广东省中山市五桂山土沉香遗传多样性

土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis)是生产中药沉香的重要树种,现被列为国家二级重点保护野生植物。该研究通过采集该地区83株土沉香样品,利用限制性酶切位点相关DNA测序(restriction site-associated DNA sequencing,RAD-seq)方法获得的18个微卫星体作为分子标记,计算了五桂山土沉香种群的整体观测杂合度(observed-heterozygosity)、期望杂合度(expected-heterozygosity)、种群整体近交系数及其个体间的亲缘关系,并对种群可能经历的种群缩小或种群扩张状况进行了分析。结果表明:与同属其它物种以及同一生活史物种相比,五桂山地区土沉香遗传多样性略低(观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.523和0.522),但种群整体处于随机交配状态(近交系数为-0.002)。瓶颈效应分析表明该种群没有经历瓶颈效应,且81.810%的个体间无亲缘关系,说明这一地区土沉香并非少数个体发育起来;种群扩张分析表明其种群大小有增长情形。综合这些结果可以看出,中山市五桂山土沉香种群整体遗传健康状况良好,较好地保存了该区域种质资源遗传多样性,为今后的保护和合理开发提供了优质资源储备。     

板栗和锥栗同域居群的空间遗传结构

采用微卫星技术研究了板栗(Castanea mollissima)和锥栗(C. henryi)同域分布居群的空间遗传结构, 探讨了它们的遗传变异空间分布特征及其形成机制。结果表明,采用的7个微卫星在两物种中共扩增出173个等位基因,两物种都具有较高的遗传多样性且种间遗传分化水平较低(F_ST=0.051), 但空间自相关分析揭示板栗和锥栗在同域居群中具有不同的空间遗传结构,锥栗在100 m内有空间遗传结构,而板栗没有;同时,基于亲缘关系系数F_ij的Sp统计值也显示锥栗具有比板栗更强的空间遗传结构(板栗的Sp=0.002;锥栗的Sp=0.018)。居群遗传变异的空间结构是其传粉和种子散播及生境共同作用的结果,其中种子的近距离散播和居群密度可能是主要的因素。板栗和锥栗居群在小尺度上空间遗传结构的差异可能反映了它们种子的大小及扩散过程的差异。     

长白山阔叶红松林稠李居群遗传结构的空间自相关分析

以长白山阔叶红松林25 hm²样地为平台,选取样地中胸径≥1 cm的稠李个体共计396株,将其分为1～3、3～10和>10 cm 3个径级,通过微卫星标记对这些个体进行了空间遗传结构的空间自相关分析.结果表明: 样地中的稠李种群总体上具有一定的空间特征,在70 m范围内呈显著正相关, 110 m外则呈负相关.不同年龄级的个体空间遗传结构相似, 且主要源于有限的花粉和种子扩散距离.该稠李居群未出现明显的自疏现象.     

用分子标记揭示植物随机大居群中亚居群的遗传结构——茅栗自然居群空间遗传结构的SSR分析

采用微卫星标记对茅栗(Castanea sequinii)随机大居群以及其中各亚居群的遗传结构进行了空间自相关分析,以探讨植物自然居群内遗传变异的分布特征及其形成机制。通过9对微卫星引物所产生的119个多态位点,测定了大别山区域内茅栗居群以及各亚居群的空间自相关系数Moran's I值。结果表明:大别山分布的野生茅栗为一个缺乏空间结构的随机大居群,茅栗亚居群之间频繁的花粉流削弱了地理隔离导致的遗传漂变或分化作用在维系居群随机遗传结构中具有的重要作用。但是,在接近亚居群大小的地域范围内(0.228 km)具有一定的空间结构,即小地域尺度中的亚居群存在着空间遗传结构。取样的3个亚居群在小格局范围内都存在一定的空间结构,遗传变异基本上呈非随机分布,在短距离内(61 m)3个亚居群一致表现出不同程度的显著正相关,而随着距离的增加,Moran's I值虽然在不同亚居群间存在一定差异变化,但是总体而言趋向预期值,即不存在空间结构,说明其遗传变异在亚居群内只是在短距离内形成一定的空间结构。研究认为有限的种子散播以及微生境选择等因素可能是产生这种小格局的遗传结构的主要原因。上述研究结果有助于进一步了解植物随机大居群的进化历史和生态过程,同时也为栗属植物中国特有种的保育策略提供了科学依据。     

