中国泛树蛙属一新种（两栖纲：树蛙科）

记述采自云南省屏边大围山的树蛙科Rhacophoridae泛树蛙属一新种－屏边泛树蛙Polypedates pingbianensis sp.nov.。新种与蛾眉泛树蛙P.omeimontis近似,但有明显区别,新种无声囊及声囊孔,峨眉泛树蛙具单咽下内声,声囊孔长裂形。     

杜氏泛树蛙Polypedates dugritei的核型分化兼记一超种

观察和比较了四川峨眉山、洪雅瓦屋山、昭觉与湖北利川等四地区原鉴定为杜氏泛树蛙Polypedates dugritei的核型．结果表明,事实上显示了两种极易区别的核型。昭觉和利川两地者一致相同属于同一种．它不但区别于杜氏泛树蛙．也区别于同属的任何一种．基于核型的显著差异,它应是一个新的超种Superspecies．作者将其命名为昭觉泛树蛙Polypedates dugritei,并指定1993年7月2日采于四川昭觉七里坝的6883#雄性成体为模式标本．     

云南树蛙科一新种--普洱泛树蛙

１９９６ 年５ 月在云南普洱采到１１ 号树蛙科标本, 经研究鉴定订为新种普洱泛树蛙, 在形态上它与杜氏泛树蛙相近, 但有较大差异。     

斑腿泛树蛙早期胚胎发育的研究

报道斑腿泛树蛙(Polypedates megacephalus Hallowell)的早期胚胎发育过程。根据胚胎发育过程中的形态变化规律将胚胎发育过程分为25个时期,在室温(26±1)℃的条件下,胚胎发育历时128.58h。描述了各时期的形态特征,并讨论了发育中的一些现象     

宝兴泛树蛙和昭觉泛树蛙的染色体学研究,兼论两种的分类现状

本文选择宝兴泛树蛙模式标本产地四川宝兴居群（背部有斑点和无斑点两种类型）、大瓦山居群、瓦屋山居群,也选择了被命名为昭觉泛树蛙的模式标本产地四川昭觉的居群,共两种泛树蛙4个居群的5类52号标本,进行染色体组型、次缢痕及Ag-NORs研究。本文结果主要有三：1、首次报道宝兴泛树蛙地模标本的染色体组型,且证明背部有斑点与无斑点个体在染色体学方面没有显著区别;因此将过去文献上对宝兴泛树蛙色斑的描述作了补充。2、对昭觉泛树蛙昭觉居群的研究,证实吴贯夫与曾晓茂（1994）关于昭觉居群是与宝兴泛树蛙形态虽然相似,但染色体特征之间有极显著差别的另一个种,但按照“优先权律”,本文正式恢复刘承钊根据昭觉燕窝塘标本命名的胡氏泛村蛙学名的有效性,同时将吴与曾命名的昭觉泛树蛙学名作为前者的次定同物异名。3、本文所研究的宝兴泛树蛙属于广泛分布的种,建议有必要补充其它居群（如四川巴塘居群）的染色体学资料,再作进一步的分析是否尚有隐存种（或亲缘种）的存在。     

云南树蛙科一新种——普洱浮树蛙

１９９６年５月在云南普洱采用１１号树蛙科标本,经研究鉴定订为新种普洱泛树蛙,在开矿上它们杜氏泛树蛙相近,但有较大差异。     

斑腿泛树蛙繁殖习性的观察

1观察的目的斑腿泛树蛙(Polypedatesmegacephalus)隶属树蛙科、泛树蛙属。分布于我国秦岭以南各省区,常栖于树林、稻田及池塘附近,主食农、林业害虫。它的繁殖习性比较特殊,不像一般蛙类产卵于水中;而与大泛树蛙等树栖蛙类一样,在水外产卵,受精卵在水外发育,蝌蚪孵出后,掉落水中继续生长发育,变态后的幼蛙登陆营树栖生活。对它这种特殊的繁殖习性,前人的研究、报道不多,广大群众知之更少。为了向群众宣传、普及该蛙的科学知识,有效地保护这种动物资源并为中学生物学教师指导学生开展探究性学习活动提供参考资料,笔者从2001年7月至2002年9月…     

斑腿泛树蛙两性异形和雌性繁殖能力及其影响因素

研究两栖类物种雌雄间的形态差异,不仅有助于理解物种两性异形的模式与机制,而且对其繁殖策略、繁殖投入和进化选择压力的研究都具有重要意义。2020年4月至2021年8月以浙江省丽水市丽水学院校园永久池塘内的斑腿泛树蛙（Polypedates megacephalus）为实验对象,共61只（♀12,♂49）,测量其头体长、头长、吻宽、前肢长、后肢长等12项形态特征及体重来研究该物种的两性异形,并收集窝卵数和孵化数据分析雌性繁殖能力。结果表明：斑腿泛树蛙具有显著的两性异形,且雌性个体大于雄性个体;眼径、胫长和鼻间距在两性间无显著差异,头体长、头长、吻宽、吻长、眼间距、前肢长、后肢长、前臂及手长、足长和体重均具有显著差异;斑腿泛树蛙雌性个体产卵和孵化率受季节影响显著,其中4和5月窝卵数最多,6月卵孵化率最高;雌性怀卵数量与体长呈正相关关系。依据上述结果,本研究推测生育力选择是造成斑腿泛树蛙两性异形的主要因素,雌性个体通过增大个体体型来增加怀卵量,从而提高繁殖输出;斑腿泛树蛙繁殖期受季节影响,为更好地适应雨季的提前或推迟,在进化过程中形成了延长式繁殖的模式。     

河南树蛙科一新纪录

2002年5月采自河南商城县的一种树蛙科标本,经鉴定为河南省新纪录大泛树蛙(Rhacophorus dennysi)。     

云南四种树蛙的细胞遗传学研究（无尾目：树蛙科）

本文报道了分布在云南的４种树蛙（峨眉泛树蛙,黑点泛树蛙,无声囊泛树蛙和棕褶树蛙）垢核型,Ｃ－带及Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ它们具有相同的二倍体数（２ｎ＝２６）,除无声囊泛树蛙是６＋７,其余均为５＋８核型模式,种间ＳＭ的数目和顺序,次缢痕和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ相互间有所差异。黑点泛树蛙Ｎｏｓ．３,１２为ＳＭ,Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于１０ｐ＾ｆｉｎｔｅｒ,峨眉泛树蛙Ｎｆｏｓ２,３,４,６．９为ＳＭ,随体和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ在１２     

Molecular Phylogeny Supports the Validity of Polypedates impresus Yang 2008

The taxonomy of the Asian tree frogs of the Polypedates leucomystax complex, a group of widespread and morphologically similar species, is very controversial. To ascertain the taxonomic status of these species, we investi- gated the historical relationships among representative samples based on ～ 2 kb of nucleotide sequences from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, tRNAvaline, and 16S rRNA genes. Our phylogeny resolved five well supported lineages(A, B, C, D and E) in the P. leucomystax complex. Polypedates impresus from Yunnan, China, Polypedates cf. mutus and Polypedates cf. megacephalus from Guangxi and Yunnan, China, and Laos constructed Clade C, which is monophyletic. In order to recognize the unique position of this clade, we considered P. impresus in Clade C as a valid species. Following our phylogeny, Chinese Polypedates, corresponding to the other four clades, should include four species: P. mutus(Clade A); P. braueri(Clade B); P. impresus(Clade C) and P. megacephalus(Clade D). P. leucomystax(Clade E) is mainly distributed in the Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines.     

Call Characteristics of Two Sympatric and Morphologically Similar Tree Frogs Species,Polypedates megacephalus and Polypedates mutus(Anura: Rhacophoridae), from Hainan,China

Anuran calls are usually species-specific and therefore valued as a tool for species identification. Call characteristics are a potential honest signal in sexual selection because they often reflect male body size. Polypedates megacephalus and P. mutus are two sympatric and morphologically similar tree frogs, but it remains unknown whether their calls are associated with body size. In this study, we compared call characteristics of these two species and investigated any potential relationships with body size. We found that P. megacephalus, males produced six call types which consisting of three distinct notes, while P. mutus males produced five types consisting of two types of notes. Dominant frequency, note duration, pulse duration, and call duration exhibited significant interspecific differences. In P. megacephalus, one note exhibited a dominant frequency that was negatively correlated with body mass, snout-vent length, head length, and head width. In P. mutus, the duration of one note type was positively correlated with body mass and head width. These differences in call characteristics may play an important role in interspecific recognition. Additionally, because interspecific acoustic variation reflects body size, calls may be relevant for sexual selection. Taken together, our results confirmed that calls are a valid tool for distinguishing between the two tree-frog species in the field.     

Genotoxicity of Three Avermectins on Polypedates megacephalus Tadpoles Using the Comet Assay

Avermectins are a new class of macrocyclic lactones derived from mycelia of the soil actinomycete, and are used as effective agricultural pesticides and antiparasitic agents. However, run-off from crops treated with avermectins may contaminate various bodies of water, and accumulated to certain concentrations to impact the development of aquatic animals. Here, we tested the genotoxicity of three avermectins(abamectin, ABM; ivermectin, IVM; and emamectin benzoate, EMB) on Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Tadpoles were treated for 48 h in the laboratory with different concentrations of these three agents, 0.006, 0.012, 0.018, 0.024, 0.030 mg/L for ABM, 0.003, 0.006, 0.009, 0.012, 0.015 mg/L for IVM and 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 mg/L for EMB, and then measured their DNA damage by the Comet assay tail factor %. The concentrations of resulted in highly significant increases in DNA damage of the tadpoles were found above the concentration threshold of 0.012 mg/L ABM, 0.003 mg/L IVM and 0.06 mg/L EMB and linear correlations between the intensity of DNA damage and the concentrations of these three avermectins. Our results showed clearly that avermectins caused dose dependent DNA damage on amphibian tadpoles, and there might be a control on the misuse of avermectins.     

Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia)

Kuraishi, N., Matsui, M., Hamidy, A., Belabut, D. M., Ahmad, N., Panha, S., Sudin, A., Yong, H. S., Jiang, J.‐P., Ota, H., Thong, H. T. & Nishikawa, K. (2012). Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia). —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 54–70. We investigated the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships and estimated the history of species diversification and biogeography in the Asian rhacophorid genus Polypedates, focusing on the Polypedates leucomystax complex, whose members are notoriously difficult to classify. We first estimated phylogenetic relationships within the complex using 2005‐bp sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, tRNA^val and 16S rRNA genes with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods of inference. Polypedates exhibits well‐supported monophyly, with distinct clades for P. otilophus, P. colletti, P. maculatus and the P. leucomystax complex, consisting of P. macrotis, and the Malay (Polypedates sp. from Malay Peninsula), North China (P. braueri), South China (Polypedates cf. mutus 1), Indochina (P. megacephalus), Sunda (P. leucomystax) and Laos (Polypedates cf. mutus 2) clades. In a subsequent phylogenetic analysis of 4696‐bp sequences of the nuclear brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX), POMC, Rag‐1, Rhod and Tyr genes using Bayesian methods of inference, all of these clades were recovered. Some clades of the P. leucomystax complex occur sympatrically and show high genetic diversity or morphological and acoustic differences. Similar tendencies were observed between some allopatric clades. Therefore, we consider each of these groups to be distinct specifically. We also estimated absolute divergence times within the genus using Bayesian methods. Divergence in Polypedates began with the divergence of a primarily South Asian Clade from the common ancestor of secondarily South‐East Asia P. maculatus and South‐East Asian members. The divergence between the latter occurred much later. The P. leucomystax complex diverged in the Pliocene, much later than other congeners, and seems to have been greatly affected by human‐related dispersal after the Pleistocene.     

二硫氰基甲烷对斑腿泛树蛙蝌蚪抗氧化系统及丙二醛含量的影响

采用半静态染毒法研究了二硫氰基甲烷(MBT)对斑腿泛树蛙Polypedates megacephalus蝌蚪的急性毒性。在此基础上,进一步研究了不同浓度(0.6μg·L~(-1)、1.2μg·L~(-1)、1.8μg·L~(-1)、2.4μg·L~(-1)和3.0μg·L~(-1))的MBT对蝌蚪的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,MBT对斑腿泛树蛙蝌蚪的48 h和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为8.024μg·L~(-1)和6.095μg·L~(-1)。蝌蚪的T-AOC和GSH-Px活力在短时间和低浓度下被诱导后,随着MBT浓度的增加逐渐被抑制而降低;在3.0μg·L~(-1)(96 h)和2.4μg·L~(-1)(48 h和96 h)的MBT溶液中,蝌蚪的T-AOC及GSH-Px活力显著被抑制。MDA含量在1.2μg·L~(-1)的MBT溶液明显降低后,出现增高的趋势并保持高值状态。研究表明蝌蚪抗氧化酶活性的变化间接反映了环境中氧化胁迫的存在,MBT对斑腿泛树蛙蝌蚪会造成一定的毒性影响。     

A novel myotropic peptide from the skin secretions of the tree frog, Polypedates pingbianensis

A novel myotropic peptide, polypedatein, was purified and characterized from the skin secretions of the tree frog, Polypedates pingbianensis. Its primary structure, TLLCKYFAIC, was determined by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry. Polypedatein was subjected to bioassays including myotropic, antimicrobial, and serine protease inhibitory activities, which are related with many amphibian skin bioactive peptides. It was found to elicit concentration-dependent contractile effects on isolated rat ileum. cDNA clones encoding the precursor of polypedatein were isolated by screening a skin cDNA library of P. pingbianensis and then sequenced. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequences matches well with the result from Edman degradation. BLAST search revealed that the sequence of polypedatein did not show similarity to known protein or peptide sequences. Especially, polypedatein does not contain conserved structural motifs of other amphibian myotropic peptides, such as bradykinins, bombesins, cholecystokinin (CCK), and tachykinins, indicating that polypedatein belongs to a novel amphibian myotropic peptide family. The signal peptide of the precursor encoding polypedatein shows significant sequence identity to that of other amphibian skin defensive peptides, such as antimicrobial peptides, bradykinins, lectins, and serine protease inhibitors, suggesting that polypedatein belongs to a novel amphibian myotropic peptide family. Polypedatein is also the first bioactive peptide from the genus of the frog, Polypedates.     

Oxidative stress during vitamin A-induced abnormal tail regeneration in the tadpoles of Polypedates maculatus

Vitamin A and its derivatives inhibit normal tail regeneration in amphibians. The most remarkable effect is the development of limbs at the cut end of the tail in anurans. Prior to ectopic limb development, there is an abnormal tail regeneration in the treated tadpoles. The purpose of the present study was to compare oxidative stress condition in the regenerated tail of normal and vitamin A (10I U/ml, 72 h) treated tadpoles. The present findings show a hyper-oxidative stress condition in the regenerated tail of the vitamin A-treated tadpoles of the Indian jumping frog, Polypedates maculatus (Anura: Rhacophoridae).