Monitoring of antibiotic-induced alterations in the human intestinal microflora and detection of probiotic strains by use of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was investigated as a tool for monitoring the human intestinal microflora during antibiotic treatment and during ingestion of a probiotic product. Fecal samples from eight healthy volunteers were taken before, during, and after administration of clindamycin. During treatment, four subjects were given a probiotic, and four subjects were given a placebo. Changes in the microbial intestinal community composition and relative abundance of specific microbial populations in each subject were monitored by using viable counts and T-RFLP fingerprints. T-RFLP was also used to monitor specific bacterial populations that were either positively or negatively affected by clindamycin. Some dominant bacterial groups, such as Eubacterium spp., were easily monitored by T-RFLP, while they were hard to recover by cultivation. Furthermore, the two probiotic Lactobacillus strains were easily tracked by T-RFLP and were shown to be the dominant Lactobacillus community members in the intestinal microflora of subjects who received the probiotic.     

西藏灵菇奶对抗生素相关性腹泻小鼠肠道菌群的调整作用

目的研究用西藏灵菇对抗生素引起的肠道菌群失调及病理变化的调整作用.方法由林可霉素造成小鼠腹泻模型,并证实肠道菌群紊乱后,将其分成灵菇奶治疗组和自然恢复组,7 d后对每个组小鼠进行肠道菌群检测,同时取回肠末段组织标本用光镜及电镜观察黏膜结构的变化.结果抗生素模型组大多数小鼠肠道黏膜出现不同程度的损害,小鼠肠道的正常菌群及病理组织改变基本恢复正常.结论灵菇奶不仅对肠道菌群有调整作用,而且对肠黏膜的修复有一定作用.     

Monitoring of Antibiotic-Induced Alterations in the Human Intestinal Microflora and Detection of Probiotic Strains by Use of Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was investigated as a tool for monitoring the human intestinal microflora during antibiotic treatment and during ingestion of a probiotic product. Fecal samples from eight healthy volunteers were taken before, during, and after administration of clindamycin. During treatment, four subjects were given a probiotic, and four subjects were given a placebo. Changes in the microbial intestinal community composition and relative abundance of specific microbial populations in each subject were monitored by using viable counts and T-RFLP fingerprints. T-RFLP was also used to monitor specific bacterial populations that were either positively or negatively affected by clindamycin. Some dominant bacterial groups, such as Eubacterium spp., were easily monitored by T-RFLP, while they were hard to recover by cultivation. Furthermore, the two probiotic Lactobacillus strains were easily tracked by T-RFLP and were shown to be the dominant Lactobacillus community members in the intestinal microflora of subjects who received the probiotic.     

肠道菌群及内毒素在多器官功能不全综合征时的变化

目的　探讨肠道菌群及内毒素在多器官功能不全综合征( MODS)时的变化。方法　取SD大鼠,腹腔注射无菌酵母多糖A制备MODS模型,检测大鼠肠道菌群、外周血和门静脉血中的内毒素以及肠道游离内毒素含量,并进行定量分析。结果　模型组大鼠肠道专性厌氧菌的数量明显减少,革兰阴性杆菌和双歧杆菌的比例倒置,内毒素含量明显增加,与对照组比差异有显著性( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　MODS时肠道细菌微生态发生明显改变,肠道内毒素池与肠道革兰阴性杆菌的变化密切相关     

肠道菌群对糖脂代谢影响的研究进展

目前越来越多的研究成果表明被誉为人类"第二基因组"的肠道菌群能够影响糖脂代谢,进而调节相应疾病。本文就肠道菌群的分布、种类、影响因素进行大体介绍,主要对肠道菌群与糖脂代谢疾病联系和肠道菌群调节糖脂代谢过程中可能存在的作用机理进行综述,希望能够对糖脂代谢疾病的临床诊治带来裨益,为在此领域上的研究者提供参考价值。     

Evidence of epoxide hydrase activity in human intestinal microflora

Cholesterol-5 alpha, 6 alpha-epoxide has been implicated as an etiologic agent in human colon cancer. The epoxide is metabolized by human intestinal microflora to a product which was characterized by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography as well as combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographic properties are identical with authentic cholestan-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol, and these results suggest that microbial epoxide hydrase activity is present in the human colon.     