中国西南地区重要木本油料植物扁核木的遗传结构及成因

扁核木(Prinsepia utilis)为中国西南地区温带森林重要的木本油料植物, 但对其野生资源种群遗传结构及成因的了解严重不足。我们采用核微卫星分子标记, 对32个扁核木自然种群共377个个体的群体演化历史进行了探讨, 并评估其遗传资源。研究发现扁核木种群自西向东可划分4个遗传群组, 即喜马拉雅、横断山以及云贵高原西部和东部群组。其中, 最大的遗传分化存在于喜马拉雅和其他区域种群间。与喜马拉雅和云贵高原东部群组相比, 横断山和云贵高原西部群组混合了其他群组的遗传成分。种群动态历史分析显示中部2个群组在喜马拉雅和云贵高原东部群组形成后形成, 不同群组间的分化均发生在更新世晚期。地理隔离和环境隔离分析表明扁核木种群间的遗传分化主要由环境差异导致。环境差异分析显示不同群组间的气候存在不同程度的差异, 其中喜马拉雅和云贵高原东部群组与中部2个群组间的差异显著。此外, 结合该物种不同时期的生态位模拟数据, 我们认为喜马拉雅和云贵高原地区的遗传资源在未来需要优先保护。     

花苜蓿小尺度空间遗传结构研究

以花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica Trautv.)为材料,在内蒙古克什克腾旗建立两个25 m×50 m的样方(山谷YF1和山坡YF2),采集该范围内的所有个体,利用8对SSR分子标记对其遗传变异特性进行分析.结果显示,克什克腾旗花苜蓿居群遗传多样性较高.两个居群个体的空间自相关分析结果表明,9m内的个体间...     

花苜蓿小尺度空间遗传结构研究

以花苜蓿（Medicago ruthenica Trautv.）为材料,在内蒙古克什克腾旗建立两个25 m×50 m的样方（山谷YF1和山坡YF2）,采集该范围内的所有个体,利用8对SSR分子标记对其遗传变异特性进行分析。结果显示,克什克腾旗花苜蓿居群遗传多样性较高。两个居群个体的空间自相关分析结果表明,9 m内的个体间为非随机邻近交配,且在同距离范围内,山谷居群的个体间遗传相似性更低,推测此区域可能是历史和地理因素塑造了花苜蓿丰富的遗传多样性,两个小尺度空间格局的个体间基因流模式主要受地形影响。     

浙江天台山甜槠种群遗传结构的空间自相关分析

采用空间自相关分析方法对浙江天台山亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种甜槠种群全部个体及不同年龄级个体的小尺度空间遗传结构进行了分析,以探讨甜槠种群内遗传变异的分布特征及其形成机制。根据11个ISSR引物所提供的多态位点,经GenAlEx 6软件计算地理坐标和遗传距离矩阵在10个距离等级下的空间自相关系数。在样地内,甜槠种群内个体在空间距离小于10 m时存在显著的正空间遗传结构,其X-轴截矩为9.945。甜槠种群的空间遗传结构与其种子短距离传播和广泛的花粉传播有关。Ⅰ年龄级、Ⅱ年龄级和III年龄级个体在空间距离小于10 m时存在显著的正空间遗传结构,其X-轴截矩分别为11.820、9.746和9.792。当距离等级为5 m时,其空间自相关系数r分别为0.068、0.054和0.070。Ⅳ年龄级个体在所有空间距离等级中均不存在显著的空间遗传结构。甜槠是多年生、长寿命植物,自疏作用是导致IV年龄级个体空间遗传结构消失的主要原因。     

