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1.
In recent years the literature on bioethics has begun to pose the sociological challenge of how to explore organisational processes that facilitate a systemic response to ethical concerns. The present discussion seeks to make a contribution to this important new direction in ethical research by presenting findings from an Australian pilot study. The research was initiated by the Clinical Ethics Committee of Redland Hospital at Bayside Health Service District in Queensland, Australia, and explores health professionals’ understanding of the nature of ethics and their experience with ethical decision-making within an acute medical ward. This study focuses on the actual experience, understanding and attitudes of clinical professionals in a general medical ward. In particular, the discussion explores the specific findings from the study concerned with how a multi-disciplinary team of health professionals define and operationalise the notion of ethics in an acute ward hospital setting. The key issue reported is that health professionals are not only able to clearly articulate notions of ethics, but that the notions expressed by a multi-disciplinary diversity of participants share a common definitional concept of ethics as patient-centred care. The central finding is that all professional groups indicated that there is a guiding principle to address their ethical sense of the ‘good’ or the ‘ought’ and that is to act in a way that furthered the interests of patients and their families. The findings affirm the importance of a sociological perspective as a productive new direction in bioethical research. 相似文献
2.
Martin Tolich 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2008,5(4):303-310
Low-level community based ethics committees staffed by teachers, parents and community representatives can readily review
children’s science fair projects subject to the revision of two core assumptions currently governing children’s Science Fairs.
The first part of the paper recasts the New Zealand Royal Society guidelines from its primary emphasis on risk to a new assumption,
without benefit there can be no risk. Equally, this revision gives more prominence to the participant information sheet, allowing
it to act as a quasi application form which provides ethical transparency between student researchers, participants and a
community based ethics committee. A second core assumption, more accurately labeled a cult of originality, produces a random,
open-ended array of student topics taking ethics review beyond the confidence level of most community based ethics review
committees. This paper reins in Science Fair coordinators recommending they make community level ethics review more manageable
by providing a list of preapproved topics for those students wanting to conduct research involving human participants. These
revised assumptions create a workable division of labour. Teachers’ preapproved topics involving human participants are more
likely to be low risk, permitting community level ethics review to focus primarily on two aspects of the minimization of harm:
first, for all participants, especially those with diminished autonomy, and second, for the child researchers themselves,
as some participants may be unknown to the student. These revised assumptions make science and ethics more accessible to public
education thus demonstrating how Science Fairs can lead students and the community into better understanding the role and
function that ethics has in all scientific research human participants.
Martin Tolich chaired New Zealand’s National Health Ethics committee, the multi-region ethics committee. 相似文献
3.
The objective of this paper is the structural and narrative reconstruction of representations of ‘nature’, ‘wildlife’ and
‘landscape’, held by rural residents of the Dadia Forest Reserve. Data collection involved in-depth interviews. Employing
a social representations’ approach, we recovered representational elements that are expected in the case of rural belief systems,
such as negative dispositions towards wolves and foxes, as well as elements of an urban adherence, such as nature’s independence.
Representational elements refer to visual aspects of the countryside, which seem compatible with the figurative nucleus of
the rural idyll. Concerning ‘wildlife’, residents focused on vultures, which comprise the main tourist attraction of the reserve.
Scientific knowledge adds to the complexity of the narrative schema, which corresponds to the representation of ‘wildlife’.
Interviewees perceived the rural landscape as an interface between the natural and the human-conditioned environment. Our
study shows that interviewees make no reference to environmental conservation or quality of life issues, as it could be expected
according to relatively wide definitions of the term ‘environmentalism’. Environmental messages reinforced by ecotourism development
seem to be recalled primarily in terms of their compatibility with the perceived economic benefit of local people. Despite
ecotourism development, representational elements that diverge from a tourist version of ‘nature’, ‘wildlife’ and ‘landscape’
were not pronounced within rural belief-systems. Further interventions within the study area are needed, in order to address
a variety of topics under the environmental conservation discourse and raise the environmental awareness of rural residents. 相似文献
4.
