川西卧龙岷江冷杉林土壤有机碳组分与氮素关系随海拔梯度的变化特征

土壤碳氮沿海拔梯度变化及其耦合关系是山地生态系统碳氮循环研究的重要内容。为分析不同土层土壤有机碳,土壤全氮及有机碳活性组分在海拔梯度上的分布规律及相互之间的耦合关系,选取亚高山物种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林为研究对象,以卧龙邓生野牛沟岷江冷杉原始林2920—3700 m的样地调查数据为基础,分析不同土层土壤碳氮及活性组分沿海拔的变化规律,总结土壤有机碳稳定性沿海拔主要规律,从土壤有机碳活性组分和碳氮关系的角度揭示其对土壤有机碳沿海拔变化的影响。结果表明:1)腐殖质层土壤有机碳(SOC)随海拔升高逐渐增加,与温度显著负相关,轻组有机碳(LFOC)及颗粒态有机碳(POC)随海拔上升均表现先增加后降低的趋势,土壤全氮(TN)随海拔变化不显著,但林线处LOFC、POC和TN均显著增加;0—10 cm土壤有机碳及全氮则表现为双峰特征,峰值分别在3089 m和3260 m处,与年均温度无显著关系。2)LFOC及POC在腐殖质层和0—10 cm土层中所占比例较大,是表征土壤有机碳含量沿海拔变化规律的主要活性组分,腐殖质层LFOC/SOC和POC/SOC随海拔上升逐渐增高,0—10 cm层则逐渐降低,暗示腐殖质层有机碳稳定性沿海拔逐渐降低,0—10 cm有机碳稳定性逐渐升高。3)SOC与TN显著正相关,SOC是影响TN的主要因子,但腐殖质层TN与有机碳活性组分无显著相关关系。4)土壤C/N和微生物量C/N在3177 m大于25:1,是引起土壤有机碳含量显著降低的主要因素。     

西南喀斯特石漠化环境下土地利用变化对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳是喀斯特生态系统中碳转移的动力学媒介和碳流通的主要途径,土壤有机碳及其组分是土壤碳循环的重要组成部分,然而目前缺乏关于喀斯特地区土壤有机碳及其组分的研究。本研究以西南典型喀斯特石漠化区——贵州关岭花江6种典型土地利用方式下(花椒林、火龙果林、花椒火龙果混交林、圆柏林、圆柏女贞混交林和坡耕地)的土壤为研究对象,分析土地利用方式变化对土壤有机碳含量(SOC)和储量(SOCS)、土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)及重组有机碳(HFOC)含量及其分配比例的影响。结果表明: 6种土地利用方式下SOC和SOCS均表现为圆柏林、圆柏女贞混交林和花椒林显著大于火龙果林、花椒火龙果混交林和坡耕地;在0～20 cm土层,土壤SOCS平均值为花椒林＞圆柏林＞圆柏女贞混交林＞坡耕地＞花椒火龙果混交林＞火龙果林。土壤WSOC、EOC、POC、LFOC和HFOC含量均表现为圆柏林、圆柏女贞混交林和花椒林大于其他3种土地类型。土壤SOC与其各组分(WSOC、EOC、POC、LFOC和HFOC)均呈显著正相关,且各组分两两之间也呈显著正相关。花椒林可作为中国西南喀斯特石漠化生态恢复和山地农业发展优先考虑的经济物种。土壤WSOC、EOC、POC、LFOC和HFOC可作为反映土壤有机碳库的有效指标。     

霍林河流域湿地土壤碳氮空间分布特征及生态效应

对霍林河流域湿地土壤有机碳及全氮空问分布特征及其生态效应的研究表明,有机碳和全氮的水平分异和垂直分异都十分显著,干湿交替周期是引起分异的关键因子;表层土壤有机碳与全氮含量显著相关(r=0．977),土壤碳氮比基本沿湿度梯度变化;土壤pH值对土壤表层碳氮含量及碳氮比值影响显著;流域湿地土壤与流域草原土壤碳氮比与土壤碳氮含量的相关性差异显著;其生态效应主要表现在生产效应和净化效应两方面．     