东北虎豹国家公园梅花鹿的空间遗传格局及其影响因素

东北梅花鹿是东北虎豹国家公园主要的大型食草动物之一,是东北虎豹的主要猎物,对针阔混交林群落的维持有关键的作用,探究其遗传多样性及空间遗传格局对东北梅花鹿的保护以及国家公园生态系统的健康至关重要。在国家公园珲春保护区内,通过非损伤方法获得遗传样本,利用微卫星标记,研究该梅花鹿种群的空间遗传格局及其影响因素。结果表明：本研究区梅花鹿种群平均期望杂合度为0.721,遗传多样性较为丰富。有限的扩散能力常常导致种群在遗传距离上具有显著的空间自相关模式,本研究区梅花鹿种群在0-1km距离等级内在遗传距离上具有显著的空间自相关现象,据此可推测,该地区梅花鹿扩散距离为1km左右。STRUCTURE分析表明,珲春地区梅花鹿种群不存在明显的遗传分化。各种空间变量可以显著影响物种的遗传分化。本研究选取海拔、坡度、坡向、地表起伏率、人类干扰5个变量,研究其对梅花鹿种群遗传结构的影响,这5个变量多被认为与大中型哺乳动物扩散阻碍相关。依据5个变量建立了336个阻力模型,并进行偏曼特尔检验。其中,依据海拔、坡向、地表起伏率、人类干扰假设建立的246个阻力模型与遗传距离之间的关系并不显著,综合所有变量的15个生境适宜性模型阻力模型与遗传距离的关系也都不显著。在依据坡度假设建构的75个阻力模型中,只有1个模型与遗传距离有显著的正相关关系,该模型同时也是在控制空间自相关影响后,在所有模型中与遗传距离相关性最高的模型。根据该模型推测,最适宜梅花鹿扩散的坡度为10°,梅花鹿可能倾向于利用缓坡进行扩散。结果对东北虎豹国家公园梅花鹿种群的保护具有重要意义。     

郑州市景观多样性的空间自相关格局分析

景观多样性的研究在土地管理与规划、生态景观评价和自然保护区建设等方面起着重要的指导作用。随着城市经济的快速发展, 城市景观多样性也同样发生着剧烈的变化。利用四期Landsat TM 影像, 分析郑州市2000—2015年土地类型的时空变化, 并结合景观多样性指数和空间自相关构建方法, 在对景观多样性时空分布变化分析的基础上,进一步对地理空间单元上景观多样性的空间自相关关系进行了深入探讨。研究结果表明: 研究区整体景观多样性增加,景观破碎化加重; 城市边缘地带的变化符合初期地类转化强烈且景观多样性高值聚集, 随着时间推移最终下降的统一规律, 反映出人类活动与景观多样性分布密切相关; 研究区内区域经济带动性强, 导致研究区整体景观多样性单元之间关联性高, 尤其是郑州东部地区, 经济发展比较突出, 其高值聚集区显著性明显较高。该研究结果表明经济发展是引起城市景观多样性空间分布变化以及空间地理单元自相关强弱的主导因素。     

Assessment of the genetic diversity among Glyptosternum maculatum, an endemic fish of Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibet, China using SSR markers

The genetic diversity of Glyptosternum maculatum populations from Nyang River, Lhasa River, and Shetongmon Reach of Yarlung Zangbo River was assessed using six microsatellite markers. Overall, the genetic diversity across the three populations was low. The Shetongmon population exhibited the highest level of genetic diversity in terms of number of alleles and effective alleles, heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content value, followed by the Nyang population and Lhasa population. The analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that almost the variation (86.64%) occurred within populations. The differentiation among populations was not significant, and population structure was weak. These results revealed that three natural populations of G. maculatum are not genetically differentiated and the large disparity of living altitude did not caused genetic differentiation between different populations. Our observations will help identify the genetic relationship among populations to understand the genetic diversity of G. maculatum.     

