饥饿对南方鲇幼鱼游泳能力个体变异和重复性的影响

为考察肉食性鱼类有氧和无氧运动能力的种内个体变异、重复性及其对饥饿的响应, 研究以南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis Chen）幼鱼为实验对象, 在（250.5）℃条件下测定对照组（n=28）和饥饿组（n=29）的临界游泳速度（Critical swimming speed, Ucrit）、暴发游泳速度（Constant acceleration speed, Ucat）和固定流速耐受时间（Endurance）, 分析游泳能力的个体变异、稳定性及饥饿的影响。结果显示: （1）饥饿组的体重、体长和肥满度均分别显著下降了（15.100.86）%、（2.570.40）%和（7.941.59）%（P0.05）, 而对照组无明显变化; （2）对照组的Ucat和耐受时间无明显变化（P0.05）, 但Ucrit下降（6.632.25）%（P=0.031）, 而除耐受时间外饥饿组其Ucrit和Ucat分别显著下降了（26.002.76）%和（13.681.86）%（P0.001）, 并饥饿组Ucrit的下降比例显著大于其Ucat（P0.001）; （3）并且对照组三个指标的变异系数（Coefficient of variation, CV）变化方向和程度不尽相同, 饥饿组的Ucrit、Ucat和耐受时间的CV全部增加; （4）南方鲇幼鱼Ucrit和Ucat呈正相关且2周的饥饿并未改变此正相关。饥饿明显降低南方鲇幼鱼两种游泳能力并导致游泳能力的个体变异变大, 但没有改变该种鱼的有氧运动能力和无氧运动能力之间的内在正相关关系。研究表明无氧运动能力在环境改变后显得更为保守, 种内个体变异的变动可能有利于在相同自然选择压力下种内个体采取不同的捕食和避敌对策。       

不同流速对许氏平鲉生长及行为的影响

文章以许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)幼鱼为研究对象,研究了不同流速对许氏平鲉幼鱼生长性能和行为表现的影响。实验共设置4个流速处理组,分别为0(C组)、0.5 BL/s(L组)、1.5 BL/s(M组)和2.5 BL/s(H组),实验周期为43d。研究共监测与分析了8个行为指标,并将其归为运动参数(平均速度和最大加速度)、偏好区域(内、中和外圈累计停留时间)和活动状态(最大轮替次数、活跃性和身体接触)等3类行为状态。结果表明:(1)在整个实验周期中, M组和L组的终体长显著高于C组和H组(P<0.05); M组的终体重、特定生长率和增重率显著高于C组和H组(P<0.05)。(2)在实验30d后, M组和H组的外圈累计停留时间显著低于C组和L组(P<0.05),且M组中圈累计停留时间显著高于C组和H组(P<0.05); H组的中圈累计停留时间显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05),其内圈累计停留时间显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),且各处理组间没有显著差异(P>0.05); M组的最大加速度显著高于C组和L组(P<0.05)...     

温度、pH和盐度对后背鲈鲤幼鱼存活的影响

为了研究后背鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi retrodorslis)对温度、pH和盐度的耐受性, 以后背鲈鲤幼鱼为实验材料, 采用单因子静态急性毒性实验法对其温度、pH和盐度耐受能力进行研究。实验结果表明, 后背鲈鲤幼鱼对温度的耐受范围为0—32℃, 高温、低温的半致死温度分别为32℃和1℃, 最佳生长温度为8—27℃; 96h内, 最佳生长pH为5.0—9.0, pH高于9.5或者低于4.7时, 幼鱼出现死亡, 在24、48、72、96h里, 不同碱度对幼鱼存活率的影响呈现显著性差异(P<0.05), 而不同酸度对幼鱼存活率的影响差异性不显著(P>0.05), 24、48、72、96h酸度半致死浓度(LC₅₀)相应pH分别为3.90、3.96、4.15、4.40, 碱度半致死浓度相应的pH分别为11.20、11.10、10.98、10.89。96h内, 当盐浓度超过7.50 g/L时, 幼鱼开始死亡, 不同盐浓度对幼鱼的存活率的影响呈现显著性差异(P<0.05), 盐度对实验鱼的 12、24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度分别为10.30、9.25、9.00、8.85、8.82 g/L, 2个级别的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.882 g/L、2.557 g/L。后背鲈鲤已被列入珍稀濒危物种, 研究为今后后背鲈鲤的人工养殖和跨地域养殖打下理论基础。     

