碱基编辑技术的发展与应用

碱基编辑技术,以CRISPR/Cas系统为平台,引导胞嘧啶脱氨酶或腺嘌呤脱氨酶至特定的基因组靶点,产生靶向性的C至T或者A至G的碱基转换。自碱基编辑技术问世以来,全球多个科研团队通过优化改进得到了一系列高精准性、广靶向性、小编辑框、普适性的碱基编辑器。在应用方面,碱基编辑器能够在人体细胞、动植物细胞以及胚胎中进行高效的碱基转换,在治疗人类遗传病、构建动物疾病模型、植物育种等方面具有巨大的应用潜能。本文就碱基编辑技术的发展、优化和应用等方面进行综述和展望。     

Potential of adenovirus as a vector for sustained gene expression

Inder Verma received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, in 1971, and was a postdoctoral fellow (with David Baltimore) in the Department of Biology, Massachussetts Institute of Technology. He is currently American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology, Chair of the Laboratory of Genetics at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego. Inder Verma is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). He is a member of the editorial boards of The Journal of Gene Medicine, Journal of Virology and Gene, and serves on several other scientific advisory boards. His major fields of interest are molecular analysis of oncoproteins, and suppressor genes, gene therapy involving retroviral, adenoviral, AAV vectors, and generation of novel lentiviral vectors. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
The Rabbit . By HARRY V. THOMPSON and ALASTAIR N. WORDEN.
The Distribution and Abundance of Animals . By H. F. ANDREWARTHA and L. C. BIRCH.
Biology of the Laboratory Mouse . Edited by GEORGE D. SNELL.
Features of Evolution in the Flowering Plants . By RONALD GOOD.
Tobacco Diseases with Special Reference to Africa . By J. C. F. HOPKINS.
Bibliographie der Pflanzenschutz-Literatur 1950. Edited by J. BÄRNER.
Principles of Fungicidal Action . By JAMES G. HORSFALL.
Progress in Nuclear Energy . Series VI. Biological Sciences . Vol. 1. Edited by J. C. BUGHER, J. COURSAGET and J. F. LOUTIT.
Bacterial Diseases of Plants . By C. STAPP.
The Biology of the Heteroptera . By N. C. E. MILLER.
Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth . Edited by W. L. THOMAS.     

计算生物学分析在基因组编辑研究中的应用

基因组编辑是对基因组遗传信息进行定向改造的技术,其中CRISPR/Cas系统是目前应用最广泛的基因组编辑新技术。将先进的高通量测序以及相关计算生物分析应用于基因编辑研究,可进一步优化基因编辑效率和精度等检测流程,实现对全基因组功能基因筛选的监测。同时,利用基于生物信息及机器学习和深度学习等新方法,可对向导RNA(gRNA)的高效设计和实现对编辑效果的预测。本文将对计算生物学分析在CRISPR/Cas基因编辑系统的应用及研究进展等进行概述。     

CRISPR/Cas9与心血管疾病

CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9(CRISPR-associated proteins)作为一种新型基因组编辑技术,为解释疾病的发生机制和治疗疾病提供了新方法。来自Ⅱ型原核CRISPR系统的CRISPR/Cas9能够通过单链向导RNA(single guide RNA, sgRNA)将Cas9核酸酶靶定到特定的基因组序列发挥作用。已经被成功用来进行基因编辑构建疾病模型,以进行相关领域的功能研究和疾病的治疗。CRISPR/Cas9技术正在迅速的应用于生物医学研究的各个领域,包括心血管领域,它促进了人们对电生理、心肌病、心律失常以及其他心血管疾病的更多了解,已经创建了靶向很多基因的细胞和动物模型,为新一类疗法打开了大门。本综述介绍了CRISPR/Cas9的作用原理、优点和局限性,以及在心血管疾病中的应用进展。     