19个茶树杂交新品系主要性状比较及其遗传多样性分析

为探讨茶树（Camellia sinensis）种质资源的遗传背景,加快新品种选育进程,对19份区试茶树新品系的农艺性状进行观测,结合SSR标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,新品系1001 （‘春绿2号’）、1017、46-6为特早生种,萌发期比对照‘福鼎大白’早10 d以上;除1001是小乔木外,其余品系均为灌木;新品系叶形多为长椭圆形,1017品系为近圆形,1011与1012品系为近椭圆形。利用48对SSR引物对19个茶树新品系进行扩增,共扩增出231个等位基因（Na）,每对引物平均扩增出4.8个;多态性信息含量（PIC）为0.14~0.85,平均0.55,PIC超过平均值（0.55）的有28对引物,占引物总数的58.33%。聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为0.32时,29份种质资源可分为4类,第一类有1009、‘黄玫瑰’、‘黄旦’和‘黄观音’等4个,第二类有1011、1008、1014等16个,第三类有‘福鼎大白’、‘福云6号’、1017、1019、1015等5个;第四类有1001与‘早春毫’。这为茶树新品种的选育提供了种质资源。     

Genetic diversity and multilocus genetic structure in the relictual endemic herb<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Japonolirion osense</Emphasis> (Petrosaviaceae)

Plant clonality may greatly reduce effective population size and influence management strategies of rare and endangered species. We examined genetic diversity and the extent of clonality in four populations of the monotypic herbaceous perennial Japonolirion osense, which is one of the most rare flowering plants in Japan. Allozyme analysis revealed moderate levels of genetic variation, and the proportion of polymorphic loci (P=66.7%) was higher than the value for species with similar life-history traits. With four polymorphic loci, 19 multilocus genotypes were observed among 433 aerial shoot samples and 10 (52%) were found only in single populations. The proportion of distinguishable genotypes (PD=0.10) and Simpson's index of diversity (D=0.52) also exhibited moderate levels of genotypic diversity compared to other clonal plants, with genotype frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The distributions of genotypes were often localized and they were mostly found within a radius of 5 m. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that shoot samples located 4 m apart were expected to be genetically independent. The results suggest that the spatial extent of genets was relatively narrow and thus the clonality was not extensive.     

喜马拉雅旱獭种群微卫星变异及遗传多样性

为了解不同地理种群喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)的种群数量变化并探讨其内在的遗传学机制,通过构建部分基因组文库的方法筛选出8个高变异微卫星位点,根据微卫星位点的测序结果设计相应引物,PCR扩增检测了青藏高原4个地理种群(德令哈、乌兰、沱沱河、安多)喜马拉雅旱獭的遗传多态性及其种群结构.研究结果显示:8个位点在喜马拉雅旱獭种群中均为高度多态,观察等位基因数、有效等位基因数、多态信息含量分别为4.75、3.033 2、0.610 2;喜马拉雅旱獭种群总的期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.670、0.699;3个喜马拉雅旱獭种群显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)偏离H-W平衡状态,且这些偏离平衡的位点均由杂合过度导致(FIS＜0);喜马拉雅旱獭种群的部分位点已经偏离了突变-漂移平衡.结论:筛选出的8个微卫星位点适合于喜马拉雅旱獭种群遗传多样性的研究,所研究的喜马拉雅旱獭种群有较高的遗传多样性,安多地理种群在近期可能经历过瓶颈效应,种群数量曾经下降.     

Isolation and characterization of first microsatellite markers for the noble crayfish, <Emphasis Type=Italic>Astacus astacus</Emphasis>

Noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in Europe. However, very little is known about genetic diversity and structuring of noble crayfish populations, mainly because of the lack of informative genetic markers. We describe the isolation and characterization of the first microsatellite markers for this species, which were obtained by screening 4,000 recombinant clones. Eight loci revealed polymorphisms in a panel of 172 individuals from seven populations in Northern Europe. Number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 10 (average 4.4) and heterozygosity levels among populations varied from 0 to 0.80 for H _o and from 0 to 0.72 for H _e.     

Isolation and characterization of 13 microsatellite loci in Rhinolophus pusillus (least horseshoe bat) with cross-amplification in five related species

We used the enriched genomic library method to isolate and characterize dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the least horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus pusillus. Seventeen loci were obtained and tested on 31 individuals sampled from Guangxi Province in southern China. Thirteen of these markers were polymorphic with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.821 to 0.909. A total of 164 alleles were detected and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 9 to 16 (mean 12.6). These polymorphic markers will be used to assess population structure in R. pusillus. In addition, successful cross-amplification in five congeneric bat species suggests most of these markers will also be useful for studying related species.     

