细胞分裂素生物合成基因转化植物的研究进展

植物激素是调节植物生长发育的微量生理活动物质,其中细胞分裂江是一类较活跃的植物激素,它几乎在植物发育的所有阶段都起作用,因此对细胞分裂江的生理作用及其机理的研究,具有十分重要的理论及应用价值。从根瘤农杆菌中鉴定和克臣细胞分裂素生物合成基因的成功以及植物转基因技术的建立,使人们可以采用基因工程的途径研究细胞分裂素的生理作用,为定向控制作物的生长发育提供了可能,同时也为应用植物激素进行遗传育种展示了广阔的前红．1细胞分裂素生物合成基因高等植物体中与细胞分裂江生物合成有关的基因还未被克隆出来,但目前已…     

生长素的生物合成、代谢、受体和极性运输

主要介绍生长素的生命合成,代谢,受体,生长素极性运输和生长响应基因等方面的研究近况。     

细胞分裂素结合蛋白的研究进展

迄今为止,已从多种植物中分离到细胞分裂素结合蛋白(CBPs),它们可能在细胞分裂素的信号转导、体内运输及代谢中起作用。根据现有研究结果认为,大多数CTKs受体可能位于膜上,通过与G_蛋白耦联的信号转导系统或双组分信号转导系统完成CTKs信号的跨膜转导。少数CTKs受体可能位于细胞质中,与胞内CTKs结合后进入细胞核,直接调节基因的表达。本文综述了近年来对CBPs的研究进展,分析了CTKs受体的可能类型及CBPs作用的可能机制。     

细胞分裂素生物合成基因在调节一组烟草病理相关蛋白基因表达中…

对一组病理相关蛋白基因在烟草中的表达情况进行了研究,包括;碱性几丁质酶,β－１,３－葡萄糖苷酶,渗透蛋白及伸展蛋白。ＲＮＡ杂交实验表明在正常烟草植株中上述４个基因具有发育和器官专一性的表达。在含有细胞分裂素生物合成基因的转基因烟草丛生芽中,这４个基因的表达受过量合成的内源细胞分裂素和载体效应的共同调节,细胞分裂素降低这些基因的表达,而载体效应则促进它们的表达。     

细胞分裂素信号转导研究进展

对应用突变体研究细胞分裂素信号转导、细胞分裂素受体以及参与细胞分裂素信号转导相关的蛋白质作了简要介绍 ;并且对细胞分裂素信号途径进行了推测 :细胞分裂素被受体 (CKI1、IBC6或者GCR1 )接受后 ,经传导系统转化形成特定的信息 ,一方面可能调节基因的表达 ,从而可能调节受体水平 ,导致细胞对细胞分裂素浓度应答范围发生改变 ,另外 ,基因表达使细胞产生相关的生理反应 ;另一方面形成的特定信息可能激活MAPK级联途径 (mitogen_activatedproteinkinasecascade) ,导致细胞产生相关的生理反应。     

细胞分裂素信号转导研究进展

对应用突变体研究细胞分裂素信号转导、细胞分裂素受体以及参与细胞分裂素信号转导相关的蛋白质作了简要介绍;并且对细胞分裂素信号途径进行了推测：细胞分裂素被受体（CKI1、IBC6或者GCR1）接受后,经传导系统转化形成特定的信息,一方面可能调节基因的表达,从而可能调节受体水平,导致细胞对细胞分裂素浓度应答范围发生改变,另外,基因表达使细胞产生相关的生理反应;另一方面形成的特定信息可能激活MAPK级联途径（mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade）,导致细胞产生相关的生理反应。     

细胞分裂素结合蛋白的研究进展

迄今为止,已从多种植物中分离到细胞分裂素结合蛋白（ＣＢＰｓ）,它们可能在细胞分裂素的信号转导、体内运输及代谢中起作用。根据现有研究结果认为,大多数ＣＴＫｓ受体可能位于膜上,通过与Ｇ－蛋白耦联的信号转导系统或双组分信号转导系统完成ＣＴＫｓ信号的跨膜转导。少数ＣＴＫｓ受体可能位于细胞质中,与胞内ＣＴＫｓ结合后进入细胞核,直接调节基因的表达。本文综述了近年来对ＣＢＰｓ的研究进展,分析了ＣＴＫｓ受体的可能     