转录因子ZnF-706在鳞翅目昆虫中的进化格局及在家蚕中的功能

【目的】探讨家蚕Bombyx mori的潜在驯化基因——转录因子ZnF-706在鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)昆虫进化过程及家蚕驯化过程中的分子进化格局;并基于CRISPR/Cas9家蚕基因组编辑平台,探讨ZnF-706基因在家蚕中的功能。【方法】首先分析了家蚕ZnF-706序列特征,并利用已发表芯片数据调研该基因在家蚕幼虫组织中的表达格局;利用Phylogenetic Analysis byMaximum Likelihood (PAML)分支检验方法,分析该基因在鳞翅目不同类群中的分子进化格局。基于已发表的家蚕-野桑蚕Bombyx mandarina群体基因组多态性数据,对ZnF-706进行基因区域人工选择信号分析;对ZnF-706基因上游2 kb的调控区域进行单核苷酸多态性位点频率检测,发掘在家蚕群体中固定下来的突变位点;针对突变位点所在区域进行转录因子结合活性预测。利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术敲除ZnF-706基因,获得纯和突变体;以野生型家蚕为对照,检测突变体的茧重及蛹重变化。【结果】家蚕ZnF-706的编码蛋白具有典型的锌指蛋白结构域。ZnF-706在家蚕5龄第3天幼虫各组织中广泛表达,尤其表皮、脂肪体和生殖腺中有很高的表达量;该基因在鳞翅目、蚕蛾总科(Bombycoidea)及天蚕Antherea yamamai 3个分支中均呈现快速进化信号,在家蚕中有强烈的人工选择信号。该基因所在基因组区域的家蚕-野桑蚕种群分歧度参数Fst明显升高,家蚕群体中的群体多样性π明显降低,表明它位于一个选择扫荡区域内;该基因在家蚕-野桑蚕中的9个SNP位点存在于上游调控区,并位于转录因子结合活性区域内。该基因的纯合家蚕突变体ΔZn F-706生存力减弱,并且茧重以及蛹重与野生型家蚕相比都显著降低。但与黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster中不同的是,家蚕中该基因的突变并不致死。【结论】ZnF-706可能在鳞翅目尤其是泌丝昆虫中进化,并在家蚕驯化过程中受到选择压力,提示其对于特征性状茧丝的变异可能发挥作用。该基因可能通过对丝蛋白基因的直接调控,或通过影响家蚕的生长发育而间接地影响茧丝性状。本研究不仅为探究家养动物人工选择机制提供了来自昆虫类材料的独有证据,也为后续深入开展家蚕重要经济性状的转录调控研究提供线索。     

Reviews

Principles of General Physiology. Vol. 11: General Physiology. By L. E. B ayliss
Hackfruchtkrankheiten und Nematodenforschung. Editor H. G offart.
Advances in Applied Microbiology. Vol. 1. Editor W. W. U mbreit
Advances in Applied Microbiology. Vol. 11. Editor W. W. U mbreit
Der Vielfrass (Gulo gulo L. 1758). Zur Kenntnis seiner Naturgeschichte und seiner Bedeutung für den Menschen. By P. K rott
Control of Rats in Sewers. By E. W. B entley
Introduction to Probability and Statistics. By H. L. A lder and E. B. R oessler
Methods of Testing Chemicals on Insects. Vol. 11. Edited by H. H. S hepard
The Biology of Marine Animals. By J. A. C olin N icol
The Effects of Pollution on Living Material. Edited by W. B. Y app
Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. By C. L. P orter
Bananas. By N. W. S immonds
Atlas of Bacterial Flagellation. By E inar L eifson
Diagnostik der Bakterien und Actinomyceten. By N. A. K rassilnikov , M oscow , translated into German by R. W. W ittwer and R. D ickscheit
A Review of the Biological Control of Insects and Weeds in Australia and Australian New Guinea. By F rank W ilson
The Ecology of Soil Fungi. Edited by D. P arkinson and J. S. W aid . (An International Symposium)
Introduction to Plant Geography and Some Related Sciences. By N icholas P olunin     