长白山风倒区自然恢复26年后土壤碳、氮含量特征

植物群落的变迁会引起土壤碳/氮分布格局的变化。本文在长白山1986年风倒区和对照区(未受风干扰的原始植被分布区)沿海拔梯度选择阔叶红树林、云冷杉林和岳桦林,采集0～10(表层)和10～20 cm(下层)土壤,分析其碳、氮含量,研究长白山西坡风倒区植被恢复以来土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮含量在对照区和风倒区均表现为表层显著高于下层。对3个林型来说,风倒区与对照区土壤有机碳、全氮含量无显著性差异,但对照区和风倒区2个土层的碳、氮含量及储量随海拔增加有上升的趋势;同时,3个林型表层土壤中有机碳、全氮的含量有显著性差异,而下层土壤中差异不明显。在阔叶红松林和云冷杉林表层土壤中,对照区土壤C/N显著高于风倒区。随着海拔的升高,对照区和风倒区2个土层的碳氮比都有降低的趋势。总的来说,长白山风倒区经过26年的自然恢复,其土壤有机碳、全氮含量及储量与原始植被区已无明显的差异,但碳氮比差异性显著,说明自然恢复26年后风倒区土壤质量已经基本恢复,但由于植被类型的差异导致碳/氮输入等差异依然存在,因而,用碳氮比可以更准确地反映植被变化对土壤的影响。     

桃园生草对土壤有机碳及活性碳库组分的影响

果园生草是解决传统清耕引起的水土流失、土壤有机质减少、土壤肥力下降和果品品质变劣的果园地面管理措施之一。阐明不同牧草种类对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响是实现果园土壤生态管理、促进有机果品生产技术体系完善和果园土壤质量提高过程中亟待解决的问题。通过研究桃园人工种植黑麦草和毛苕子对土壤总有机碳(TOC)及其活性组分(微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)以及团聚体有机碳)的影响,探明豆科牧草与禾本科牧草种植对桃园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响及其差异。结果表明:与清耕对照(CK)相比,种植黑麦草后土壤TOC、MBC和WSOC分别提高了5.13%、76.4%和18.1%,种植毛苕子土壤LFOC提高了11.3%,土壤HFOC降低了13.2%,但对土壤TOC、MBC和WSOC未产生显著影响。此外,黑麦草显著提高土壤较大粒级(74μm)团聚体有机碳含量,而毛苕子则显著降低土壤较小粒级(2000μm)团聚体有机碳含量。对提高TOC而言,在桃园种植禾本科牧草黑麦草优于豆科牧草毛苕子。土壤MBC、WSOC、LFOC以及HFOC可以作为指示桃园土壤质量提高与否、表征土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。     

苏北沿海不同土地利用方式土壤水溶性有机碳含量特征

土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)是土壤碳循环最活跃的组成部分之一。土地利用方式的改变可能显著影响土壤有机碳的组成和结构,进而影响到大气与土壤间的碳交换。本研究以苏北沿海地区农田、杨农复合经营、杨树纯林以及草地等4种不同土地利用方式土壤为研究对象,采用TOC-VCPN总有机碳仪测定了4种不同土地方式下土壤WSOC含量的变化。分析了土壤WSOC与土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化碳(ROC)及理化性质的相关关系。结果表明:WSOC和TOC、土壤全氮(TN)、ROC呈显著正相关,与碳氮比、pH、土壤容重呈显著负相关;WSOC的含量随土层的加深而减少,与总有机碳的变化特征一致,在各个土层,不同土地利用方式WSOC含量差异不显著;农田和草地的WSOC含量在0～10cm土层与10～25cm土层之间差异显著(P<0.05),杨农复合经营的WSOC含量在10～25cm土层与25～40cm土层之间差异显著(P<0.05),其他3种类型差异不显著。     

神农架自然保护区土壤微生物生物量碳、氮沿海拔梯度的变化及其影响因素

于2011年8月底对神农架自然保护区沿海拔变化的4种林型的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮进行研究,探讨土壤微生物生物量的变化规律和主要的环境影响因子。结果表明:表层土壤(0~10 cm)微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量大小顺序均为:亚高山灌丛寒温带针叶林针叶落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均随海拔的升高而显著增加,与土壤有机碳和全氮的变化趋势一致,而微生物商(q MB)随海拔表现出先减小后增加的趋势。Pearson相关分析表明,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮随海拔的变化趋势与土壤有机碳和土壤全氮呈显著正相关(P0.05),但与土壤湿度、土壤温度和土壤p H呈显著负相关(P0.05)。因此,土壤湿度、温度、p H、有机碳和全氮可能是影响土壤微生物生物量碳、氮沿海拔梯度变化的重要因子。     

盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.     

盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.     

川西亚高山不同演替阶段天然次生林土壤碳氮含量及酶活性特征

为了解次生林自然更新演替过程中土壤碳氮含量及酶活性的变化规律, 采用空间代替时间的方法, 在川西亚高山米亚罗林区选取环境条件基本一致的20世纪60、70和80年代采伐迹地自然更新演替的次生林(60-NSF、70-NSF和80-NSF)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林(对照, CK)为对象, 研究了表层(0-20 cm)土壤碳氮含量和土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明: 表层土壤有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量均随森林植被更新演替呈显著降低趋势, 而全氮(TN)和可溶性有机氮(DON)含量则表现为60-NSF < 80-NSF < 70-NSF, 但70-NSF和80-NSF间差异不显著; 次生林表层土壤有机碳氮及其活性组分含量均低于CK, 其中80-NSF的DOC和DON含量与CK差异不显著。次生林的β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和多酚氧化酶(PHO)活性均显著低于CK, 纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO)活性与CK无显著差异; 天然次生林中, 60-NSF的βG和CBH活性显著低于70-NSF和80-NSF; 80-NSF的NAG活性显著高于60-NSF和70-NSF; 4种林型之间的PEO活性无显著性差异。Pearson相关分析和冗余分析显示, 土壤TN、LFOC和DOC含量与土壤酶活性显著相关, 其中TN含量解释了酶活性变化的65.4%, 说明土壤氮含量变化可能会影响到土壤碳的水解酶活性, 同时也表明土壤微生物优先利用易分解碳和氮。因此, 次生林近60年的天然更新演替引起了TN、LFOC及DOC含量的显著下降, 导致表层土壤某些胞外酶(如βG、CBH和NAG)活性降低。从土壤酶活性角度看, 岷江冷杉原始林比早期演替阶段的次生林(<60 a)更有利于川西亚高山高海拔森林生态系统的碳氮循环。     

Variations of soil enzyme activities in a temperate forest soil

Soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase, and arylsulfatase) in a temperate forest soil were determined in relation to landscape position and seasons. Overstory of the area is dominated by Quercus mongolica, Kalopanax pictus, Carpicus cordata, and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. The activities were measured in three patches, namely a north-facing backslope, a ridge, and a south-facing backslope in autumn and spring over 2 years. In addition, spatially more detailed analysis for phosphatase was conducted before and after litterfall production in six patches. Dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities varied 1.8–18.5 μg INT-formazan g⁻¹ h⁻¹, 45.4–347.0 μg NH₄ ⁺ g⁻¹ h⁻¹, 0.9–4.5 mmol pNP g⁻¹ h⁻¹, and 0.7–2.6 mmol pNP g⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. In general, higher enzyme activities were found in the northern aspect than in the southern aspect. This variation appears to be related to differences in chemical properties (e.g., Fe, Al, and Mg) of soil as well as distribution of leaf litter. Two patterns were discernible in relation to seasonal variations. Dehydrogenase and urease exhibited a positive correlation with mean air temperature, suggesting that temperature would be a major controlling variable for those enzymes. In contrast, higher activities were detected in autumn for phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities, which appeared to be closely related to litter production and distribution. Overall results of this study indicate that soil enzyme activities in a forest floor are influenced by several variables such as temperature, nutrient availability, and input of leaf litter, which are closely related to landscape position.     