饥饿对鲤幼鱼内脏器官指数和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响

为了考察不同饥饿时间对鲤幼鱼内脏器官指数和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响, 在(25±0.5)℃条件下, 将35尾实验鱼[体质量(21.34±0.42) g, 体长(9.39±0.08) cm]随机平均分成5组, 即: 对照组(S0)、1周(S1)、2周(S2)、4周(S4)和8周(S8)饥饿组, 相应时间的饥饿处理后测定各实验组鱼体内脏器官指数及力竭运动后过量耗氧(Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, EPOC)。结果发现: 除了体长以外, 鲤幼鱼体质量、空壳湿重、内脏团湿重、肝脏湿重、消化道湿重、心脏湿重和鳃湿重等均随着饥饿时间的延长呈下降趋势。S2、S4和S8组的幼鱼空壳指数显著高于S0和S1组(P<0.001)。S2、S4和S8组的幼鱼内脏团指数和肝脏指数都显著低于S0和S1组(P<0.001)。S1组幼鱼消化道指数显著低于S0组, 但显著高于S2、S4和S8组(P<0.001)。心脏指数和鳃指数在所有实验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。S1组幼鱼运动前代谢率显著低于S0组(P<0.001), 但显著高于S2、S4和S8组(P<0.001)。S1组幼鱼运动代谢峰值和代谢率增量与S1组差异不显著(P>0.05), 但显著高于S0、S4和S8组(P<0.001, P=0.003)。各组间幼鱼代谢峰值时间差异不显著(P>0.05)。各个饥饿组幼鱼运动代谢峰值比率都显著高于S0组(P=0.002)。S1组的幼鱼EPOC与S0和S2组的差异不显著(P>0.05), 但显著高于S4和S8组(P=0.043)。综上所述: (1) 鲤幼鱼各个组织器官对饥饿胁迫的响应不尽相同, 这可能与其执行的生理功能差异有关; (2) 短期饥饿胁迫提升了鲤幼鱼有氧和无氧代谢能力, 这可能有利于其摄食和逃逸能力的提高, 进而提高其生存适合度。     

水环境中不同Ca~(2+)浓度对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)幼鱼生存生长的影响

作为典型的盐碱湖泊,青海湖水钙离子浓度仅为同盐度海水的1/10。本试验采用单因子静态急性毒性和室内生长试验方法,研究了不同Ca2+浓度对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)幼鱼生存和生长的影响,以期了解适宜青海湖裸鲤幼鱼生长的钙离子浓度范围。结果表明:在Ca2+浓度为0~2431.10 mg·L-1(约为同盐度海水值的0~20倍)水体中,96 h内青海湖裸鲤幼鱼100%存活;在为期60 d的生长试验中,高Ca2+浓度组(1246.02±9.83)mg·L-1与低Ca2+浓度组(10.83±0.11)mg·L-1青海湖裸鲤幼鱼存活率均在95%以上,而体长、体重、体长绝对生长率、体重绝对生长率和特定生长率均显著低于对照组(120.65±1.62)mg·L-1(P0.05),各指标的排列顺序依次为:高Ca2+浓度组低Ca2+浓度组对照组,高Ca2+浓度组的特定生长率仅为对照组的54.62%。综上所述,青海湖裸鲤幼鱼可耐受的Ca2+范围较广,但过低或过高的Ca2+浓度均会导致青海湖裸鲤生长缓慢,且高Ca2+浓度抑制效果更为明显。     

有氧运动训练和摄食对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼力竭运动后代谢特征的影响

为了探讨有氧运动训练和摄食对中华倒刺鲃（Spinibarbus sinensis）幼鱼力竭运动后代谢特征的影响,在（25±0.5）℃条件下,将120尾实验鱼[体重（21.35±0.05）g,体长（10.21±0.03）cm]随机分成4组,即:对照组、1、2和4 BL/s（体长/秒,body length/s）训练组,分别放置于不同流速下处理8周。随后测定各实验组心脏和鳃指数以及禁食或摄食（轻度麻醉灌喂体重1.5%的饵料）状态下的力竭运动后过量耗氧。结果发现:4 BL/s训练组的心脏和鳃指数都显著高于其他实验组（P < 0.05）;无论摄食与否,3个训练组运动前代谢率都显著高于对照组（P=0.001）,而各实验组过量耗氧均没有显著差异;在禁食状态下,仅4 BL/s训练组的运动代谢峰值和代谢率增量显著高于对照组,而在摄食状态下,3个训练组的运动代谢峰值和代谢率增量均显著高于对照组（P < 0.005）。与禁食组相比,摄食导致各处理组的运动前代谢率显著上升（P < 0.001）,但对运动代谢峰值没有显著影响;另外,摄食对照组代谢率增量和力竭运动后过量耗氧显著低于禁食对照组（P < 0.05）。研究表明:（1）有氧运动训练显著提高了中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的有氧代谢能力,这可能与其呼吸和循环系统功能的改善有关;（2）力竭运动能够诱导出中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的最大有氧代谢率;（3）摄食削弱了中华倒刺鲃幼鱼无氧代谢能力。     

力竭追赶训练对两种鲤科鱼类呼吸循环系统参数和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响

为了考察力竭追赶训练对中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)和岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)幼鱼呼吸循环系统和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响, 在(25±0.5)℃条件下, 将2种实验鱼各60尾 [体重分别为(28.36±0.08) g和(19.53±0.13) g]随机等分成对照组和训练组, 训练组进行1次/d共21d的力竭追赶训练。随后测定各组实验鱼的心脏和鳃指数、血液指标以及力竭运动后过量耗氧(Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, EPOC)。结果发现: 2种鱼心脏指数、鳃指数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞数目在各自对照组和训练组之间都没有显著性差异; 岩原鲤对照组的鳃指数显著低于中华倒刺鲃对照组(P<0.05), 但心脏指数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞数目与中华倒刺鲃对照组无显著性差异。中华倒刺鲃训练组的运动前代谢率、运动代谢峰值、峰值比率、代谢恢复速率与其对照组没有显著差异, 但运动后恢复时间和过量耗氧显著大于对照组(P<0.05); 岩原鲤训练组的运动前代谢率显著低于其对照组(P<0.05), 但运动代谢峰值、峰值比率、运动后恢复时间、过量耗氧、代谢恢复速率与其对照组没有显著性差异。岩原鲤对照组的运动前代谢率、运动代谢峰值、过量耗氧和代谢恢复速率分别显著低于中华倒刺鲃对照组(P<0.05), 但峰值比率和运动后恢复时间与中华倒刺鲃对照组无显著性差异。研究表明: (1)力竭追赶训练对中华倒刺鲃和岩原鲤幼鱼的呼吸和循环系统参数没有产生显著性影响; (2)力竭追赶训练显著提高了中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的无氧代谢能力; (3)中华倒刺鲃幼鱼力竭运动前后代谢率显著高于岩原鲤幼鱼, 这可能与其较为活跃的习性有关。     

溶氧水平对鲫鱼代谢模式的影响

为了探讨水体溶氧水平对鲫幼鱼(Carassius carassius)运动、消化能力及其交互作用的影响,在(25.0±0.5)℃温度条件下,测定了8(饱和溶氧水平)、2和1mg/L溶氧水平下摄食(饱足摄食)和空腹组(空腹2 d)鲫鱼的临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、运动前耗氧率(MO2pre-exercise)、活跃耗氧率(MO2active)和代谢范围(MS)。摄食诱导的耗氧率上升在各溶氧水平下无显著差异。在饱和溶氧水平下,摄食组和空腹组的Ucrit没有显著差异,但在1和2 mg/L条件下,摄食组的Ucrit显著低于空腹组(P<0.05)。在饱和溶氧水平条件下,消化和运动诱导的耗氧率上升在各个游泳水平均能完全叠加,且摄食组鱼类与空腹组鱼类具有相似的MS和Ucrit和更高的MO2active,提示鲫鱼在常氧下为添加代谢模式。随着溶氧水平下降至2和1mg/L,呼吸能力(摄食组的MO2active)对溶氧水平下降较运动耗氧率更为敏感,消化诱导的耗氧率增加只能在较低游泳速度叠加,与空腹组鱼类比较,摄食组鱼类的MS和Ucrit显著下降,MO2active无显著差异,提示低氧下消化和运动对氧气需求竞争的加剧使其代谢模式转化为消化优先。     

