Dietary Exposure of the Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) to Total and Methyl Mercury in Zhalong Wetland,Northeastern China

To determine the dietary exposure of the migratory red-crowned crane to mercury (Hg), this study analyzed the concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) in its prey, i.e., reeds and three aquatic animal families (Perccottus glenni Dybowski, Cybister japonicus Sharp, and Viviparidae) in northeastern China. Results indicated that the Hg concentration in Zhalong Wetland was elevated through the food chain, and the prey of the red-crowned crane contained measurable levels of T-Hg and MeHg. In prey tissues, MeHg was the main form of the Hg element and accounted for 61 % of total Hg concentration in Viviparidae, 58 % in C. japonicus Sharp, and 85 % in P. glenni Dybowski. The highest T-Hg and MeHg concentrations ranged from 1.66 to 3.89 ppm and from 1.12 to 2.67 ppm, respectively, and they were detected in the feathers of the red-crowned cranes. The lowest T-Hg concentration was determined in the excretions of wild red-crowned cranes at 0.21 ppm; furthermore, the content of MeHg was below the detection limit. In Zhalong Wetland, the level of dietary exposure of the population of red-crowned cranes to Hg is below the threshold of Hg toxicity. Moreover, eggshells are suitable indicators of Hg risk levels to the red-crowned crane.     

Trace Element (Pb,Cd, and As) Contamination in the Sediments and Organisms in Zhalong Wetland,Northeastern China

This study examined Tessier's fractions of Pb, Cd, and As in the sediments and their potential toxic effects on four aquatic animals, i.e., Enchytraeus of Lumbricidae, Cipangopaludina chinensis of Viviparidae, Cybister japonicus Sharp of Dytiscidae, and Perccottus glenii Dybowski of Odontobutidae in Zhalong Wetland, Northeastern China. Results show that Cd poses a high risk to the biota in Zhalong Wetland. The geo-accumulation indices indicate that the region only has background concentrations of As, although it is slightly polluted by Pb and is seriously polluted by Cd. The exchangeable fraction receives minor contributions from these metals: 0.8% for Pb, 2.8% for Cd, and 4% for As. Three reed organs and four aquatic animal groups contain detectable concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As, with the following order of increasing concentrations: stem < rhizome < root < Viviparidae < Odontobutidae < Dytiscidae < Lumbricidae. Relatively low bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of As occurred in four aquatic organisms, whereas significantly higher BAFs of Pb and Cd were found in the earthworm than other aquatic organisms (P < 0.05). The earthworms (Enchytraeus of Lumbricidae) were recommended to be used as a suitable indicator for Pb, Cd, and As toxic risk level in this region.     

我国丹顶鹤栖息地选择研究进展

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,被世界自然保护联盟列为濒危物种。本研究通过搜集和整理2000至2017年丹顶鹤栖息地选择和生境适宜性相关文献,分析了丹顶鹤在繁殖期、迁徙期、越冬期的栖息地选择,发现丹顶鹤在这三个时期的最偏好生境均为芦苇沼泽或芦苇滩,回避人为干扰较为严重的居民点、道路、盐田等生境。通过梳理丹顶鹤繁殖地、中途停歇地、越冬地的栖息地变化及其原因,发现丹顶鹤栖息地变化是自然因素和人为因素共同驱动的结果,以人为因素为主。本研究希望为科学评价栖息地变化对丹顶鹤野生种群的影响、针对性地开展栖息地保护管理工作、促进丹顶鹤野生种群健康可持续发展提供依据。     

扎龙自然保护区雌性丹顶鹤血液生化指标

2004年11月至2005年9月,采用自动生化分析仪对扎龙自然保护区10只雌性成体丹顶鹤在越冬期、繁殖期和迁徙期的20项血液生化指标（总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、直接胆红素、间接胆红素、总胆红素、血糖、尿素氮、肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸肌酶、羟丁酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、钙离子、无机磷和镁离子）进行了分析.结果表明：除总蛋白、球蛋白和血糖外,研究区雌性丹顶鹤血液中的其他指标均在不同时期之间表现出显著（P<0.05）或极显著差异（P<0.01).说明总蛋白、球蛋白和血糖可作为雌性丹顶鹤血液生化指标的可靠参考值,其他17项血液生化指标的年变化动态体现出雌性丹顶鹤在不同生理时期的生理特征和生态适应性.如果以这17项血液生化指标作为雌性丹顶鹤血液生化指标的参考值,就必须考虑不同生理时期对其含量的影响.     

