不同地区螺旋藻室外大规模养殖的研究

在武汉、汕头和湛江进行的螺旋藻室外大规模生产过程中,对藻种的选择,培养基调控,单位面积产量和产品质量进行了研究。结果表明极大螺旋藻FACHB438表现了较好的适应性和较稳定的生物量生产率;钝顶螺旋藻FACHB439在武汉地区和湛江地区的生物量生产率略低于极大螺旋藻FACHB438.但是在低温季节钝顶螺旋藻HB83在湛江地区仍能表现出一定的适应能力和生物量生产率。分析结果表明三个地区生产的螺旋藻粉产品质量相差不大。在不同地区或季节选用不同的藻种搭配是保持螺旋藻生产的连续性和稳定的生物量生产率的一项重要措施。       

盐泽螺旋藻与其他螺旋藻的比较研究

研究了盐泽螺旋藻的形态、生理生化特性和在不同条件下的生长状况,并与其他螺旋藻进行了比较。盐泽螺旋藻、极大螺旋藻和钝顶螺旋藻在蛋白质的含量、氨基酸组分以及可见光吸收光谱等方面差别不大。盐泽螺旋藻的生长速度最快(世代时间为8.4h)。极大螺旋藻、钝顶螺旋藻1926和钝顶螺旋藻2340的世代时间分别为11、11.8和14.8h。盐泽螺旋藻的光合作用和呼吸作用强度亦大于极大螺旋藻和钝顶螺旋藻。此外,这种藻对盐分和温度还具有较宽的适应范围,在形态上也和其他3种螺旋藻有较大之差异。       

螺旋藻对增强的UV-B胁迫的响应

本文研究了实验室条件下增强的uv-B（280-320nm）胁迫对一种蓝藻一钝顶螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）794生物量、色素和蛋白、细胞内MDA含量及活性氧产生的影响。结果表明,在增强的uV-B胁迫下,螺旋藻的生物量减少,细胞内叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量降低,从而使螺旋藻的生长发育受到一定程度的抑制,而细胞浆蛋白质含量增加,这可能是螺旋藻对逆境胁迫的一种适应性反应。增强UV-B胁迫下,螺旋藻细胞内MDA含量增加,与之相对应,活性氧的产生速率也增加,进一步证实了逆境胁迫下,植物细胞内叶绿素含量的下降、MDA的积累主要与UV-B胁迫下活性氧的产生及其对细胞的氧化损伤有关。     

低温对螺旋藻可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸外渗的影响

以鄂尔多斯高原碱湖特有的钝顶螺旋藻S1、引进的钝顶螺旋藻S2和极大螺旋藻S3为材料,采用Folin法和茚三酮法分别测定低温下细胞外渗液中可溶性蛋白和游离氮基酸含量。结果表明：处理温度越低,时间越长,螺旋藻细胞外渗液中可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸的含量越高。S1膜损伤程度最轻,比引进种S2、S3有较强的抗寒能力。判断低温对螺旋藻膜损伤的程度,用可溶性蛋白较游离氨基酸更接近于实际。     

阳光紫外辐射和盐胁迫对钝顶螺旋藻光合作用和形态变化的耦合效应

将钝顶螺旋藻培养在含有不同NaCl浓度（0、0．4、0．8mol·L^-1）的培养基中,并置于室外全波段太阳辐射、阳光辐射滤除uvB以及光合有效辐射（PAR）三种辐射条件下,以探讨阳光uV辐射和盐胁迫对钝顶螺旋藻的耦合效应。结果表明,阳光uv辐射显著抑制钝顶螺旋藻的光化学效率,且随着盐浓度的提高,其受抑制程度加剧。D1蛋白含量在高水平PAR和uV辐射下都明显降低,而高盐浓度（0．8mol·L^-1NaCl）导致其含量进一步下降。此外,阳光uv辐射与盐胁迫的耦合作用使得藻丝发生明显断裂。     