Gary L. Comstock 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1995,4(8):827-837
Environmental ethics consists of a set of competing theories about whether human actions and attitudes to nature are morally right or wrong. Ecocentrists are holists whose theory locates the primary site of value in biological communities or ecosystems and who tend to regard actions interfering with the progress of an ecosystem toward its mature equilibrium state as prima facie wrong. I suggest that this form of ecocentrism may be built on a questionable scientific foundation, organismic ecology, and that a better scientific foundation for environmental ethics may be found in individualistic neo-Darwinian population biology. However, the latter approach probably requires a corresponding shift away from ethical holism and toward approaches locating value primarily in individuals. I call such environmental ethicists extensionists and briefly outline an extensionist environmental ethic. 相似文献
5.
Brosius J 《Genetica》1999,107(1-3):209-238
Retroposition is an efficient route to move coding regions around the genome ‘in search’ of novel regulatory elements and
to shotgun regulatory elements into the genome ‘in search’ of new target genes. The templates for such retrogenes are mRNAs,
and for regulatory retronuons (nuon=any definable nucleic acid sequence) usually small non-mRNAs. An example in support of
the ‘master gene’ model for SINEs (short interspersed repetive elements) is provided with neuronal BC1 RNA. Furthermore, an
alternative explanation of LINE (long interspersed repetive elements) involvement in the generation of SINEs is given. I will
also argue that the status of transposable elements with respect to the host resembles more symbiosis than parasitiasis and
that host defense is often lenient as if even to ‘tolerate or support’ retronuons. Finally the paradox of evolution's lack
of foresight and the future exaptive use of retronuons is being dealt with by referring to W.F. Doolittle's ‘Hierarchical
Approaches to Genome Evolution’.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Corrigan OP Williams-Jones B 《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2006,37(3):550-565
Concern about the ethics of clinical drug trials research on patients and healthy volunteers has been the subject of significant ethical analysis and policy development--protocols are reviewed by Research Ethics Committees and subjects are protected by informed consent procedures. More recently attention has begun to be focused on DNA banking for clinical and pharmacogenetics research. It is, however, surprising how little attention has been paid to the commercial nature of such research, or the unique issues that present when subjects are asked to consent to the storage of biological samples. Our contention is that in the context of pharmacogenetic add-on studies to clinical drug trials, the doctrine of informed consent fails to cover the broader range of social and ethical issues. Applying a sociological perspective, we foreground issues of patient/subject participation or 'work', the ambiguity of research subject altruism, and the divided loyalties facing many physicians conducting clinical research. By demonstrating the complexity of patient and physician involvement in clinical drug trials, we argue for more comprehensive ethical review and oversight that moves beyond reliance on informed consent to incorporate understandings of the social, political and cultural elements that underpin the diversity of ethical issues arising in the research context. 相似文献
8.
J. Pearn 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1995,310(6990):1313-1315
Publication of medical research is both a monitor of the researcher''s ethics and an audit of the local or regional ethics committee that approved it. Selectivity of publication or of the intention to publish lessens this audit. Opinions differ about what is ethically allowable in clinical and benchtop medical research. Ethical permission and ethical monitoring of medical research are subject to a hierarchy of pyramidal controls, starting in hospital and ending with the local, institutional, or regional ethics committee. Currently, such committees function with widely varying degrees of efficiency and quality of output, and with differing viewpoints on many ethical issues. Without an a priori insistence by institutional ethics committees that there be an intention to publish all medical research involving human subjects, ethics committees cannot routinely be subject to the scrutiny or audit which they themselves demand of researchers. 相似文献
9.
