银杏叶提取物新型制剂研究进展

银杏是最古老的中生代植物,很早就被用为中药,其提取物近年来备受人们的高度重视.在简述其药理活性成分以及现有国内外制剂基础上,重点阐述了近年来银杏叶提取物的新制荆以及新技术,为中药的新制剂开发提供科学的思路.     

玉木耳提取物对H_(22)荷瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤作用研究

通过研究肿瘤抑制率、脾脏指数和胸腺指数、肿瘤切片细胞的形态以及血清中影响因子白细胞介素‐2、肿瘤坏死因子‐α、干扰素‐γ、丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等指标的变化来考察玉木耳Auricularia cornea提取物体内抗肿瘤作用及其作用机理。结果表明,乙酸乙酯高、低剂量组的抑瘤效果较好分别为39.9%和37.5%;HE染色切片观察各组均出现肿瘤坏死区,高剂量出血坏死面积较低剂量大;与模型组比较,乙酸乙酯组白细胞介素‐2、肿瘤坏死因子‐α、干扰素‐γ含量升高,具有较好的免疫作用。玉木耳提取物具有明显的抗肿瘤作用,其中乙酸乙酯高、低剂量组的抗肿瘤作用最显著,与其增强免疫作用有一定关系。     

银杏叶提取物对牛主动脉内皮细胞增殖及其机制

研究银杏叶提取物(extract of ginkgo biloba,EGB)对牛主动脉内皮细胞(bovine aortic endothelial cells,BAECs)增殖的影响及其机制。分离培养BAECs,给予EGB刺激,采用噻唑蓝比色法检测细胞增殖改变,用流式细胞仪检测对细胞增殖周期的影响,同时用Western印迹检测细胞内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)表达的变化。结果EGB刺激显著促进BAECs的增殖并呈剂量依赖效应,而一氧化氮合酶抑制剂可显著抑制上述效应。EGB刺激显著促进牛主动脉内皮细胞eNOS的表达,并呈剂量依赖效应。EGB显著促进BAECs增殖,其作用由EGB上调的NO介导。     

银杏叶提取物对高脂血症调脂机制的新探

目的 :通过观察银杏叶提取物对高脂血症病人调脂过程中肠道菌群的变化来探讨其调脂机制。方法 :对于 2 2名高脂血症患者给予银杏叶提取物 9片 / d,治疗 4w,检测其治疗前后空腹血脂变化 ,及高脂血症组治疗前与正常人肠道菌群变化 ,和高脂血症组治疗前后肠道菌群变化。结果 :(1)高脂血症患者经银杏叶提取物治疗后 TC、TG、L DL-C较治疗前均明显降低 (P<0 .0 5)。 (2 )高脂血症患者银杏叶提取物治疗前较正常人肠道菌群变化显著 (P<0 .0 1)。高脂血症组银杏叶治疗后较治疗前肠道菌群变化显著 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :(1)银杏叶提取物降脂有显著疗效。 (2 )脂质代谢紊乱时肠道菌群较正常人明显变化 (P<0 .0 1) ,尤其双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等明显减少 ,而治疗后肠道菌群得到调整 ,说明银杏叶可能通过扶植肠道有益菌生长繁殖 ,如双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等对脂质代谢发挥作用 ,达到其调脂目的     

牡荆属植物提取物抗肿瘤作用研究进展

牡荆属Vitex植物系马鞭草科乔木或灌木,约250种,主要分布于热带和温带地区,我国有14种,7亚种,3种主产于长江以南.在我国有7种药用,即:灰毛牡荆V.canescens、黄荆V.negundo、蔓荆V.trifolia、单叶蔓荆V.rotundifolia、穗花牡荆V.agnus-castus、长序荆V.peduncularis和山牡荆V.quinata.现代药理研究表明,该属中一些植物或其组分具有镇痛、抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤、抑制淋巴细胞及激素调节、抗氧化、蜕皮、驱虫等功效.牡荆属植物所含的化学成分类型丰富,主要酚类成分有黄酮类、苯丙素类及有机酸类等化合物.本文就牡荆属植物提取物抗肿瘤作用综述如下:     