细胞分裂素氧化酶

对细胞分裂素氧化酶生化特征及生理意义研究进展作了介绍。     

植物体内的芳环细胞分裂素

芳环细胞分裂素包括6—苄基氨基嘌呤(BA),6—(3—羟苄基氨基)—嘌呤(mT),6—(2—羟苄基氨基)—嘌吟(oT)和它们的衍生物。它的代谢具有相互转换、羟基化作用、结合作用和氧化降解四个特征。本文从信号的感受,转导和应答阐明细胞分裂素在细胞和分子水平上的功能。     

植物体内的芳环细胞分裂素

芳环细胞分裂素包括6-苄基氨基嘌呤（BA）,6-（3-羟苄基氨基）-嘌呤（mT）,6-（2-羟苄基氨基）-嘌呤(oT)和它们的衍生物。它的代谢具有相互转换、羟基化作用、结合作用和氧化降解四个特征。本文从信号的感受,转导和应答阐明细胞分裂素在细胞和分子水平上的 功能。     

Metabolism and Biosynthesis of Cytokinins in Tobacco Crown Gall Cells

The metabolism of ribosylzeatin (RZ) was studied using tobaccocrown gall cells which produce RZ as one of the major endogenouscytokinins. When [8-¹⁴C]RZ was fed to the cells, it was convertedinto its phosphate (which was rigorously determined to be the5'-monophosphate), RZ-O-glucoside, inosine (or its phosphate),adenosine and adenosine-O-glucoside. When [8-¹⁴C]N⁶-(²-isopentenyl)adenosine(i⁶Ado), a probable precursor of RZ, was fed to the cells, itwas converted into (i⁶Ado)-O-glucoside, inosine (or its phosphate),adenosine, adenosine-O-glucoside and adenosine phosphate, butno incorporation of radioactivity into RZ was observed. Thepresent study led to the following conclusions: i) i⁶Ado isnot a precursor of RZ in the cells, ii) both deaminase and cytokininoxidase are involved in the catabolism of cytokinin, and iii)the metabolism of RZ is quite different from that of i⁶Ado. (Received December 24, 1985; Accepted April 1, 1986)     

生长素的生物合成、代谢、受体和极性运输1

主要介绍生长素的生物合成、代谢、受体,生长素极性运输和生长素响应基因等方面的研究近况.     

Cytokinins: Biosynthesis metabolism and perception

Summary Cytokinins are essential hormones for plant growth and development. They are also of vital importance for in vitro manipulations of plant cells and tissues. The biological activities and chemistry of cytokinins are well defined but very little is known about their mode of action and it is only recently that cytokinin genes have been identified in plants. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge on cytokinin biosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction, with an emphasis on genes encoding metabolic enzymes and putative receptors, and genes rapidly induced by cytokinins.     

Metabolism and Long-distance Translocation of Cytokinins

During plant development, distantly-located organs must communicate in order to adapt morphological and physiological features in response to environmental inputs. Among the recognized signaling molecules, a class of phytohormones known as the cytokinins functions as both local and long-distance regulatory signals for the coordination of plant development. This cytokinin-dependent communication system consists of orchestrated regulation of the metabolism, translocation, and signal transduction of this phytohormone class. Here, to gain insight into this elaborate signaling system, we summarize current models of biosynthesis, trans-membrane transport, and long-distance translocation of cytokinins in higher plants.     

Metabolism and Long-distance Translocation of Cytokinins

During plant development, distantly-located organs must communicate in order to adapt morphological and physiological features in response to environmental inputs. Among the recognized signaling molecules, a class of phytohormones known as the cytokinins functions as both local and long-distance regulatory signals for the coordination of plant development. This cytokinin-dependent communication system consists of orchestrated regulation of the metabolism, translocation, and signal transduction of this phyto...     