扎龙国家级自然保护区冬季笼养丹顶鹤与白枕鹤种间适合度的比较

通过比较黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区冬季笼养丹顶鹤Grus japonensis与白枕鹤Grus vipio的适合度,以期为拟定不同的保护对策提供参考。本文以保护区冬季1月(4周)单笼饲养的丹顶鹤(5♀、7♂)和白枕鹤(3♀、5♂)为研究对象,对其体质量变化、摄食量和摄食比例、摄入能量需求及能量收支进行种间比较。结果发现,丹顶鹤的体质量下降(9.35%)显著而白枕鹤体质量下降(3.02%)不显著。丹顶鹤和白枕鹤的摄食比例(鲫鱼/玉米)分别为12.70/1和0.93/1。丹顶鹤摄入能量和排出水热能散失实测值均极显著高于白枕鹤(P0.001)。丹顶鹤与白枕鹤单位体质量(/kg)能量收支比较,摄入能量种间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而丹顶鹤的排出水热能散失极显著高于白枕鹤(P0.01)。另外,低温和短光照的胁迫使可摄食鲫鱼和玉米的时间分别在5.5 h和9.5 h以内。结果表明,冬季相同生境中丹顶鹤和白枕鹤的摄入能量需求水平相同,但其能量收支因摄食偏好而出现显著变化。总之,从食性偏好、食物可获得性和能量收支来看,保护区冬季笼养白枕鹤的适合度应该高于丹顶鹤。     

Habitat use and selection by Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis in winter in Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, China

We report the distribution and habitat selection by the Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis in winter in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, China. Including original wetlands and artificial habitats, six types of habitat are used by the species: saltworks (salinas), fish ponds, reed beds, Wormwood Artemisia halodendron beaches, tidal grasslands and wheat fields. We compared the habitat availability with habitat use in each type. In winter, Red-crowned Crane preferentially used tidal grasslands and fish ponds. Saltworks, Wormwood beaches and wheat fields were avoided. The distribution of Red-crowned Crane in different types of habitat changed with the distribution of freshwater and with human activities.     

就地保护中迁地保护实践案例--以扎龙保护区人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群为例)

就地保护中实施迁地保护是濒危物种保护的较为有效的形式。扎龙保护区自1976年筹建以来,就计划并实施开展了以人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)种群为平台的孵化、训飞、放飞工作,本文通过常规的统计方法对扎龙保护区自建区以来的丹顶鹤孵化、训飞、放飞数据进行了分析。结果显示出：建区至今,人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群的年均孵化成功率为77.41%(1981年最高,为100%);孵化成活量整体呈上升趋势,年均约为27只(2003年最高,为52只),近10年来基本维持在30~50只之间;训飞规模在逐年提高,近年来基本维持在100~120只之间;放飞规模与训飞规模同步也在逐年提高,年均放飞8只,2009年以来维持在10只以上;放飞野化的丹顶鹤已记录于中国的江苏盐城保护区、山东黄河三角洲保护区、韩国铁原地区。进一步分析表明,扎龙保护区在丹顶鹤保护方面已取得了一定的成绩。     

Behavioral development in the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis)

A male and a female red-crowned crane were observed on a weekly basis from hatching until 7 months of age. The levels for 12 classes of activity were averaged and displayed. Weekly weights and weight gains were also displayed. Developmental profiles are discussed. These include (1) cyclic profiles, (2) single developmental peaks, and (3) behaviors with a high initial level reducing to a later low level. The chicks seemed to display alternating passive and active periods. The cyclic nature of development is discussed in relation to similar cycles in other species of birds and mammals.     