衰老与血管钙化

血管钙化是指体内钙磷在血管壁的异常沉积,是一个主动的、高度可调节的、类似于骨形成的生物学过程。血管钙化是引起心血管疾病发病率、病死率升高的重要原因,也是危害中老年人身体健康的广泛存在的病理现象。近年研究表明,衰老与血管钙化存在密切关系,衰老可以通过诱导血管平滑肌细胞成骨样转化、内皮细胞释放囊泡、细胞外基质重塑、DNA损伤、炎症反应、磷代谢失衡以及抗衰老因子如Klotho和Sirtuin 1的表达减少而促进血管钙化。     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Excursion Flora of the British Isles , 2nd edn. By A. R. C lapham , T. G. T utin and E. F. W arburg .
Critical Supplement to the Atlas of the British Flora . Ed. by F. H. P erring assisted by P. D. S ell .
Drawings of British Plants . Part XXIV. Labiatae . By S tella R oss -C raig .
Britain's Green Mantle , 2nd edn. By the late A. G. T ansley . Revised by M. C. F. P roctor .
The Flora of Berkshire . By H. J. M. B owen .
Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands . By P. H. D avis , assisted by J. C ullen and M. J. E. C oode .
Plants and Man on the Seychelles Coast . By J. D. S auer .
Key to the Families of Flowering Plants of the World . Revised and enlarged by J. H utchinson .
The Diversity of Green Flants . By P. R. B ell and C. L. F. W oodcock .
IBP Handbook No . 5: Handbook to the Conservation Section of the International Biological Programme . By E. M. N icholson .
Plants, Man and Life , 2nd edn. By E dgar A nderson .
Production and Mineral Cycling in Terrestrial Vegetation . By L. E. R odin and N. I. B azilevich . Translation by Scripta Technica Ltd (Ed. by G. E. F ogg ).
'Torrey Canyon' Pollution and Marine Life . A Report by the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Ed. by J. E. S mith .
Geobotanische Untersuchungen auf der Feddersen Wier de . By U. K örber -G rohne .
Cell Walls and Membranes . By H. J. R ogers and H. R. P erkins .
Wachstums regulatoren bei Pflanzen . Ed. by E. L ibbert and B. S teyer .
The Ecology of Soil Bacteria ( An International Symposium ). Ed. by T. R. G. G ray and D. P arkinson .
Genetics of Fungi . By K arl E sser and R udolf K uenen . Translated by E rich S teiner .
Plant Pathologist's Pocketbook . Compiled by The Commonwealth Mycological Institute.     

In memory of Professor Tang Yan‐Cheng: New perspectives in systematic and evolutionary biology

In China, three institutes for botanical research were established in the 1920s. They were the Department of Botany, Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China (1922, Nanjing), the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology (1928, Beiping), and the Institute of Botany, Beiping Academy of Sciences (1929, Beiping).     

Reviews of publications

Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy , by Arne Naess (translated and edited by David Rothenberg).
Restoration Ecology: A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research , edited by W. R. Jordan, M. E. Gilpin and J. D. Aber.
Plankton Ecology: Succession in Plankton Communities , edited by Ulrich Sommer.
Biological Control of Pests, Pathogens and Weeds: Development and Prospects , edited by R. K. S. Wood and M.J. Way.
Large Scale Cell Culture Technology , edited by Bjorn K. Lydersen.
The Story of Silk , by J. Feltwell.
Ecological Experiments: Purpose, Design and Execution , by N. G. Hairston.N 0 5
Molecular Genetics and Comparative Evolution , by J. Langridge.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Plant Molecular Biology. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Plant Development and Metabolism. Ed. by G loria C oruzzi & P ere P uigdomégnech
Vacuum Methods in Electron Microscopy. By W. C. B igelow . Practical Methods in Electron Microscopy. Vol 15. Series Editor: Audrey M. G lauert .
The Fungi. By M ichael J. C arlile & S arah C. W atkinson .
Aspects of Tropical Mycology. Symposium of the British Mycological Society held at the University of Liverpool, April 1992. Edited by S. I saac , J. C. F rankland , R. W atling & A. J. S. W halley .
Belalong, A Tropical Rainforest. By T he E arl O f C ranbrook & D avid S. E dwards .
Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants. Ed. by L. C. D e W aal , L. E. C hild , P. M. W ade & J. H. B rock     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Methods for Estimating Primary Production of Forests . I.B.P. Handbook No. 2. By P. J. N ewbould .
The Teaching of Ecology . British Ecological Society Symposium No. 7. Ed. by J. M. L ambert
Chemistry and Enzymology of Marine Algal Polysaccharides . By E lizabeth P ercival and R ichard H. M c D owell .
Dicionário Micológico . By O swaldo F idalgo and M aria E neyda P. K. F idalgo .
Taxonomic Studies of Subgenus Podosemum and Section Epicampes of Muhlenbergia ( Gramineae ). By T homas R. S oderstrom .
Studies of Fern Types, I . By C. V. M orton .
The Genus Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae ). By A aron G oldberg .
Guide pour l'Étude de quelques Plantes Tropicales . By L. P aulian de F élice .
Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. No . 21. Aspects of the Biology of Ageing . Ed. by H. W. W oolhouse .
Euglenoid Flagellates . By G. F. L eedale .
Encyclopaedia of Plant Physiology . Ed. by W. R uhland .
Annual Review of Plant Physiology , Vol. 18. Ed. by L. M achlis .     