光色对豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)幼鱼生长及血液生化指标的影响

为了探索光色对鱼类的生长和血清生化指标的影响,利用一个小型循环水养殖系统中的不同养殖水槽,设置了白光、红光、黄光、绿光和黑暗5种光照环境,对豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)幼鱼(体长19.67±1.26 cm,体质量92.92±4.05 g)进行了120 d的养殖实验。结果表明:光色对豹纹鳃棘鲈的生长和存活的影响存在显著性差异,绿光组幼鱼的存活率和体质量均最大,白光组幼鱼的肝胰脏指数(HSI)最高;白光组幼鱼的血糖、血脂和蛋白质的含量均低于其他4组;白光组幼鱼的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量最高,白光组幼鱼的LDH显著高于红光组和绿光组;白光组幼鱼的肌酐(CREA)和尿素氮(BUN)含量高于其他4组(P0.05);5种光色下的幼鱼血液中的无机离子含量除Mg~(2+)外,Ca~(2+)、P~(3+)、Na~+和K~+均无显著性差异。综合生长、存活及血清生化指标分析,5种光色中,绿光最适宜豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼生长和存活。     

禁食对胭脂鱼幼鱼游泳能力、热耐受能力和自发运动的影响

为了考察1—2周禁食对胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)幼鱼游泳能力、热耐受能力和自发运动的影响,以胭脂鱼幼鱼[体质量(3.26±0.64) g,体长(5.32±0.32) cm]为实验对象,将其随机分成对照组、1周禁食组和2周禁食组测定其有氧运动能力及其代谢、热耐受能力和自发运动行为相关参数。结果发现:1周禁食组和2周禁食组的静止代谢和临界游泳速度与对照组没有显著性差异,但其最大代谢率、代谢空间、单位位移能量消耗、头高/头长及体高/体长显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 1周禁食组和2周禁食组的临界低温和致死低温与对照组没有显著性差异,但其临界高温和致死高温显著高于对照组(P<0.05); 1周禁食组和2周禁食组的运动总距离、平均运动速度和运动时间百分比与对照组没有显著性差异。综上所述:胭脂鱼幼鱼采取有氧运动能力和自发运动行为的维持策略应对1—2周禁食胁迫,这可能有利于维持其日常的觅食活动。此外,尽管对低温耐受没有显著影响,但1—2周的禁食显著提高了胭脂鱼幼鱼的高温耐受能力。     

The influence of flume length and group size on swimming performance in shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum

The main objectives of this study were to determine optimal methodologies to assess the general swimming performance of juvenile shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum. Swimming densities (group v. individual swimming) and flume length (2 v. 1 m) were altered to verify if any of those variables affected performance (i.e. time to fatigue) during critical swimming (U(crit)) and endurance tests. Results for both U(crit) and endurance swimming were not significantly different between fish swum in groups of five or fish swum individually. The U(crit) values, however, were c. 22% higher for fish swum in a longer flume. Although swimming fish in groups did not improve swimming performance, group swimming lowered the variance of the data. Results also reveal that juvenile A. brevirostrum may not possess an ability to swim at high speeds (i.e. burst phase) for long periods.     

The effects of training and detraining on memory, neurotrophins and oxidative stress markers in rat brain

In the current investigation we tested how swimming training (T) (8 week, 5 times/week, 2 h/day), and detraining (DT) affects brain functions and oxidative stress markers in rat brain. The free radical concentration, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance, decreased in brain of T and DT rats compared to controls (C). The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increased as a result of training, but decreased below the control level after 6 weeks of detraining. In addition, the concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) also declined with DT. The passive avoidance test was used to assess the memory of rats, and training-induced improvement was observed but the enhancement disappeared with detraining. When the content of mitochondrial electron transport complexes, as a potent free radical generator, was evaluated by the blue native gel method, no significant alterations were observed. The repair of nuclear and mitochondrial 8-oxodeoxyguanosine, as measured by the activity of OGG1, showed no significant difference. Therefore, the results suggest that regular exercise training improves memory, decreases the level of reactive oxygen species, and increase the production of BDNF and NGF. On the other hand, it appears that the beneficial effects of training are reversible in the brain, since detraining down-regulates the neurotrophin level, and memory. It is suggested that exercise training is more likely to beneficially effect the production of reactive oxygen species and the related oxidative damage.     

Detraining increases body fat and weight and decreases VO2peak and metabolic rate

Competitive collegiate swimmers commonly take a month off from swim training after their last major competition. This abrupt cessation of intense physical training has not been well studied and may lead to physiopsychological decline. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of swim detraining (DT) on body composition, aerobic fitness, resting metabolism, mood state, and blood lipids in collegiate swimmers. Eight healthy endurance-trained swimmers (V(O2)peak, 46.7 ± 10.8 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)) performed 2 identical test days, 1 in the trained (TR) state and 1 in the detrained (~5 weeks) state (DT). Body composition and circumferences, maximal oxygen consumption (V(O2)peak), resting metabolism (RMR), blood lipids, and mood state were measured. After DT, body weight (TR, 68.9 ± 9.7 vs. DT, 69.8 ± 9.8 kg; p = 0.03), fat mass (TR, 14.7 ± 7.6 vs. DT, 16.5 ± 7.4 kg; p = 0.001), and waist circumference (TR, 72.7 ± 3.1 vs. DT, 73.8 ± 3.6 cm; p = 0.03) increased, whereas V(O2)peak (TR, 46.7 ± 10.8 vs. DT, 43.1 ± 10.3 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1); p = 0.02) and RMR (TR, 1.34 ± 0.2 vs. DT, 1.25 ± 0.17 kcal · min(-1); p = 0.008) decreased, and plasma triglycerides showed a trend to increase (p = 0.065). Our data suggest that DT after a competitive collegiate swim season adversely affects body composition, fitness, and metabolism. Athletes and coaches need to be aware of the negative consequences of detraining from swimming, and plan off-season training schedules accordingly to allow for adequate rest/recovery and prevent overuse injuries. It's equally important to mitigate the negative effects on body composition, aerobic fitness and metabolism so performance may continue to improve over the long term.     

溶氧水平对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼静止耗氧率和临界游泳运动能力的影响

为了研究瓦氏黄颡鱼(Peltebagrus vachelli)在不同溶氧水平(DO)下的游泳运动能力、限制性机制及能量适应对策, 在25℃分别对不同溶氧水平(125%、100%、75%、50%和25% 空气饱和度)条件下瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼静止耗氧率、临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、活跃耗氧率进行了测定。研究发现瓦氏黄颡鱼的静止耗氧率随溶氧水平下降而显著下降(P2crit)为14.52%空气饱和度(1.16 mg/L)。当溶氧水平从100%下降到25%空气饱和度时, 其活跃耗氧率随溶氧的下降而显著下降(PPP<0.05)。研究结果提示: 在低氧条件下, 瓦氏黄颡鱼的临界游泳速度受中心的心鳃系统的限制, 而在常氧条件下,受外周的运动系统(肌肉组织)的限制。       

不同游泳速度条件下瓦氏黄颡幼鱼的有氧和无氧代谢反应

在(25±1)℃的条件下,测定瓦氏黄颡(Pelteobagrus vachelli Richardson)幼鱼体重(4.34±0.13)g的临界游泳速度(Ucrit),然后分别以临界游泳速度的不同百分比(20、40、60、80、100%Ucrit)将实验鱼分为5个速度处理组,另外设置静止对照组和高速力竭对照组。处理组实验鱼在不同游泳速度下分别游泳20min,在此过程中测定并计算运动代谢率(Activity metabolic rate,AMR),随后测定肌肉、血液和肝脏中的乳酸、糖原和葡萄糖含量。结果显示:实验鱼的绝对临界游泳速度为(48.28±1.02)cm/s,相对临界游泳速度为(6.78±0.16)BL/s;随着游泳速度的提高AMR显著增加(Pcrit时肌乳酸和血乳酸含量显著高于80%Ucrit的水平(P0.05);100%Ucrit时肝糖原含量显著低于40%Ucrit的水平(P0.05)。经计算瓦氏黄颡幼鱼到达临界游泳速度时的无氧代谢功率比例仅为11.0%,表明其游泳运动主要以有氧代谢供能;实验鱼的无氧代谢大约在80%Ucrit才开始启动,与其他鱼类比较启动时间较晚,说明其游泳运动对无氧代谢的依赖程度较低。研究提示瓦氏黄颡幼鱼是一种有氧运动能力较强的鱼类,这一能量代谢特征可能与提高其生存适合度有关。       

速度增量及持续时间对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼临界游泳速度的影响

为了考查速度增量(△v)和持续时间(△t)2个参数变化对鱼类临界游泳速度(critical swimming speed,Ucrit)的影响,于25℃条件下,首先以15%临界游泳速度作为△v,设置不同的持续时间(△t:5,10,15,30,60min);再以20min作为△t,设置不同的速度增量(△v:5%,10%,15%,20%,30%Ucrit),测定瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobag vachelli)幼鱼的临界游泳速度。结果表明:随△t的增加Ucrit整体呈下降趋势,△t由5min增加至60min,绝对游泳速度(absolute swimming speed,Ua)由(47.4±0.7)cm.s-1下降至(39.1±1.5)cm.s-1(P<0.05),除15和30min无显著差异外,其余各组间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);而△v由5%提高至10%Ucrit,Ua由(44.1±0.6)cm.s-1显著增加至(47.0±0.4)cm.s-1(P<0.05),15%和20%Ucrit的Ua分别为(45.2±0.2)cm.s-1和(46.3±0.8)cm.s-1,与10%Ucrit组之间均无显著差异,但△v增...     