Transpiration as a function of soil temperature and soil water stress

An apparatus was developed for the measurement of transpiration rates of Trifolium repens. The transpiration rates were measured under controlled conditions of soil water stress and soil temperature. Other environmental parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and air speed were held constant. Diffusive resistances were calculated and stomatal aperture changes were recorded for all treatment combinations. A significant interaction between soil water stress and soil temperature was observed for stomatal closures. Stomatal closure was observed even in the so-called wet range of soil water stress. An increase in mesophyll resistance or incipient drying was observed for several treatment combinations. The mesophyll resistance was shown to increase as soil water stress increased.     

坡耕地紫色土养分空间变异对土壤侵蚀的响应

坡耕地土壤侵蚀导致土壤质量降低,并因此造成对作物产量的不利影响。利用土壤侵蚀测定的^137Cs示踪技术,结合土壤理化分析,研究了川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀所引起的土壤再分配对养分空间变异性的影响。结果表明,川中丘陵区坡耕地土壤侵蚀是水蚀和耕作侵蚀共同作用的结果,强烈的耕作导致坡上部发生最为严重的土壤侵蚀。土壤侵蚀对土壤特性的空间变异性产生深刻影响,坡上部土壤有机质和养分贫瘠,而在坡下部相对富集;土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、有效P、K以及土壤粘粒含量在不同坡位之间出现显著差异。反映净余土壤再分配速率的^137Cs面积浓度与这些土壤理化特性均有密切的相关性。因此,^137Cs面积浓度可以作为表征侵蚀坡地土壤综合质量的指标。     

Response of changes in soil nutrients to soil erosion on a purple soil of cultivated sloping land

Severe soil erosion of cultivated sloping land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China, has resulted in deterioration of soil quality, and therefore has an adverse impact on crop production. A hillslope of 110 m in length was selected with a slope steepness of 10.12% where the soils were classified as Regosols. Soil samples for determining ¹³⁷Cs, soil organic matter (SOM), total N, P, K, available N, P, K and particle size fraction were collected at 10 m intervals along a transect of the hillslope. Loss of soil nutrients owing to soil erosion was studied by using ¹³⁷Cs technique, and the relationships between ¹³⁷Cs-derived soil redistribution rates and soil nutrients were established over the cultivated sloping land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China (30o26′N, 104o28′E). The values of SOM, total N, available N, P, K and the soil particle fractions of size < 0.002 mm were smaller at upper and middle slope positions where ¹³⁷Cs inventories were lower (i.e., soil erosion rates were higher) than at downslope positions where ¹³⁷Cs inventories were higher (i.e., soil erosion rates were lower). The lowest ¹³⁷Cs inventories were found at the hilltop, showing that besides erosion owing to water flow, tillage also contributed to soil losses, and intensive tillage was mostly responsible for severe erosion at upper slope positions. There were significant differences in SOM, total N, available N, P, K and the soil particle fractions of size < 0.002 mm between different slope segments, and these properties were significantly correlated with slope length. These soil properties were also significantly correlated with ¹³⁷Cs inventories, indicating that both ¹³⁷Cs and nutrient concentrations varied with topographical changes. The variation in soil properties was strongly influenced by erosion-induced soil redistribution, and therefore ¹³⁷Cs inventories mirroring soil redistribution rates would be considered as an integrated indicator of soil quality.     

Collagenolytic activity of a soil actinomycete

A soil actinomycete hydrolyzed collagen extracted from bovine Achilles tendon, calf skin, carp swim-bladder and rat tail tendon. Glucose, mannose, aspartic acid and asparagine increased its collagenolytic activity which was optimum at 28 °C and at pH 7.2 – 7.5. Metallic ions, NaEDTA, cysteine, 4-chloromercuribenzoate, glutathione and sodium azide were inhibitory.     

Variations of soil structure and microbial population in a compost amended soil

Changes in soil structure and in microbial population were recorded in a long term field experiment over the growing season of maize (June–November). Determinations were made on samples from plots which had received, for two years, the following treatments: mineral fertilizers, farmyard manure and three rates of compost. Seasonal variations were observed for the stability of soil aggregates, total porosity, pore size distribution, mycorrhizal infection and aerobic cellulolytic microorganisms. The stability of the soil aggregates changed in a similar way to that found for both mycorrhizal infection and the number of aerobic cellulolytic microorganisms. Physical characteristics were not affected in any instance by the organic dressings and microbiological populations were generally influenced only by the higher doses of compost.     