银杏叶提取物对新生SD 乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧损伤的影响

目的:研究银杏叶提取物对缺氧状态下新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞的影响及其可能机制。方法:新生1天SD乳鼠心肌细胞原代培养并利用氮气培养箱模拟低氧构建乳鼠心肌缺氧体外模型。分为3组处理:对照组,缺氧组,缺氧+药物拮抗组。缺氧时间为12 h,通过免疫组化等检测方法,观察各组心肌细胞的损伤情况及心肌Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达情况。结果:缺氧可以造成新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的发生(hypoxia:75.21%±1.21%,control:1.38%±0.45%,P<0.05,n=20),并导致其表达凋亡抑制因子Bcl-2蛋白水平的显著降低(0.125 fold VS control group,P<0.05),促细胞凋亡因子Bax蛋白水平显著升高(3.011fold VS control group,P<0.05);而银杏叶提取物作用后可明显逆转新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的发生(EGb761:23.17%±0.43%,hypoxia:73.13%±1.22%,P<0.05,n=20),并明显逆转Bcl-2(5.716 fold VS hypoxia group,P<0.05)、Bax(0.273fold VS hypoxia group,P<0.05)等蛋白的表达水平。结论:凋亡相关因子Bcl-2和Bax等参与缺氧致心肌损伤过程,导致心肌细胞凋亡,银杏叶提取物能降低心肌Bax表达,提高Bcl-2表达,从而保护心肌细胞,抑制凋亡。     

朱红栓菌提取物抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性评价及相关化学成分分析

采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇浸提朱红栓菌 Trametes cinnabarina 子实体干粉,得到不同极性提取物;采用清除DPPH 自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基能力,测定提取物的体外抗氧化活性;MTT法检测提取物对人肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果表明,朱红栓菌石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇提取物均具有一定的抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性;各提取物在浓度为4-5mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力大小依次为乙酸乙酯提取物>乙醇提取物>石油醚提取物;乙酸乙酯提取物对3种自由基的最高清除率分别为60.23%、74.49%、63.84%。各提取物对人肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞增殖抑制作用大小依次为乙酸乙酯提取物>乙醇提取物>石油醚提取物;乙酸乙酯提取物的抑制率最高达55.93%。采用硅胶和凝胶等柱色谱方法结合核磁、波谱和质谱等技术对乙酸乙酯提取物的化学组分进行分析,共分离纯化出11种化合物,分别鉴定为：麦角甾醇（1）,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（2）,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（3）,麦角甾-7,22,二烯-3-酮（4）,1-[(12E,16E)-12,16-二十碳二烯酰基]-2-[(E,E)-7,11-十八碳二烯酰基]-3-硬脂酰基甘油（5）,cinnabarin（6）,过氧麦角甾醇（7）,尿嘧啶（8）,甘露醇（9）,腺嘌呤核苷（10）,豆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇（11）。除化合物6外均为首次从朱红栓菌子实体中分离得到。研究结果为开发利用朱红栓菌子实体提供了科学依据。     

银杏叶提取物联合治疗消化性溃疡的临床研究

银杏叶提取物为银杏科植物银杏的干燥叶提取物,此种药物具有促进身体循环,抗氧化作用以及抗衰老功能,本文就介绍了银杏叶提取物的一些功能,以及银杏叶提取物联合治疗消化性溃疡类疾病的的临床研究。     

银杏叶提取物和槲皮素对心肌细胞肥大的防治作用及其机制

目的：探讨银杏叶提取物（EGb）及其单体槲皮素（Que）对心肌细胞肥大的防治作用及其机制。方法：采用血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）诱导新生大鼠心肌细胞肥大模型;分别在培养液中加入EGb（40／μg／ml）或Que（4／μg／m1）,观察Lowry法测定心肌细胞蛋白质含量的变化;测定SOD活性和MDA含量观察心肌细胞氧自由基代谢的变化;Western blot方法检测心肌细胞p-ERK1／2、p-JNK和p-P38蛋白表达;应用RT-PCR法检测心肌细胞c-fos mRNA表达。结果：①EGb和Que能明显抑制AngⅡ引起的心肌细胞总蛋白质含量的增加;②EGb和Que可显著提高SOD活性,降低MDA含量;③AngⅡ诱导的心肌细胞p-ERK1／2、p-JNK和p-P38表达均明显增强,Que能明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的p-JNK表达;④EGb、Que、可降低AngⅡ诱导心肌细胞c-fos mRNA表达的上调水平。结论：EGb和Que对AngⅡ诱导的心肌细胞肥大有明显的防治作用,Que的作用机制可能与ROS／JNK／c-fos信号通路有关。氧化应激参与了心肌肥大的发生发展过程。     