Book Reviews

Holme, N.A. & Mclntyre, A.D. (Eds) (1984) Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos.
Lewis, W.M., Saunders, J.F., Crumpacker, D.W. & Brendecke, CM. (1984) Eutrophication and Land Use: Lake Dillon, Colorado.
McKeown, B.A. (1984) Fish Migration.
von Brandt, A. (1984) Fish Catching Methods of the World
Barnes, R.S.K. (1984) Estuarine Biology.
Dumont, H.J. & Tundisi, J.G. (Eds) (1984) Tropical Zooplankton.
Wootton, R.J. (1984) A Functional Biology of Sticklebacks
Fernando, C.H. (Ed.) (1984) Ecology and Biogeography in Sri Lanka.
Haworth, E.W. & Lund, J.W.G. (Eds) (1984) Lake Sediments and Environmental History.
Petts, G.E. (1984) Impounded Rivers. Perspectives for Ecological Management.
Whitton, B.A. (Ed.) (1984) Ecology of European Rivers.     

REVIEWS

Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr O. A ppel .
Third International Congress of Comparative Pathology, Athens , 1936. Reports , vol. I, part 2. Section of Plant Pathology.
The Genus Septobasidium. By J ohn N. C ouch .
Soilless Growth of Plants. By C arleton E llis and M iller W. S waney .
Plant Growth Substances. By H ugh N icol .
Common British Grasses and Legumes. By J. O. T homas and L. J. D avies .
Plant Ecology. By J. E. W eaver and F. E. C lements .
Forest Bibliography to 31st December 1933. Compiled and published by the Department of Forestry, University of Oxford.
Textbook of Dendrology. By W. M. H arlow and E. S. H abrar .
Cryptogamic Botany. By G ilbert M. S mith . Vol. I: Algae and Fungi.
Evolution. Essays on Aspects of Evolutionary Biology presented to Prof. E. S. Goodrich on his Seventieth Birthday. Edited by G. R. de B eer .
Heredity. By A. F ranklin S hull .     

Solid-state fermentation of carob pods byAspergillus niger for protein production: effect of particle size

Two strains ofAspergillus niger were cultured in solid-state fermentation system on carob pods ground from 1.25 to 8 mm diam. A particle size of 2.5 mm gave the highest protein content of the final product (20%, w/w) and 52% of the total soluble carbohydrates were utilized. The total tannin concentration of the carob pods decreased by 83% in 4 days of fermentation.T. Smail and O. Salhi are with the Laboratory of Microbiology, U.R.B.A.F., Institute of Biology, Tizi-Ouzou University, Algeria. J.S. Knapp is with the Department of Microbiology, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;     

Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Annual Review of Plant Physiology , Vol. 22 Ed. by L. M achlis .
Microbes and Biological Productivity. (Society for General Microbiology Symposium 21). Ed. by D. E. H ughes and A. H. R ose .
Crop Production: Cereals and Legumes. By B. F. B land .
Potential Crop Production. Ed. by P. F. W areing and J. P. C ooper .
Pollen: Development and Physiology. Ed. by J. H eslop -H arrison .
Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. By G. L. S tebbins .
Integrated Experimental Ecology: Methods and Results of Ecosystem Research in the German Soiling Project. Ed. by H. E llenberg .
Evolutionary Ecology. By H erbert P. R iley .     

Acid-precipitable polymeric lignin from hardwood lignocellulose: production by a Streptomyces sp.

A Streptomyces sp. isolate, from decayed wood shavings, solubilized lignocellulose (LC) and lignin of Pinus radiata, producing about 50 mg acid-precipitable polymeric lignin per g LC. The product was poor in protein and carbohydrates and contained mainly vanillin, guaicol, vanillic and ferulic acids. Hardwood LC is thus suitable for producing APPL as a phenolic chemical feedstock.V.M. Kaluskar is with the Department of Microbiology, J and J Science College, Nadiad 387001, Gujarat, India. B.P. Kapadanis is with the Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, University of Pune, Ganesh Khind, Pune-41107, Maharashtra, India. M.J. Penninckx is with the Unit of Microbial Physiology and Ecology, Free University of Brussels, c/o IPB 642, rue Engeland, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium