美洲大蠊胸腺素THY3的表达模式分析

美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana胸腺素基因具有THY1、THY2和THY3三个不同剪接体,其中THY3结构域最多。本研究使用实时荧光定量PCR技术比较分析了THY3在美洲大蠊不同性别、不同发育阶段及不同组织中的表达差异,以及大肠杆菌Escherichia coli诱导对美洲大蠊血淋巴和脂肪体中THY3表达的影响。结果表明:THY3在成虫期的表达量显著高于其他虫期,雌虫表达量显著高于雄虫,脂肪体表达量显著高于血淋巴、头部、肌肉、体壁组织。雌性成虫体腔注射大肠杆菌3 h后血淋巴中THY3表达量显著增高,而在脂肪体中12 h后才检测到THY3表达明显上调,研究结果为进一步研究美洲大蠊胸腺素的功能打下了基础。     

美洲大蠊提取物促组织修复作用机制研究进展

基础研究和临床实验都已证实康复新液等美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana提取物对烧伤、外伤、溃疡和术后创面修复等具有良好的治疗效果。本文综述了美洲大蠊提取物促组织修复作用机制,主要包括降低炎症反应、提高免疫和抗氧化活性、调节细胞生长因子表达、调控创面愈合相关信号通路等,为阐明美洲大蠊促修复作用的分子机制及其开发利用提供了科学参考。     

美洲大蠊愈创活性成分研究北大核心CSCD

采用色谱分离手段从美洲大蠊中分离得到17个化合物,利用波谱解析鉴定了它们的结构,分别命名为环(酪氨酸-酪氨酸)(1)、环(酪氨酸-脯氨酸)(2)、环(缬氨酸-酪氨酸)(3)、环(甘氨酸-苯丙氨酸)(4)、环(甘氨酸-色氨酸)(5)、环(色氨酸-丝氨酸)(6)、环(色氨酸-天冬酰胺)(7)、ginsenine(8)、6-羟基香豆素(9)、6-羟基色满-2-酮(10)、1-(3-乙基苯基)-1,2-乙二醇(11)、1-(4-乙基苯基)-1,2-乙二醇(12)、(E)-3,4-二羟基苯亚甲基丙酮(13)、2-羟基-3',4'-二羟基苯乙酮(14)、原儿茶酸(15)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(16)和丁香酸(17)。其中,化合物1~14均为首次从美洲大蠊中分离得到。此外,对化合物促进创面愈合作用进行了观察,化合物13显示较强的抑制NO生成活性。     

美洲大蠊化学成分及生物活性的研究进展

美洲大蠊是源自西南民间的传统中药,目前市面已有"康复新液"、"心脉隆注射液"、"肝龙胶囊"和"消癥益肝片"四种相关成药在售。大量临床实践证明,其在抗炎消肿,保肝,组织修复,心肌保护方面有不错的疗效,但是其药理活性的物质基础和作用机制尚不明确,近年来已有不少学者致力于相关的系统研究,并且取得一些进展,从中获得了异黄酮、异香豆素等次生代谢物质,并且认为其机制是多因素,多细胞因子作用的结果。本文将上述的相关成果做了系统介绍,以期对未来美洲大蠊的研究有所帮助。     

美洲大蠊粪便粗提物的聚集活性

用不同溶剂不同方法提取美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana(L.)粪便,测定美洲大蠊各虫态的诱集活性。结果表明,采用直接浸泡提取方法,丙酮、乙醇、正己烷和二氯甲烷4种粗提物对美洲大蠊各虫态都具有明显的诱集作用,其中乙醇和丙酮粗提物的引诱效果最好,正己烷次之,二氯甲烷最弱。4种溶剂粗提物对美洲大蠊雄成虫和高龄若虫聚集活性最强,对低龄若虫聚集活性最弱。用乙醇溶剂对粪便粗提,3种提取方法均对美洲大蠊有很强的诱集效果,其中索氏抽提诱集效果最弱,直接浸泡和超声波提取效果好,且差异不显著,但直接浸泡提取效果更好。     

辛硫磷与氯氰菊酯混配对美洲大蠊的增效机理研究

利用电生理和生化方法 ,以美洲大蠊为材料 ,研究辛硫磷与氯氰菊酯混用的增效机理。实验结果表明 :辛硫磷与 3种氯氰菊酯混配 ,EPSP的开始兴奋时间和阻断时间均低于各单剂。促进了突触间隙乙酰胆碱的积累。生化分析结果表明 ,混剂增效的原因之一是提高了对靶标酶———AchE的抑制。     