银杏叶提取物对过氧化氢刺激下的血管内皮细胞的影响

目的:探讨银杏叶提取物对血管内皮细胞的保护作用及可能的保护机制。方法:进行血管内皮细胞培养。用过氧化氢(H2O2)处理血管内皮细胞建立细胞凋亡模型。将细胞分为四组:空白对照组、H2O2处理组、单独银杏叶提取物处理组、银杏叶提取物预处理组(提前2h给药后H2O2处理)。进行MTT检测细胞的相对活力、RT-PCR检测目的基因CHOP的表达、Western Blot分析目的蛋白CHOP的表达等。结果:与对照处理组比较,H2O2处理组细胞凋亡率、CHOPmRNA相对表达及CHOP蛋白表达量明显升高。与H2O2处理组比较,银杏叶提取物预处理组细胞凋亡指数、CHOPmRNA相对表达及CHOP蛋白表达量明显降低(P0.05)。结论:作为一种清除自由基、抗氧化、抗衰老药物,银杏叶提取物可能通过调节CHOP蛋白选择性地抑制过度的内质网应激来保护血管内皮细胞。     

Antiestrogenic activities of Ginkgo biloba extracts

Most climacteric and postmenopausal women appear to have vasomotor symptoms as well as a high risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Although exogenous estrogens can reduce these symptoms, women are reluctant to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) due to its undesirable side effects, such as irregular bleeding and an increased risk of breast cancer. A previous study suggested that Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have estrogenic activity and might be suitable as an alternative to HRT. However, there are no reports of the preventive effect of GBE on breast cancer, which is the side effect of classical HRT. In this study, it was confirmed that GBE exhibits estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity depending on the E₂ and GBE concentration, via estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent pathways. In addition, GBE reduced the E₂ levels by stimulating the E₂ metabolism and inhibiting E₂ synthesis, which indicates that GBE can induce antiestrogenic activity via the depletion of E₂. Furthermore, GBE might have similar action to selective arylhydrocarbon receptor modulators (SAhRMs), which induce antiestrogenic activity through cross-talk between the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and ER. In conclusion, GBE has a biphasic effect on estrogen, and can be considered as a potential alternative to HRT with chemopreventive effects on breast cancer. However, further studies on animals and humans will be required.     

Mapping of rat hippocampal neurons with NeuN after ischemia/reperfusion and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) pretreatment

1. The neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) against transient forebrain ischemia following 7 days of reperfusion was studied in male Wistar rats after four-vessel occlusion for 20 min.2. NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein was used for immunohistochemical detection of surviving pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, as well as counterstaining with hematoxylin in the same sections for detection of neurons that underwent delayed neuronal death and for glial nuclei staining. GFAP immunohistochemistry was used for detection of astrocytes in the studied area of CA1 region.3. In the group of rats pretreated 7 days with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), following 20 min of ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion without EGb 761, increased number of NeuN immunoreactive cells were counted in the most vulnerable CA1 pyramidal layer of hippocampus. On the other hand, the group of rats with 7 days of EGb 761 pretreatment following 20 min of ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion with EGb 761 showed decreased number of surviving NeuN immunoreactive CA1 pyramidal cells in comparison with the first above-mentioned experimental group.4. Increased number of reactive astrocytes immunolabeled for GFAP (Glial fibrilary acidic protein) was observed in both experimental groups in the stratum oriens and stratum lacunosum and moleculare.5. Twenty minutes of ischemia is lethal for most population of CA1 pyramidal cell layer. Our results showed that prophylactic oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in the dose 40 mg/kg/day during the 7 days protects the most vulnerable CA1 pyramidal cells against 20 min of ischemia.     