富硒螺旋藻培养技术研究

采用富硒技术对印项螺旋藻培养进行强化,对硒（IV）浓度和亚硫酸盐的影响,以及硒的生物富集及其对藻细胞分子官能团结构的影响等进行了较为详细的研究,并对相关的可能机理进行了讨论。研究发现,硒对印顶螺旋藻生长具有刺激或抑制的双重作用。在0.02mg/L-411.00mg/L浓度范围内,硒不仅可以加快印顶螺旋藻的生长,而且还可以提高其生物量;同时,钝顶螺旋藻对硒的事集随着硒浓度的增加而增加,较为缓慢的生长利于钝顶螺旋藻对硒的富集。研究还证实,NaSO3会减轻高浓度Na2SeO3对印顶螺旋藻生长的毒性,富硒培养不会对藻细胞分子官能团结构产生损害。实验得出钝顶螺旋藻富硒培养较佳的硒处理浓度在10mg／L－40mg／L。     

两种螺旋藻在不同生长阶段的硒胁迫和生物有机化效应

在极大螺旋藻(S.maxima)和钝顶螺旋藻(S.platensis)不同生长阶段进行硒胁迫处理,分别从接种后第1d至第5d开始添加硒,并不断增加硒含量,至第7d使硒的累计添加量为1000mg·L^-1,形成5种不同硒胁迫(硒胁迫Ⅰ～Ⅴ),观察各种硒胁迫下螺旋藻的生物量及对无机硒的生物有机化的影响。结果表明:硒胁迫Ⅰ～Ⅳ对两种螺旋藻的生长影响不明显,而硒胁迫Ⅴ对螺旋藻生长有明显促进作用;藻体含硒总量和螺旋藻对无机硒的有机化率按硒胁迫Ⅰ～Ⅴ依次增加。首次提出硒胁迫强度概念,并用此较好地解释了有关实验结果。     

钝顶螺旋藻品系6的生物学特性

本文报道了钝顶螺旋藻(SpiruIina platensis.)品系6在室内的培养技术。提出本品系室内培养最适温度在26—30℃。当光照强度不同时,所获生物量不同。用Pinevitch(1970年)的方法培养在1/2浓度下生长最佳。它的粗纤维含量较低,认为是饲喂海珍品幼体的理想饵料,是适于温带生长的螺旋藻品系之一。     

钝顶螺旋藻品系6的生物学特性

本文报道了钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis.)品系6在室内的培养技术。提出本品系室内培养最适温度在26—30˚C。当光照强度不同时,所获生物量不同。用Pinevitch (1970年) 的方法培养在1／2浓度下生长最佳。它的粗纤维含量较低,认为是饲喂海珍品幼体的理想饵料, 是适于温带生长的螺旋藻品系之一。     

螺旋藻POD、CAT和SOD同工酶的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对毛乌素沙地碱湖的钝顶螺旋藻S3和鄂尔多斯螺旋藻S4与国外引进的钝顶螺旋藻S1和极大螺旋藻S2 的POD、CAT和SOD同工酶进行了比较研究。结果表明 :4个样品的 3种酶同工酶带数目不同 ,依次是S4 >S3>S1>S2 ;S3和S4 酶带数多 ,对环境适应性强 ,进化程度较高。螺旋藻不同种间的酶谱相似系数为 0 5 3～ 0 80 ,有较近的亲缘关系 ;原产地不同的钝顶螺旋藻S1和S3间酶谱相似系数最高为 0 86,表明螺旋藻种内差异 <种间差异。     

Accumulation of selenium in mixotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis on glucose

Accumulation of Se in mixotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis was investigated in this study. Results indicated that glucose was better than acetate as an organic carbon source for mixotrophic culture of S. platensis. Supplementation of glucose (2 gL(-1)) significantly enhanced the biomass concentration (2.57 gL(-1)) and the production of phycocyanin (0.279 gL(-1)) and allophycocyanin (0.126 gL(-1)) in S. platensis, which were much higher than those of photoautotrophic culture (1.08 gL(-1), 0.119 gL(-1) and 0.042 gL(-1), respectively). Stepwise addition of Se during the growth phase avoided the inhibitory effect of high Se concentration on the growth of S. platensis. The Se enrichment favored the production of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in the algal cells. The highest Se yield (1033 microgL(-1)) was obtained at an accumulative Se concentration of 250 mgL(-1), with organic Se percentage, biomass concentration, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin yields of 92.3%, 2.55 gL(-1), 0.295 gL(-1) and 0.153 gL(-1), respectively. These results indicated that the application of mixotrophic culture S. platensis with stepwise addition of Se to the medium could offer an effective and economical way for the production of high Se-enriched algal products.     

Influence of selected sugars and temperature on fatty acids composition in Candida lipolytica

Summary An investigation was made of the effects of temperature and of mono- and disaccharides on lipids, biomass, odd-chain and unsaturated fatty acids production of Candida lipolytica. With different sugars as carbon source at 30°C, the order for biomass production was: fructose > glucose > sucrose > lactose > galactose, while lipids production/g biomass decreased as follows: lactose, sucrose, galactose, fructose and glucose. On the other hand, the odd-chain fatty acids contents decreased in the following order: fructose, lactose, glucose, sucrose and galactose. Lowering the temperature of cultivation to 15°C, biomass, lipids and unsaturated fatty acids decreased. However, a notable decrease in the content of odd-chain fatty acids was detected.     

Kinetic and equilibrium modeling of chromium (VI) biosorption on fresh and spent Spirulina platensis/Chlorella vulgaris biomass

Biosorption of chromium (VI) was studied using both fresh and spent algal biomass of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. Both showed comparable behavior suggesting that biosorption is primarily a surface phenomenon. Biosorption rate was very fast during the first five minutes, in which almost 50% of the chromium (VI) was adsorbed. Two step kinetic model was proposed for biosorption. Equilibrium data obeyed Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Fresh algal biomass of S. platensis gave maximum of 73.6% biosorption of chromium (VI) in 100 ppm solution at 1 g l(-1) cell loading. For improved economics, beta-carotene was extracted from S. platensis and the spent biomass was used for chromium (VI) biosorption. The maximum biosorption by spent biomass was increased to 86.2%. Thus, this two step process not only showed improved efficiency in biosorption ( approximately 17% increase) but also gave valuable byproduct, namely beta-carotene.     

Lactogenesis in the rat. Metabolism of uridine diphosphate galactose by mammary gland

1. Lactose synthetase activity in the rat mammary gland increases during the last day of pregnancy from an essentially zero value. There is a parallel increase of tissue lactose and of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. 2. Mammary-gland homogenates prepared both before and after parturition hydrolyse the lactose precursors glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose and also maltose, but not lactose. 3. A role of lactose synthetase as the rate-limiting enzyme for lactose biosynthesis and the possible significance of the hydrolytic activities are discussed with respect to lactogenesis.     

Catabolite inhibition and sequential metabolism of sugars by Streptococcus lactis.

Growth of galactose-adapted cells of Streptococcus lactis ML(3) in a medium containing a mixture of glucose, galactose, and lactose was characterized initially by the simultaneous metabolism of glucose and lactose. Galactose was not significantly utilized until the latter sugars had been exhausted from the medium. The addition of glucose or lactose to a culture of S. lactis ML(3) growing exponentially on galactose caused immediate inhibition of galactose utilization and an increase in growth rate, concomitant with the preferential metabolism of the added sugar. Under nongrowing conditions, cells of S. lactis ML(3) grown previously on galactose metabolized the three separate sugars equally rapidly. However, cells suspended in buffer containing a mixture of glucose plus galactose or lactose plus galactose again consumed glucose or lactose preferentially. The rate of galactose metabolism was reduced by approximately 95% in the presence of the inhibitory sugar, but the maximum rate of metabolism was resumed upon exhaustion of glucose or lactose from the system. When presented with a mixture of glucose and lactose, the resting cells metabolized both sugars simultaneously. Lactose, glucose, and a non-metabolizable glucose analog (2-deoxy-d-glucose) prevented the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent uptake of thiomethyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (TMG), but the accumulation of TMG, like galactose metabolism, commenced immediately upon exhaustion of the metabolizable sugars from the medium. Growth of galactose-adapted cells of the lactose-defective variant S. lactis 7962 in the triple-sugar medium was characterized by the sequential metabolism of glucose, galactose, and lactose. Growth of S. lactis ML(3) and 7962 in the triple-sugar medium occurred without apparent diauxie, and for each strain the patterns of sequential sugar metabolism under growing and nongrowing conditions were identical. Fine control of the activities of preexisting enzyme systems by catabolite inhibition may afford a satisfactory explanation for the observed sequential utilization of sugars by these two organisms.     

Simultaneous cultivation of Spirulina platensis and the toxigenic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa

Mangueira Lagoon, located in the extreme south of Brazil, has water with physicochemical characteristics such as alkaline pH and carbonate levels propitious for the growth of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Previously published studies have shown that Mangueira Lagoon water supplemented with small quantities of carbon and nitrogen is suitable for S. platensis cultivation and can significantly reduce production costs. We studied mixed cultures of Spirulina platensis and the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa using a 2(3) factorial design in which the three factors were the initial biomass concentration of S. platensis and M. aeruginosa and the type of culture medium (100% Zarrouk's medium or 80% Mangueira Lagoon water plus 20% Zarrouk's medium). The highest S. platensis maximum specific growth rate (mu(max)) occurred in the culture with the highest M. aeruginosa biomass concentration and when undiluted culture medium was used (micro(max) = 0.283 d(-1)). The highest M. aeruginosa specific death rate (k) was obtained in the presence of S. platensis (k = 0.555 d(-1)) and was independent of the initial M. aeruginosa biomass concentration and culture medium, demonstrating that S. platensis cultures are not susceptible to contamination by M. aeruginosa. The culture medium had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on S. platensis micro(max) values, indicating that production costs could be reduced by using a medium consisting of 80% Mangueira Lagoon water plus 20% Zarrouk's medium.     

Production of ethanol and biomass from various carbohydrates byKluyveromyces fragilis

Summary Growth ofKluyveromyces fragilis NRC 2475 and the production of ethanol by the yeast were studied in the media containing one of the following sugars: glucose, lactose, galactose, or a glucose-galactose (50% 50%) mixture as a carbon source.The largest biomass yield and the lowest yield of ethanol were obtained in the medium containing glucose. The medium containing galactose gave the lowest yield of biomass and the largest yield of ethanol. When lactose was used for the growth and production of ethanol the obtained results for both biomass and ethanol were between those obtained with glucose and galactose.The ethanol productivities, expressed in terms of ethanol produced either per unit of cells, or per unit of cells and time, were the highest in the system with galactose and the lowest in that with glucose.     

Physiological role of fats in the process of penicillin biosynthesis]

The level of penicillin production in the presence of whale oil was shown to be higher. The stimulating effect of the oil was connected with accumulation of large biomass rather than with its specific effect on the biosynthesis. At the beginning of the process the oil eliminated the biomass accumulation lag-phase connected with beta-galactosidase repression by glucose. During the second part of the fermentation process the oil acclerated the culture growth in the presence of lactose. The rate of the oil consumption calculated for carbon was higher than that of the lactose utilization. The presence of the oil in the medium did not prevent the lactose consumption.     

Influence of sugar source (lactose,glucose, galactose) on 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella oxytoca NRRL-B199

The ability of Klebsiella oxytoca NRRL-B199 to use either lactose or the mixture of glucose and galactose as substrate for the production of 2,3-butanediol was studied in batch fermentations with different conditions of aeration and pH. 2,3-butanediol was undetected, or present in minute concentration in the fermentation broths with lactose, while it was the main product from glucose+galactose with final concentrations of up to 18.8 g/l in media at pH 6.0. Under conditions optimal for 2,3-butanediol synthesis, when aeration limited growth, the rate of biomass growth was more tightly related to the aeration rate in lactose medium than in glucose+galactose medium. These relations suggest that the growth rate is very low on lactose but still considerable on glucose+galactose when aeration rate tends toward zero. Correspondingly, the metabolism is more oxidative in the former medium, yielding mainly acetate as product.Abbreviations CDW cell dry weight     

Action of Spirulina platensis on bacterial viruses

The impact of the biomass of the blue-green microalga (cyanobacterium) S. platensis on bacteriophage T4 (bacterial virus) has been evaluated. The study revealed that the addition of S. platensis biomass into the agar nutrient medium, followed by sterilization with 2% chloroform and thermal treatment, produced an inhibiting or stimulating effect on the reproduction of the bacteriophage in Escherichia coli B cells, depending on the concentration of S. platensis and the multiplicity of phage infection, as well as on the fact whether the microalgae were added during the first cycle of the development of the virus. The reproduction of the bacteriophage in E. coli B was influenced by the method and duration of the sterilization of the nutrient medium with S. platensis.