Joseph Soltis 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(3):453-467
Heterosexual relationships during one mating season were examined in a wild troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Validation tests of putative mate choice behaviors demonstrated that female initiation and maintenance
of proximity, female lookback at the male, and sexual presents to the male, were associated with increased mating. Male grooming
the female was also associated with increased mating. Ten dyadic social behaviors were subject to principal components analysis
to empirically define behavioral dimensions of male-female relationships. The analysis yielded four relationship dimensions:
‘Mutual Choice and Male Coercion,’ ‘Female Choice’ (two types), and ‘Mutual Choice’ Dyads tended to be characterized by more
than one dimension. The results suggested that females sought matings with multiple males of various dominance ranks. Female
relationships with high ranking males contained elements of male coercion and mate guarding, however, because these males
attempted to inhibit females from mating with lower ranking males. The correlation between each relationship dimension and
mating success depended, in part, on the dominance rank of males. Relationships involving high ranking males, which were most
likely to contain elements of male coercion and mate guarding, were associated with mating success. Relationships involving
low ranking males, which usually lacked such coercive elements. were less strongly correlated with mating success. These results,
obtained from a wild troop, are compared to those previously obtained in captive and provisioned groups of Japanese macaques. 相似文献
10.
The impact category ‘land use’ describes in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology the environmental impacts of occupying,
reshaping and managing land for human purposes. Land use can either be the long-term use of land (e.g. for arable farming)
or changing the type of land use (e.g. from natural to urban area). The impact category ‘land use’ comprises those environmental
consequences, which impact the environment due to the land use itself, for instance through the reduction of landscape elements,
the planting of monocultures or artificial vegetation, or the sealing of surfaces. Important environmental consequences of
land use are the decreasing availability of habitats and the decreasing diversity of wildlife species. The assessment of the
environmental impacts of land use within LCA studies is the objective of this paper. Land use leads to a degradation of the
naturalness of the area utilised. In this respect the naturalness of any area can be defined as the sum of land actually not
influenced by humans and the remaining naturalness of land under use. To determine the remaining naturalness of land under
use, this study suggests applying the Hemeroby concept. “Hemeroby is a measure for the human influence on ecosystems” (Kowarik
1999). The Hemeroby level of an area describes the intensity of land use and can therefore be used to characterise different
types of land use. Characterization factors are proposed, which allow calculating the degradation of the naturalness of an
area due to a specific type of land use. Since the resource ‘nature/naturalness’ is on a larger geographical scale by far
not homogeneous, the assessment of land use needs to be regionalised. Therefore, the impact category ‘land use’ has been subdivided
into the impact sub-categories ‘land use in European biogeographic regions’. Following the general LCA framework, normalization
values for the impact sub-categories are calculated in order to facilitate the evaluation of the characterization results
with regard to their share in a reference value. Weighting factors, which enable an aggregation of the results of the different
land use sub-categories and make them comparable to other impact categories (e.g. climate change or acidification) are suggested
based on the assumption that the current land use pattern in the European biogeographic regions is acceptable. 相似文献
11.
Eloisa Berman Arévalo Mirjam A. F. Ros-Tonen 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(6):733-747
While much research on forest partnerships hitherto has been focused mainly on the drivers behind their formation, the kind
of actors and deals involved, and the factors that promote or hinder their success, much less attention has been paid to the
dynamic relationships and processes inherent in these partnerships. Based on the study of a partnership process in an indigenous
reservation in Colombian Amazonia covering a variety of projects, this paper seeks to fill part of this lacuna by analyzing
the partnership as a dynamic ‘discursive battlefield,’ in which objectives and actions are being constantly negotiated. Actors
in the Matavén partnership strategically incorporate discursive elements in order to pursue their own interests while also
endorsing those that ensure the continuation of collaboration. We conclude that discourses are embedded in partnership micro-politics.
On the one hand, discursive shifts occur as a reflection of power balances at given moments. On the other hand, discourses
constitute indispensable resources with the potential to both enhance individual actor’s negotiating power and to create opportunities
for compromise. Within an ongoing discursive tension between ‘conservation’ and ‘indigenous autonomy,’ flexible notions such
as ‘territorial ordering’ prove to be successful in allowing space for manoeuvre and granting conceptual coherence to shifts
occurring ‘on the ground.’ 相似文献
12.
Hans Mohr 《Journal of plant research》1988,101(1):79-101
The powerful technology for transferring functional foreign genes into plants can only express its potential to the extent
that our knowledge about signals and signal transmission in plants improves. In higher plants gene expression is regulated
by ‘signals from within’ and ‘signals from without’ (e.g., light). Since light-mediated changes provide the basis for much
of plant development, photocontrol of gene expression will mainly be considered. The recently discovered ‘plastidic factor’
will serve as the prototype of an intracellular ‘signal from within’. Particular emphasis will be laid on rapid interorgan
signal transmission since these novel observations suggest a revision of the presently held concepts about the means of communication
within a plant. It will be concluded in the end that the prevailing views about the nature of plants underestimate the degree
of sophistication actually exhibited by higher plants. 相似文献
13.
Biodiversity investment priorities are a major concern for funding agencies and parties to the Convention on Biodiversity.
We present a cost-effectiveness index designed to rank global biodiversity investments addressing weaknesses identified in
several existing procedures. First, we explicitly address the issue of cost. Biodiversity conservation can be expensive --
ensuring that money is efficiently spent is important if conserving maximum biodiversity is an objective. Second, a high degree
of threat to biodiversity is commonly accepted as constituting the principal reason for intervention and a basis for prioritization.
The possibility that a high degree of threat might constitute a reason for non-intervention is rarely considered. The index
presented in this study seeks to address these shortcomings by incorporating biodiversity ‘cost’, as measured by investment,
and biodiversity ‘benefit’, as measured by a representative biodiversity indicator, species, richness. These elements form
the basis of the cost -- benefit ratio needed for cost-effectiveness analysis. Investment in biodiversity is affected by issues
of vulnerability (threat) and viability (success). A successful investment intervention will, however, depend on the probability
or likelihood of success and the degree of threat prevalent in a particular country. These are integrated into the index as
probabilities which will influence the amount of biodiversity ‘saved’ by an intervention. We apply the index using data for
the Asia – Pacific region, to provide a cost-effective priority investment index (CEPII) ranking by country. Acute data limitations
at the global level particularly in applying complementarity, necessitate caution in the interpretation of the index which,
like other methods, requires some subjective choice of success and threat surrogates. The index continues the task of combining
scientific and socioeconomic criteria relevant to global priorities.
This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Marc Ereshefsky 《Biology & philosophy》2010,25(4):553-568
This paper examines the species problem in microbiology and its implications for the species problem more generally. Given
the different meanings of ‘species’ in microbiology, the use of ‘species’ in biology is more multifarious and problematic
than commonly recognized. So much so, that recent work in microbial systematics casts doubt on the existence of a prokaryote
species category in nature. It also casts doubt on the existence of a general species category for all of life (one that includes
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes). Prokaryote biology also undermines recent attempts to save the species category, such as
the suggestion that species are metapopulation lineages and the idea that ‘species’ is a family resemblance concept. 相似文献
15.
P. S. Ramakrishnan 《Journal of biosciences》2001,26(4):465-479
In the context of over-consumption of natural resources in the name of development and rapid industrialization by a small
section of the human population that is rapidly growing, the world is currently faced with a variety of environmental uncertainties.
‘Global change’ covering a whole variety of ecological issues, and ‘globalization’ in an economic sense, are two major phenomena
that are responsible for these uncertainties. There is increasing evidence to suggest that the developing countries more than
the developed, particularly the marginalized traditional (those living close to nature and natural resources) societies would
be the worst sufferers. In order to cope with this problem in a situation where the traditional societies have to cope with
rapidly depleting biodiversity on which they are dependant for their livelihood, there is an urgent need to explore additional
pathways for sustainable management of natural resources and societal development. Such pathways should be based on a landscape
management strategy, that takes into consideration the rich traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) that these societies have.