The Biosynthesis of Cytokinins in Germinating Lupin Seeds

Imbibed intact seeds, and excised embryos and cotyledons ofyellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L. cv. Weiko III) have been incubatedwith [¹⁴C]-adenine to investigate cytokinin biosynthesis duringthe early stages of germination. Following incubation the tissueswere extracted and purified by solvent partition and chromatographyon cellulose phosphate, diethylaminoethyl cellulose and SephadexLH-20 columns. Using a variety of thin layer chromatographic,high performance liquid chromato-graphic and chemical procedures,incorporation of ¹⁴C into dihydrozeatin riboside and its nucleotidewas demonstrated in extracts of intact embryos, intact cotyledonsand excised embryos. However, radioactivity was not found associatedwith cytokinins in fractions derived from the isolated cotyledons.This is the first direct demonstration of cytokinin biosynthesisin germinating seeds and the results indicate that the capacityfor cytokinin biosynthesis is probably confined to the embryonicaxes. If this is so, the levels of [¹⁴CJ-dihydrozeatin ribosideassociated with intact embryo and intact cotyledon fractionsindicate that the synthesized cytokinin is transported to andaccumulates in the cotyledons. Key words: Lupinus luteus, cytokinin biosynthesis, seed germination     

Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Jasmonates

Jasmonates are derived from oxygenated fatty acids via the octadecanoid pathway and characterized by a pentacyclic ring structure. They have regulatory function as signaling molecules in plant development and adaptation to environmental stress. Until recently, it was the cyclopentanone jasmonic acid (JA) that attracted most attention as a plant growth regulator. It becomes increasingly clear, however, that biological activity is not limited to JA but extends to, and may even differ between its many metabolities and conjugates as well as its cyclopentenone precursors. The enzymes of jasmonate biosynthesis and metabolism may thus have a regulatory function in controlling the activity and relative levels of different signaling molecules. Such a function is supprted by both the characteration of loss of function mutants inArabidopsis, and the biochemical characterization of the enzymes themselves. Online publication: 27 January 2005     

The Metabolism of Oat Leaves during Senescence: I. Respiration, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and the Action of Cytokinins

When the detached first leaves of green or etiolated oat (Avena sativa cv. Victory) seedlings senesce in the dark, their oxygen consumption shows a large increase, beginning after 24 hours and reaching a peak of up to 2.5 times the initial rate by the 3rd day. This effect takes place while the chlorophyll of green leaves, or the carotenoid of etiolated leaves, is steadily decreasing. Kinetin, at a concentration which inhibits the decrease in pigment, completely prevents the respiratory rise; instead, the oxygen consumption drifts downwards. Lower kinetin concentrations have a proportional effect, 50% reduction of respiration being given by about 0.1 mg/l. About one-fifth of the respiratory rise may be attributed to the free amino acids which are liberated during senescence; several amino acids are shown to cause increases of almost 50% in the oxygen consumption when supplied at the concentrations of total amino acid present during senescence. A smaller part of the rise may also be due to soluble sugars liberated during senescence, largely coming from the hydrolysis of a presumptive fructosan. The remainder, and the largest part, of the increase is ascribed to a natural uncoupling of respiration from phosphorylation. This is deduced from the fact that dinitrophenol causes a similar large rise in the oxygen consumption of the fresh leaves or of leaf segments kept green with kinetin, but causes only a very small rise when the oxygen consumption is near its peak in senescent controls. The respiration of these leaves is resistant to cyanide, and 10 mm KCN even increases it by some 30%; in contrast, etiolated leaves of the same age, which undergo a similar rise in oxygen consumption over the same time period, show normal sensitivity to cyanide. The respiratory quotient during senescence goes down as low as 0.7, both with and without kinetin, though it is somewhat increased by supplying sugars or amino acids; glucose or alanine at 0.3 m bring it up to 1.0 and 0.87, respectively.