药用美洲大蠊氨基酸和维生素含量分析

以人工饲养条件下不同发育阶段的美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana为材料,测定了其氨基酸和维生素的含量。结果表明,美洲大蠊各虫态均含有18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为23. 27%～29. 44%,人体必需氨基酸含量占44. 04%～49. 55%,优于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织推荐的40%的标准,属于优质蛋白质资源。与成虫期相比,若虫期氨基酸含量较高,色氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸和甘氨酸较为丰富。所检测的5种维生素中,维生素E含量最高,刚蜕皮成虫及雌成虫含量均超过12 mg·kg^-1。美洲大蠊相关产品促睡眠、抗氧化功能可能与其富含色氨酸、谷氨酸和维生素E有关。     

美洲大蠊变应原Pera2的生物信息学分析

目的:了解美洲大蠊变应原Per a 2的分子生物学特征。方法:从Genbank中获得Per a 2的核酸序列,用ExPaSy、EBI和NCBI网站的在线软件推导出编码氨基酸序列及其理化性质、空间结构、功能位点,并在Blastp比对后选择不同物种同源序列计算相似率、构建分子进化树。结果:Pera2由351个氨基酸细戍,分子量为38119Da、等电点为4.90、分子式为C1217H1825N285O297S18,为细胞外疏水性蛋白、属于肽酶a家族,信号肽位于1～20氨基酸处,三个跨膜螺旋区域依次位于1～19aa、51～78aa、282～300aa处;二级结构由α-螺旋(9.4%)、β延伸(28.49%)、随机线圈(62.11%)组成;美洲大蠊和德国小蠊相似率为55%、与马德拉蜚蠊相似率为51%,三者在Pera2与不同物种的同源序列构建的分子进化树中聚成一簇。结论:通过对Per a 2的生物信息学分析获得了该变应原分子特征,为进一步研究奠定基础。     

美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌多样性研究

【目的】了解美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用纯培养法、数值分类和16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对样品中可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】从NA培养基中分离得到54株细菌,根据形态观察和部分生理生化特性,选取32个代表性菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,数值分类中的代表菌株在82%相似水平上可分为12个表观群;这些分离菌株代表20个物种,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria)的10个科、15个属。多数菌株属于Proteobacteria门(15株,占46.9%)和Bacteroidetes门(10株,占31.3%)。【结论】美洲大蠊成虫肠道内存在较为丰富的细菌多样性。     

美洲大蠊对多种化合物的触角嗅觉电位反应

用多种化合物的气味制激美洲大蠊(Periplaneza americana)触角,诱导、记录触角电位(EAG)反应.试验了各类化合物154种,其中53%能诱发出明显的EAG反应.绝大多数EAG反应是负相慢波,波幅多数为0.5—2mV,时程1.5—3秒.苯等少数化合物能诱发正相EAG反应.剂量-反应曲线大致呈“S”形,还可见适应现象.萜类化合物和挥发性植物油类诱发EAG反应的作用最强,其次是酮、醇、酯、胺类化合物.化合物的含氧功能基团和空间构型与EAG反应的诱发有一定的关系.可能是同一种化合物对不同种的感受器都可能诱发EAG反应.一般性化合物诱发雌、雄、成、幼虫EAG反应的差异不大,但雌虫类提取物仅对雄性成虫触角诱发较强的EAG反应.一些已知的驱、诱、杀虫剂也能诱发EAG反应,但仅表现为对一般化合物的反应特征.     

Physiological Effects on Periplaneta americana of Bacillus sp. Exotoxin

ABSTRACT This study was performed to evaluate the physiological effects of Bacillus sp. on Periplaneta americana. The insecticidal exotoxin was fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration from Bacillus sp. cultivates. Lp₂ among 4 lipoproteins showed markable increase after 24 hrs, but there was no change in glycoprotein. The enzyme activities of P. americana showed mostly decreasing pattern by treatment of exotoxin fractions. Protease activities decreased at 12 hrs after treatment in comparison with normal subjects. Amylase also showed decreasing pattern and maximal decline was observed after 12 hrs. Trehalase activities decreased at 6 hrs and 24 hrs. Invertase activities decreased from 6 hrs to 24 hrs, but recovered after 48 hrs. Amylase isozyme A₁ and A₂ disappeared and new isozyme appeared after 12 hrs with exotoxin treatment. Trehalase isozyme T₁ and invertase I₄ increased markedly after 12hrs. However, non-specific esterase E1 disappeared after 24hrs.     

Characterization of a tyrosine phosphatase activity in the oogenesis of Periplaneta americana

In this work, phosphatase activity was characterized in the ovary and the haemolymph of Periplaneta americana. The optimum pH for these activities was 4.0, and a temperature of 44 degrees C was ideal for the maximal enzyme activity. The phosphatase activities were inhibited by NaF, sodium tartrate, Pi, sodium orthovanadate, and ammonium molybdate. The ovarian phosphatase activity at pH 4.0 was almost exclusive against phosphotyrosine, with little or no effect on the residues of phosphoserine or phosphothreonine. These results indicate that this phosphatase activity is due to the presence of an acid tyrosine phosphatase. The phosphatase activities of acid extracts from P. americana ovaries (OEX) and an acid extract from P. americana haemolymph (HEX) were analyzed in non-denaturant gel electrophoresis using an analog substrate beta-naphtyl phosphate. The gel revealed two bands with phosphatase activity in the ovary and one band in the haemolymph; these bands were excised and submitted to a 10% SDS-PAGE showing a single 70-kDa polypeptide in both samples. Histochemistry of the ovary with alpha-naphtyl phosphate for localization of acid phosphatase activity showed mainly labeling associated to the oocyte peripheral vesicles, basal lamina, and between follicle cells. Electron microscopy analysis showed that acid phosphatase was localized in small peripheral vesicles in the oocyte, but not inside yolk granules. The possible role of this phosphatase during oogenesis and embryogenesis is also discussed in this article.     