兴凯湖湿地丹顶鹤迁徙与繁殖数量调查

兴凯湖作为亚太地区水鸟重要的迁徙停歇地以及繁殖地,对丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的局域保护有着重要意义。2012~2014年通过样点与样线相结合的方法对兴凯湖保护区春、秋两季丹顶鹤的迁徙数量以及夏季的繁殖数量进行了调查。这3年中兴凯湖地区丹顶鹤的迁徙数量较为稳定,春季迁徙数量51~84只,秋季迁徙数量178~213只;繁殖个体数量呈轻微下降趋势,由2012年的105只下降至2014年的83只;栖息本地的丹顶鹤数量有了明显的增多,2013和2014年分别增长15和9只。丹顶鹤数量调查对了解其地理分布和种群数量变动规律具有重要意义,也为制订保护措施提供科学依据。     

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)东、西种群巢址选择的分异

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis) 大陆种群以布列亚山-小兴安岭-张广才岭为界分为东、西两部分.2004～2005年,通过实地测量丹顶鹤东、西种群主要繁殖地的31处巢址的生境因子并进行统计学分析发现:丹顶鹤东、西种群巢址的芦苇密度、苇丛面积及巢距干扰源距离的差异显著(P﹤0.05);采用系统聚类分析的方法可将位于5 个保护区的丹顶鹤巢分成两类,且两类鹤巢分属东、西种群;丹顶鹤东、西种群巢址选择的分异不仅表现在单个生境因子的数量差别,还表现为群体采取不同的隐蔽对策;丹顶鹤东、西种群营巢对水深和芦苇高度的选择稳定一致.生境丧失作为外因通过丹顶鹤的"K生活史"特征起作用,导致丹顶鹤东、西种群的巢址选择具有群体特征.     

A simple population viability analysis of Tancho (Grus japonensis) in southeastern Hokkaido, Japan

We employed population viability analysis to estimate future population trends and extinction risk of Tancho, the Japanese or red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis). The stage matrix was based on 15 years of data collected by counting the number of wintering cranes and following the survivorship of banded cranes. The accidental death rate was estimated from the number of dead or seriously injured cranes collected in the Kushiro municipal zoo. Consequently, the accidental death rate was found to increase each year at 0.072% per year during the recent 14 years and 0.132% per year during final 6 years. The carrying capacity (K) was estimated from the mean mire area within the territory of a breeding pair and the geographic information system data in southeastern Hokkaido. Accordingly, K was estimated to be 1,659 in this area. Using the stage matrix, accidental death rates and K (and 20%-lower K), the simulation was conducted under three conditions: (1) the increase of accidental death, (2) the limitation of carrying capacity, and (3) the concurrent occurrence of carrying capacity limitation and accidental death increase. As a result, the extinction probability during 100 years was zero, although the accidental death rate increased at the current rate of 0.132% per year. Therefore, by artificial feeding in winter, the Japanese population of Tancho reached the adequate level, which seems sustainable unless some catastrophic factors seriously damage the population. To raise the tolerance to catastrophic factors, we discuss the probability of their distributional expansion to western or northern Hokkaido and even to Honshu.     

Duet structure provides information about pair identity in the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis)

We studied the acoustic features of the endangered red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), and, specifically, whether or not the duets carry information about a mating pair identity. The population of this species in the wild is only approximately 2,000 individuals. In 2003–2006, we recorded 343 duets from eight captive and two wild pairs. All of the duets contained an introduction, an unordered alternation of pair mate calls, followed by the main part, representing the regular sequence of syllables, containing 1–2 male and 1–4 female calls per syllable. We subdivided the syllables into five types, by the number of male and female calls per syllable, and analyzed the occurrence of the different syllable types in the duets of the ten pairs. The analysis showed the sustainable pair-specific use of particular syllable types through the years. The discriminant analysis standard procedure, based on seven frequency and temporal parameters of male and female calls, showed 97.7% correct assignment to the pair, which is significantly higher than random values. The high pair specificity of the duet acoustic structures provides the basis for call-based censuses. This would enable the monitoring of the red-crowned crane mating pairs in their natural habitat.     