白木香的化学成分与生物活性研究进展

白木香(Aquilaria sinensis)的化学成分主要包括黄酮、苯甲酮、木脂素、苯丙素、萜类、生物碱、甾体以及其他酚性化合物,一些化学成分具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎、镇痛、利泄、降糖等生物活性。对近年来从白木香中分离鉴定出的化学成分,以及部分化学成分的生物活性进行了综述,为白木香资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

广西极小种群野生喙核桃遗传多样性分析

喙核桃(Annamocarya sinensis)为国家二级重点保护野生植物和极小种群野生植物。阐明广西喙核桃野生种群遗传多样性和遗传变异,可为广西喙核桃遗传多样性保护及管理策略制定提供指导。该研究筛选出6对稳定性和多态性良好的SSR引物,对广西4个喙核桃野生种群(共47个个体)的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了分析。结果表明,4个喙核桃野生种群的观测等位基因数平均为2.125,有效等位基因数平均为1.581,Shannon信息指数平均为0.477,观测杂合度平均为0.310,期望杂合度平均为0.286,等位基因丰富度平均为1.677,广西喙核桃的遗传多样性水平较低。群体间遗传呈中度分化(0.120),种群间遗传变异占20%,种群内遗传变异占80%。Structure和UPGMA分析表明,47份样品大致分为3类,样品间彼此相互混杂,遗传背景丰富。桂林市永福县种群的群体遗传多样性最高(He=0.339,I=0.598),应把该种群作为重点保护单元。     

SSRs transferability and genetic diversity of Tunisian Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne

SSR primers specific to Lolium perenne generated a total of 96 alleles and 124 genotypes within Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne accessions. Their highly transferability (100 %) across genera was evidenced. Six alleles specific to loci H01F02, H02C11 and K01A03 and only 5/96 common alleles between both species (60, 140, 144, 190 and 192) expressed the differentiation between species. Besides, based on the Wrights fixation indices, the genetic variation within each species was attributable to differences within populations with a significant deficiency of heterozygous. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging dendrogram based on the Nei’s distances and the principal coordinate analysis based on Jaccard coefficient similarity distinguished each genus independently of the geographical origin. However, typically continuous genetic diversity and a low level of gene flow (N_m: 0.29–2.47) expressed the relatively closely relationships of both genera and suggest a possible hybridization in nature.     

Impact of altitude and topography on the genetic diversity of Quercus serrata populations in the Chichibu Mountains, central Japan

In order to elucidate the factors affecting the genetic diversity of Quercus serrata in secondary forests in mountainous regions, we evaluated the level and distribution of genetic variation within and between 15 populations using seven microsatellite markers. The populations were at altitudes ranging from 140 to 1200 m in and around the Chichibu Mountains, central Japan.The expected heterozygosity (H_E) ranged from 0.766 to 0.837. The two populations that exhibited the highest and the second highest values of H_E are located beside a river and a lake, respectively. The two populations exhibiting the lowest and the second lowest values of H_E are, in contrast, located on a summit and a ridge. The observed heterozygosity (H_O) varied between 0.638 and 0.844, and the value of this variable was also higher for the populations beside water than those on summits or ridges. The soils at the waterside are wet, in contrast to those on ridges and summits, which tend to be shallow and subject to rapid desiccation. These results suggest that a lack of soil moisture is likely to inhibit the development and regeneration of Q. serrata, and that genetic diversity is reduced in arid areas. The genetic differentiation was low (F_ST=0.013) among the investigated populations, although all five populations in Yamanashi prefecture clustered together in an UPGMA tree. According to a multiple regression analysis, there was no significant isolation by distance among the populations along either the horizontal or vertical axes. Therefore, genetic variation within populations is affected by topography, but variation between populations is hardly affected by geographical factors. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest two conclusions. First, that altitude is not always a useful variable when estimating the genetic diversity of plant populations in mountainous regions. Second, that genetic diversity can vary even among the undifferentiated plant populations in small areas like the Chichibu Mountains.