Characterization of tactile-sensitive interneurons in the abdominal ganglia of the cockroach,Periplaneta americana

Tactile stimulation of an insect's abdomen evokes various behaviors including grooming and vigorous escape responses. We tested a sample of 37 tactile-sensitive abdominal interneurons for various morphological and physiological characteristics, including their ability to excite thoracic interneurons that are known to integrate wind information conducted by giant interneurons in the classical escape response. The results suggest that abdominal tactile-sensitive interneurons are heterogeneous both in anatomical and physiological properties. In general, these cells are very small interganglionic interneurons that respond to tactile stimulation at more than one abdominal segment. However, the larger population contained virtually all types of cells. Some projected anteriorly, others posteriorly, and still others projected in both directions. For most cells, the soma was on the side opposite to their axons, but in 24% of the cells it was on the same side. Patterns of dendritic arbors also varied among cells. However, tactile sensitivity was in general consistent with the morphological bias noted in dendritic branch patterns. We were able to document the existence of tactile abdominal interneurons that connect directly to thoracic interneurons involved in escape (TI_As). However, instances of demonstrated connectivity were rare. One cell that did show connectivity (AI652) was characterized in detail, and its properties were appropriate for conducting tactile signals in a directional escape system. The dendritic arbors were biased to the side that was ipsilateral to the cell's soma and axon. As a result, this cell's abdominal inputs and thoracic outputs are on the same side. This pattern is appropriate for generating the sensory fields recorded previously in TI_As. Its axon was located in the ventral median tract, which should bring it close to the integrating region of the TI_As. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 34: 227–241, 1998     

Response of thoracic interneurons to tactile stimulation in the cockroach,Periplaneta americana

Receåfindings indicate that cockroaches escape in response to tactile stimulation as well as they do in response to the classic wind puff stimulus. The thoracic interneurons that receive inputs from ventral giant interneurons also respond to tactile stimulation and therefore, represent a potential site of convergence between wind and tactile stimulation as well as other sensory modalities. In this article, we characterize the tactile response of these interneurons, which are referred to as type-A thoracic interneurons (TI_As). In response to tactile stimulation of the body cuticle, TI_As typically respond with a short latency biphasic depolarization which often passes threshold for action potentials. The biphasic response is not typical of responses to wind stimulation nor of tactile stimulation of the antennae. It is also not seen in tactile responses of thoracic interneurons that are not part of the TI_A group. The responses of individual TI_As to stimulation of various body locations were mapped. The left-right directional properties of TI_As are consistent with their responses to wind puffs from various different directions. Cells that respond equally well to wind from the left and right side also respond equally well to tactile stimuli on the left and right side of the animal's body. In contrast, cells that are biased to wind on one side are also biased to tactile stimulation on the same side. In general, tactile responses directed at body cuticle are phasic rather than tonic, occurring both when the tactile stimulator is depressed and released. The response reflects stimulus strength and follows repeated stimulation quite well. However, the first phase of the biphasic response is more robust during high-frequency stimulation than the second phase. TI_As also respond to antennal stimulation. However, here the response characteristics are complicated by the fact that movement of either antenna evokes descending activity in both left and right thoracic connectives. The data suggest that the TI_As make up a multimodal site of sensory convergence that is capable of generating an oriental escape turn in response to any one of several sensory cues. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

美洲大蠊3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达

旨在通过5’-RACE获得美洲大蠊3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因的全长cDNA序列,进行生物信息学分析,构建原核表达载体,诱导重组蛋白表达,为进一步研究其功能奠定基础.通过3’-RACE技术,PCR扩增获取编码美洲大蠊GAPDH蛋白的全长cDNA序列;采用生物信息学方法推导出该序列编码的氨基酸序列及其理化性质;预测信号肽、蛋白疏水性、可溶性、跨膜区结构、二级结构、三级结构,并构建系统发育树;构建原核表达载体pET28a-GAPDH,IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达,并用Histag抗体Western blotting验证.结果显示,美洲大蠊GAPDH基因,其完整阅读框含999个碱基,编码332个氨基酸.序列分析显示,该蛋白与家蚕GAPDH相似性为89％,具有GAPDH保守功能域,经IPTG诱导获得重组蛋白.