This is critical because TEK is the connecting link between conservation and sustainable development. This paper explores
the possibilities in this direction through a balanced approach to development, that links the ‘traditional’ with the ‘modern’,
in a location-specific way. 相似文献
16.
Gudo M 《Acta biotheoretica》2005,53(3):191-216
The early evolutionary history of echinoderms was reconstructed on the basis of structural-functional considerations and application
of the quasi-engineering approach of ‘Konstruktions-Morphologie’. According to the presented evolutionary scenario, a bilaterally symmetrical ancestor, such as an enteropneust-like organism,
became gradually modified into a pentaradial echinoderm by passing through an intermediate pterobranch-like stage. The arms
of a pentaradial echinoderm are identified as hydraulic outgrowths from the central coelomic cavity of the bilateral ancestor
which developed due to a shortening of the body in length but widening in the diameter. The resulting pentaradial symmetry
is a consequence of mechanical laws that dictate minimal contact surface areas among hydraulic pneumatic entities. These developed
in the coelomic cavity (metacoel) in the bilaterally symmetrical ancestor, when from the already U-shaped mesentery with the
intestinal tract two additional U-shaped bows developed directly or subsequently. During the subsequent development tensile
chords of the mesentery ‘sewed’ the gut with the body wall first in three and secondly in five ‘seams’. During the direct
development five ‘seams’ between tensile chords and body wall developed straightly. These internal tensile chords subdivide
the body coelom into five hydraulic subsystems (‘pneus’), which eventually arrange in a pentaradial pattern. The body could
then enlarge only between the tensile chords, which means that five hydraulic bulges developed. These bulges initially supported
the tentacles and finally each of them enclosed the tentacle until only the feather-like appendages of the tentacles projected
over the surface. The tentacles with their feathers were transformedinto the ambulacral system, and the bulges become the
arms. These morphological transformations were accompanied and partly determined by specific histological modifications, such
as the development of mutable connective tissues and skeletal elements that fused to ossicles and provided shape stabilization
in form of a calcareous skeleton in the body wall. The organism resulted was an ancestral echinoderm (‘Ur-Echinoderm’) with an enlarged metacoel, stabilized by hydraulic pressure working againsta capsule of mutable connective tissue, skeletal
elements and longitudinal muscles. In regard to these reconstructions, the body structure of echinoderms can be understood
as a hydraulic skeletal capsule. 相似文献
17.
Panayotis Panayotidis Barbara Montesanto Sotiris Orfanidis 《Journal of applied phycology》2004,16(1):49-59
Benthic macroalgal communities constitute one of the ecological quality elements needed to implement the Water Framework Directive
(2000/60/EC), the legislation targetted at sustainable management of the European aquatic environment. As the Directive foresees
the establishment of Ecological Status Class boundaries and Reference Conditions in coastal waters, a study was conducted
on the Attica coast of Greece to identify the best method to use macroalgal community data for evaluating ecological quality
and at the same time keep the program within a low budget. Six seasonal quantitative and qualitative samples were taken from
the upper infralittoral macroalgal communities on the Attica coast of Greece on six occasions between summer 1998 and spring
2002; these sites, which reflect a gradient of anthropogenic perturbation, were used on each occasion. A list of 60 macroalgal
taxa was prepared, the cover value of each taxon was measured and the structure of the vegetation was described. The use of
four different indices (Shannon-Weaver index, Pielou evenness, Multi-Dimensional Scaling plot of Bray-Curtis similarity, Ecological
Evaluation index-EEI) were compared. The multidimensional scaling of Bray-Curtis similarity and the EEI were better at indicating
the perturbation pattern of the study area. However, only the EEI succeeded in distinguishing four quality classes (‘low’
to ‘high’). By using EEI, a spatial scale-weighted evaluation of ecological quality was also performed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Jane M. Howarth 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1995,4(8):786-797
This paper sets out to launch a challenge to the usual modernist view of the relationship between ecology and ethics. Two post-modern interpretations of this relationship are considered. The first deep interpretation holds that ecology reveals that nature has intrinsic value. The second interpretation derives from the work of Michel Foucault. The aim of his critique is to reveal how certain values are taken for granted by the acceptance of certain scientific models, and how the acceptance of those models as true makes it impossible to articulate alternative values. I end by suggesting, contra Foucault, that phenomenological enquiry could serve to articulate alternative and perhaps more eco-friendly values. 相似文献
19.
