water was determined. The results indicate a presence of a mass transfer limitation in the extraction process from solid matrix.     

Role of gastric emptying on ethanol poisoning in rats

Intraperitoneal glucose was demonstrated to significantly inhibit the absorption of ethanol ( 2 g/kg) administered orally to rats. The effect was due to slowed emptying of the stomach, verified by analysis of the stomach contents and of blood enthanol levels. The observation agrees with previous findings, according to which the rate of stomach emptying is inversely related to the blood glucose level. However, when glucose was given intravenously 15 minutes after oral administration of a lethal dose of ethanol (12.5 g/kg) no significant inhibition of ethanol absorption could be observed. Intravenous propantheline, pyrithioxine and methylene blue were also unable to prolong the survival time or to influence the lethal blood ethanol concentration (about 170 mmol/l) of the enthanol-poisoned rats.     

Regulation of anthraquinone biosynthesis in cell cultures of Morinda citrifolia

Cell cultures of Morinda citrifolia L. are capable of accumulating substantial amounts of anthraquinones. Chorismate formed by the shikimate pathway is an important precursor of these secondary metabolites. Isochorismate synthase (EC 5.4.99.6), the enzyme that channels chorismate into the direction of the anthraquinones, is involved in the regulation of anthraquinone biosynthesis. Other enzymes of the shikimate pathway such as deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) and chorismate mutase (EC 5.4.99.5) do not play a regulatory role in the process. The accumulation of anthraquinones is correlated with isochorismate synthase activity under a variety of conditions, which indicates that under most circumstances the concentration of the branchpoint metabolite chorismate is not a rate-limiting factor. Anthraquinone biosynthesis in Morinda is strongly inhibited by 2,4-D, but much less by NAA. Both auxins inhibit the activity of isochorismate synthase proportionally to the concomitant reduction in the amount of anthraquinone accumulated. However, the correlation between enzyme activity and rate of biosynthesis is less clear when the activity of the enzyme is very high. In this case, a limiting concentration of precursor may determine the extent of anthraquinone accumulation. Partial inhibition of chorismate biosynthesis by glyphosate leads to less anthraquinone accumulation, but also to a reduction in ICS activity. The complexity of the interference of glyphosate with anthraquinone biosynthesis is illustrated by the effect of the inhibitor in cell cultures of the related species Rubia tinctorum L. in these cells, glyphosate leads to an increase in anthraquinone content and a concomitant rise in ICS activity. All data indicate that the main point of regulation in anthraquinone biosynthesis is located at the entrance of the specific secondary route.