银杏传粉生物学研究进展

银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)是最古老裸子植物之一,其传粉受精过程表现出许多特殊的原始性状和特征,在种子植物的系统演化上具有重要研究价值;同时,银杏种实经济价值高,但栽培上由于授粉受精不良而导致落花落果现象严重,因此了解银杏传粉生物学特性对于其种实的优质高产具有实际意义.本文从银杏雌雄株开花物候学、雌雄花形态结构特征、花粉和胚珠发育进程、花粉和胚珠生物学特性、传粉机制及花粉在胚珠内萌发生长进程等方面,对银杏传粉生物学相关研究进行综述,为银杏的系统演化、授粉受精和种实发育研究提供参考.     

Protective effect of ginkgo biloba against gossypol-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes

Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) is a well-defined plant extract that directly scavenges hydroxyl radicals. It is a potent antioxidant that inhibits apoptosis in cultured cells and is effective in treating mild-to-moderate dementia in Alzheimer patients. Apoptosis is an active process of cell destruction and it plays an important role in pathological processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-apoptotic effect of EGb 761 in gossypol-treated human lymphocytes. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with 10 microg/ml EGb 761 for 30 min or 1h decreased the percentage of apoptosis to 17.5% and 20%, respectively. EGb 761 treatment (25-150 microg/ml) decreased the level of apoptosis to a plateau between 8 and 10% of the control values. We conclude that EGb 761 reduces gossypol-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes.     

银杏叶黄酮提取方法比较

比较不同溶剂提取银杏（ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬ．）叶黄酮类化合物的提取效率,从成本效益角度考虑,以７０％乙醇作为提取溶剂更为有利。在分级沉淀中,黄酮含量与蛋白质含量呈正相关,在乙醇提取液中黄酮和蛋白质含量最高;蛋白质的存在有助于提高黄酮的溶解度。乙醇提取液用饱和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４浓缩两次,可使醇相中的黄酮沉淀析出。根据试验结果,提出了银杏叶黄酮的优化提取方法。     

银杏分子技术的研究进展

综述了近些年来分子技术在银杏研究中的应用情况,对银杏的遗传多样性、进化地位、品种鉴别、遗传连锁图谱、雌雄鉴别及其它相关研究进展进行了介绍,并对当前研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向作了进一步探讨。     

Ginkgo biloba extract for essential hypertension: A systemic review

BackgroundGinkgo biloba extract (GBE), a traditional natural herbal product, is often used in the treatment of essential hypertension (EH) as complementary therapy in China and European countries.AimTo critically assess the current clinical evidence of efficacy and safety of GBE for EH.Methods7 electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, VIP, CBM, Wanfang data, and CNKI) were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GBE for EH. Methodological quality was assessed independently using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.ResultsA total of 9 RCTs with 1012 hypertensive patients were identified and reviewed. Most RCTs were of high risk of bias with flawed study design and poor methodological quality. 6 trials demonstrated potential positive effect of GBE as complementary therapy on BP reduction when compared with antihypertensive drug therapy; however, it was not associated with a statistically significant effect on both SBP and DBP reduction in 3 other trials. Despite the positive findings, there were so many methodological limitations and significant clinical heterogeneity. Most of the trials did not report adverse effects, and the safety of GBE is still uncertain.ConclusionNo confirmative conclusions on the efficacy and safety of GBE for EH could be drawn. More rigorous trials are warranted to support their clinical use.     

银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究.结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内.银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡.液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在.贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用.随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质.     

PENG Fang-Ren银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位(英文)

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(GinkgobilobaL.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究。结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内。银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡。液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在。贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用。随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质。     

银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶幼虫的毒力研究

用银杏外种皮水煮提取液进行室内菜粉蝶毒力实验和田间药效测定试验。结果表明,相当于0.75g/ml的银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶3龄幼虫室内浸虫试验,幼虫死亡率为76.6%,浸叶饲喂健虫的幼虫死亡率为63.3%。0.15g/ml银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶3龄幼虫室内浸虫试验,幼虫死亡率为53.3%,浸叶饲喂健虫死亡率为43.3%。0.75g/ml的银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫室内浸虫试验,幼虫死亡率仅为33.3%。0.75g/ml银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶3龄幼虫田间药效测定,其幼虫死亡率为64%,校正防治效果为63.6%。