Shuo-yu Charlotte Wu 《Biosemiotics》2011,4(3):309-330
Translation has long been viewed as ‘code-switching’ either within or between languages. Hence, most translation discussions
center on its linguistic and cultural aspects. However, the fundamental mechanism of ‘translation as interpretative semiosis’
has yet to be studied with appropriate rigor. Susan Petrilli (2008) has identified ‘iconicity’ as the key that enables translative semiosis. Nevertheless, as her model is restricted to a discussion
of literary translation activity in verbal sign systems, a fundamental mechanism to explain translation as interpretative
semiosis is still needed. By analyzing the interactions between the source sign (the translated) and the target sign (the
translatant) in the translating process, it can be discerned that Humberto Maturana’s notion of autopoiesis may provide some
crucial insights into translative semiosis. By identifying the autopoietic nature of translation, that is, the interlocked
structural coupling between the Translated and Translatant, translation is no longer the ‘one-to-one-correspondence’ between
sign systems, but rather a recursive process of interpretation—an interpretive semiosis. Moreover, it is by this autopoietic,
self-productive mechanism of translation that I would suggest translation becomes a recursive generation of new inter-connections
between semiotics systems. 相似文献
20.
The river types in Wallonia (Belgium) were defined according to the system B of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD)
taking into account obligatory and optional factors synthesized in three criteria: ‘size’, ‘slope’ and ‘natural region’. Under
the hypothesis that benthic invertebrate assemblages would be specialized according to river type, a set of 627 faunal samples
originating from an 11-year sampling period was tested to characterize river types with faunal assemblages.
A multivariate approach led to gather 23 river types into seven groups exhibiting similar faunal assemblages.
Using biocenotic metrics based on benthic invertebrate assemblages (e.g., the French standard IBGN), type-specific reference
conditions and ecological status class limits were defined for each ‘natural’ river type group. Ecological potential was defined
for heavily modified and for artificial (i.e., man-made canals) types.
An ‘ecological status’ evaluation strategy was therefore developed and applied in the southern – and more natural – part of
Wallonia, where many reference sites were available. In the northern part of Wallonia (i.e., the ‘Loess region’) where no
high quality site was available, the expert judgement took a larger part in the definition of the reference conditions and
of the ecological status class limits, in addition to the calculations. Two independent distribution gradients of taxa assemblages
resulted from multivariate ordination: a first ‘saprobity axis’, as the taxa-sensitivity to organic contamination was increasing
from ‘very resistant’ taxa (mainly located in the ‘Loess region’) to ‘sensitive’ and ‘very sensitive’ taxa (from the river
types belonging to the Condroz, the Famenne, the Arden and the Jurassic regions) and a second axis characterizing the Meuse-specific
faunal assemblage, gathering exotic species and typical limnophilous taxa of large heavily modified rivers. The ecological
status monitoring management system developed in this study – i.e., the definition of faunal river type groups, related reference
conditions and ecological status class limits – represents a proposal to be integrated in the ecological status assessment
of biological elements for the implementation of the WFD and was tested in Wallonia. For the period 2000–2002 involving 349
different sites, the element ‘benthic invertebrate fauna’ was in that way classified ‘high status’ for 31.5% of sites, ‘good
status’ for 31.5% and below ‘good status’ for 37% of sites. The best ecological status (i.e., 100% ‘high’ and ‘good’ status)
was found in river type ‘Arden’s xenotrophic brooks with strong slope’ and in river types 8large rivers with medium slope’.
The worst status was found in river types ‘Loess brooks and rivers with medium slope’. 相似文献