五种淡水鱼类幼鱼游泳能力的比较

为了探讨栖息于不同生境中鱼类的游泳能力和偏好游泳速度及其生理机制,本研究以中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)、异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)、岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)和胭脂鱼(Myxocryprinus asiaticus)5种鱼的幼鱼为对象,在(25±1)℃条件下测定了5种鱼类的标准代谢率(SMR)、最大代谢率(MMR)、有氧代谢范围(MS)、临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、最大匀加速游泳速度(Ucat)和偏好游泳速度(Upref)。结果发现:5种实验鱼中,中华倒刺鲃的游泳能力最强,游泳能力较差的为青鱼和胭脂鱼;5种鱼之间的代谢和游泳能力差异显著,其偏好游泳速度主要集中在(10~24.5cm·s^-1)区域。研究表明,鱼类游泳能力的种间差异可能主要由心鳃系统相关的呼吸能力和体型相关的游泳效率所决定。本研究提供的有关鱼类游泳能力、偏好游泳速度等资料对于鱼道设计等有一定的参考价值。     

长期运动训练对机体血清中AMPK 水平的影响

目的:探讨长期运动训练对机体血清中磷酸化腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)水平的影响.方法:采用双抗体两步夹心酶联免疫吸附法( ELISA)测定29名专业运动员(运动组)和26名健康志愿者(对照组)血清中AMPK水平.结果:运动组和对照组血清中AMPK浓度值分别为211.00±13.68U/L和9.70± 2.45 U/L,组间比较具有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论:长期运动训练能显著提高机体血清中AMPK水平,有效增加组织的能量代谢.     

Environmental correlates, plasticity, and repeatability of differences in performance among blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) populations across a gradient of urbanization

Urbanization alters stream and watershed hydrology so that fish from urban stream systems are confronted with extreme flows during storms and runoff events. To test whether residence in urban streams is associated with altered swimming ability, we compared sprint and endurance swimming performances of eight populations of blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) from different watersheds along an urban/rural gradient. Watershed impervious surface cover, a measure of urbanization, was significantly correlated with sprint performance in dace from all stream types and endurance swimming performance (U(crit)) when only fish from urban streams were analyzed. Three estimators of water flow in a stream system, watershed area, mean annual discharge, and base-flow current speed, were all related to U(crit) in fish from nonurban streams. The U(crit) was significantly repeatable after 6 mo in the laboratory, but dace populations with exceptional U(crit) values lost ability under no-flow, "detraining" conditions. Sprint performance changed substantially in individual dace after 10 wk under no-flow conditions and was a significant function of the animal's original performance. Animals with high sprint performance tended to lose ability, whereas those with poor performance gained ability. Interpopulation differences in both sprint and endurance swimming were robust over multiple years of collection from the same sites.     

The effect of exhaustive chasing training and detraining on swimming performance in juvenile darkbarbel catfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Peltebagrus vachelli</Emphasis>)

To investigate the effects of exhaustive chasing training and detraining on the swimming performance of juvenile darkbarbel catfish (Peltebagrus vachelli Richardson), we performed exhaustive chasing training daily for 14 days and subsequently detrained fish for 7 days. Chasing training resulted in significant increases in critical swimming speed (U _crit), post-chasing peak oxygen consumption rate (VO_{2 peak}), and heart and gill indexes compared with non-trained controls. Both resting oxygen consumption (VO_{2 rest}) and excess post-chasing VO₂ (EPOC) were unaffected by exhaustive chasing training. Fish that underwent chasing training had lower levels of whole-body lipid content and reduced food intake and growth compared with non-trained control fish; however, condition factor was not affected by chasing training. Seven days of detraining reversed the effects of exhaustive chasing training. Overall, these data suggested that short-term exhaustive chasing training improves aerobic swimming capacity in darkbarbel catfish, but the training effects are reversible over a short period of time.