重引入丹顶鹤在黑龙江林甸和江苏盐城成功繁育后代

正丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,IUCN濒危物种(EN),野外种群数量仅2 600只左右(崔多英等2017)。根据2015至2017年对江苏盐城丹顶鹤越冬种群数量调查,丹顶鹤西部迁徙种群的数量呈逐年下降趋势,原因尚不得而知。中国动物园有圈养丹顶鹤1 248只(崔多英等2017),分布在中国动物园协会所属62家会员单位。开展濒危物种重引入项目是恢复、壮大野生丹顶鹤种群的有效措施,将为拯救濒危物种—     

云贵高原黑颈鹤的种群数量和分布

云贵高原有黑颈鹤的两个越冬区：(1）云南西部;(2)云南东北部和贵州西北部。这两个地区的黑颈鹤数量占全球种群的1／4至1／3。国际鹤类基金会与云南省林业厅于2001／2002年冬季在云贵高原联合对黑颈鹤进行了一次同步计数,本次调查覆盖了17个已知或潜在的黑颈鹤越冬地点,其中15个地点有黑颈鹤分布。在2002年1月18日和19日,分别记录到3261和3182只黑颈鹤。本调查还统计了灰鹤、斑头雁和赤麻鸭,数量分别为：灰鹤804和1158只;斑头雁1759和2978只;赤麻鸭3442和5444只。与1991／1992年冬季进行的调查结果相比,黑颈鹤在这一地区的数量增加了90％以上。     

扎龙湿地不同生境的昆虫多样性

为了探讨湿地不同生境对昆虫物种多样性的影响,对扎龙湿地8种生境的昆虫进行了系统调查.共捕获昆虫5822只,分属11目58科143种,其中直翅目、双翅目、蜻蜒目为扎龙湿地的优势类群.不同生境中,草原草甸昆虫多样性最高,湖边生境多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高,杂草甸均最低.聚类分析和主分量分析结果表明,不同生境的昆虫群落相似性与水资源状况和植被类型有关,捕食性类群种类数和个体数量对昆虫群落稳定性具有重要的调控作用.湖边生境昆虫群落稳定性最强,湿草甸稳定性最弱.湿地水资源状况能影响昆虫生存生境,进而影响昆虫群落的组成和分布格局.     

六盘山华北豹的栖息地利用及保护建议

大型食肉动物对维持生态系统的结构和功能具有重要作用, 但大部分大型食肉动物处在持续的种群数量和分布面积下降之中, 面临着急迫的研究与保护需求。华北豹(Panthera pardus japonensis)是我国特有的豹亚种, 也是部分区域森林生态系统中仅存的大型食肉动物, 面临着生境破碎化等威胁。本研究使用红外相机调查了宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区华北豹的分布, 通过构建占域模型分析了华北豹的栖息地利用, 预测了华北豹的适宜栖息地, 并评估了其生境破碎化格局。研究发现, 华北豹在六盘山的平均占域率约为0.135。华北豹偏好植被发育成熟、地势崎岖、温度较低、远离农田和公路的栖息地, 对于农田边缘和居民点等人类活动区域未显示出显著回避。研究识别的六盘山华北豹适宜栖息地主要沿六盘山东西两侧山脉分布, 55%的适宜栖息地斑块位于六盘山国家级自然保护区内。栖息地斑块面积平均为16 km², 最大达214 km², 约77%的栖息地斑块面积在10 km²以下。研究表明六盘山国家级自然保护区有效地保护了华北豹现有的适宜栖息地, 但仍存在栖息地破碎化和人类活动干扰等关键限制因素。建议通过栖息地改造、人类活动管理等方式增强六盘山华北豹适宜栖息地斑块连通性; 并通过推动华北豹跨省保护工作等举措促进华北豹种群扩散恢复。