Nutrient loading of a forest soil

Summary During July 1988 rooted and non-rooted experimental chambers were established in a Norway spruce (Picea abies. Karst) stand in south Devon U.K. Replicates were supplemented with ammonium and nitrate. The leachates were analysed to monitor the release of mineral-N species and cations over the 17-week experimental period. Ammonium treatments leached 300% more calcium and magnesium than controls. The onset of nitrification resulted in a decrease in sodium losses from ammonium treatments reflecting a decrease in the exchanging capacity of the soil solution. These results are discussed in relation to mineral ion leaching in soils subjected to increesed N-loading, and the ability of soils to buffer these perturbations.     

Effects of soil frost on soil respiration and its radiocarbon signature in a Norway spruce forest soil

Apart from a general increase of mean annual air temperature, climate models predict a regional increase of the frequency and intensity of soil frost with possibly strong effects on C cycling of soils. In this study, we induced mild soil frost (up to −5 °C in a depth of 5 cm below surface) in a Norway spruce forest soil by removing the natural snow cover in the winter of 2005/2006. Soil frost lasted from January to April 2006 and was detected down to 15 cm depth. Soil frost effectively reduced soil respiration in the snow removal plots in comparison to undisturbed control plots. On an annual basis 6.2 t C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ were emitted in the control plots compared with 5.1 t C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the snow removal plots. Only 14% of this difference was attributed to reduced soil respiration during the soil frost period itself, whereas 63% of this difference originated from differences during the summer of 2006. Radiocarbon (Δ¹⁴C) signature of CO₂ revealed a considerable reduction of heterotrophic respiration on the snow removal plots, only partly compensated for by a slight increase of rhizosphere respiration. Similar CO₂ concentrations in the uppermost mineral horizons of both treatments indicate that differences between the treatments originated from the organic horizons. Extremely low water contents between June and October of 2006 may have inhibited the recovery of the heterotrophic organisms from the frost period, thereby enhancing the differences between the control and snow removal plots. We conclude that soil frost triggered a change in the composition of the microbial community, leading to an increased sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration to summer drought. A CO₂ pulse during thawing, such as described for arable soils several times throughout the literature, with the potential to partly compensate for reduced soil respiration during soil frost, appears to be lacking for this soil. Our results from this experiment indicate that soil frost reduces C emission from forest soils, whereas mild winters may enhance C losses from forest soils.     

Observations on the vertical distribution of soil Oribatei in a woodland soil

• 1 The vertical distribution of Oribatei in a black pine plantation soil was studied in situ using the soil sectioning technique.
• 2 Oribatei were most abundent in the upper 3 cm due to the greater abundance of suitable food in this region.
• 3 Larger species were usually confined to the upper layers but some smaller species were also abundant in this region.
• 4 A correlation between the size of the species and their penetration was not found to be statistically significant.
• 5 Nested analysis of variance showed seasonal redistribution in some species.
• 6 The vertical distribution of individual species is discussed, and partially explained.

     

Potential effect of land-leveling on soil fertility in a Brazilian rice soil

Land-leveling to improve water management in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is becoming common in many countries. This technique exposes subsoil by removal and deposition of surface soil from high- to low-lying areas. The potential effect of land-leveling on soil fertility was studied in samples from an alluvial soil at depths of 0- to 5-, 5- to 15-, and 15- to 25-cm. Levels of soil cation exchange capacity; dilute acid-fluoride extractable P; DTPA extractable Cu, Mn, and Zn; exchangeable K; hot-water soluble B; and organic matter decreased with soil depth; whereas, soil pH increased with depth. Relatively low amounts of dilute acid-fluoride extractable P, exchangeable K, and DTPA extractable Zn occurred in the 15- to 25-cm layer of the soil. These data indicate the high likelihood that K, P, and Zn deficiencies would occur in rice grown on the subsoil that was exposed by land-leveling.