以供能比评价主食产品中马铃薯原料添加程度的指标构建研究

通过初步构建马铃薯供能比评价指标,比较以马铃薯供能比评价不同马铃薯原料添加程度的适用性,分析发现,马铃薯供能比与马铃薯质量占比之间差异最大可超过35%,二者间回归系数为0.958 4~0.999 9。以马铃薯供能比作为评价指标可较好地反映不同马铃薯原料对马铃薯主食产品的能量贡献程度,而不受其原料形态的影响。建议在马铃薯主食产品的生产、加工和市场监管等马铃薯主食产业各环节中,引入马铃薯供能比评价指标,用以对马铃薯主食产品中马铃薯原料添加程度的评价参考。     

大承气汤对MODS时肠道细菌微生态学影响的实验研究

目的探讨多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)大鼠肠道细菌微生态的变化及其与肠源性内毒素血症和细菌易位的关系,并观察大承气汤的影响。方法32只SD大鼠随机分成4组,对照组、模型组、大承气组和氨苄青霉素组。腹腔注射无菌酵母多糖A制备大鼠MODS模型。各组动物于造模后48 h无菌操作抽取外周静脉血和门静脉血进行内毒素含量测定;取肠系膜淋巴结进行细菌定量培养,取回肠和盲肠内容物进行肠腔内游离内毒素测定;取盲肠内容物进行肠道细菌微生态学分析。结果模型组外周血和门静脉血内毒素水平以及肠腔内游离内毒素含量均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,模型组肠道菌群出现明显变化。肠球菌、肠杆菌数量明显增加,而双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量出现显著下降,类杆菌数量亦出现明显下降(P<0.05)。模型组厌氧菌总数明显下降而需氧菌总数明显增加,同时厌氧菌总数/需氧菌总数的比值和B/E比值呈相应下降,发生倒置(P<0.05);正常对照组未发现肠道细菌向肠系膜淋巴结的易位,而模型组细菌易位阳性率是83.33%(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,大承气汤组上述各指标均出现明显变化(P<0.05);抗生素组作用不明显(P>0.05)。结论MODS时大鼠肠道细菌微生态出现明显变化,发生肠源性内毒素血症和细菌易位。大承气汤可以调整肠道菌群,恢复肠道微生态平衡,增加机体定植抗力,防治细菌易位和内毒素血症。     

Intestinal microecology of the adult population of Mongolia, Switzerland, and Russia

The study of intestinal microflora was made in clinically healthy young adults living in rural areas of Mongolia, in Russia (Moscow) and in Switzerland, as well as in Swiss citizens of elderly age groups (55-68 and 87-94 years). Essential differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of intestinal microflora both in the inhabitants of different countries as well as in people belonging to different age groups in the same country were established. The results of the study demonstrated the expediency of working out the criteria of the norm for intestinal microflora both for the population of different countries and for people living in the same country, but belonging to different age groups.     

金银花水提物对肠道微生态失调大鼠的调整作用

目的研究金银花水提取物作为微生态调节剂对肠道微生态失调大鼠肠道菌群的调整作用。方法结扎大鼠胆总管造成肠道菌群失调模型后分别以金银花、丽珠肠乐、金银花与丽珠肠乐合剂、生理盐水灌胃,于灌胃4d后测定各组大鼠肠道菌群组分、乙酸含量及肝脏中肠杆菌易位情况。结果大鼠肠道菌群失调得到恢复,肠道内乙酸含量增加,易位至肝脏的肠杆菌数量减少,与自然恢复组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,金银花与丽珠肠乐合剂组效果最佳。结论金银花水提物作为益生元对大鼠肠道菌群失调具有调整作用。     

Intestinal microbial patterns of the common marmoset and rhesus macaque

The intestinal microflora of common marmosets and rhesus monkeys were compared by enumerating bacteria from the small and large intestines. Rhesus monkeys had a consistent microflora pattern manifest by higher concentrations of total and Gram-negative aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, as well as aerobic and anaerobic Lactobacilli, in the large intestine as compared to the small intestine. In contrast, the marmoset microflora were considerably more variable. Approximately two-thirds of the marmosets (designated group A) had an overall profile that resembled the rhesus monkeys, but they had significantly higher concentrations of Gram-negative microflora in their large intestines than the rhesus monkeys. The remaining marmosets (group B) had higher concentrations of bacteria in the small intestine as compared to the large intestine, with the large intestinal concentrations being significantly lower than in the rhesus monkeys and group A marmosets. Moreover, the marmosets did not have detectable levels of aerobic Lactobacilli, and anaerobic Lactobacilli concentrations were significantly lower than in the rhesus macaques. Although it is unknown why microflora differ across species, it is likely that evolutionary adaptations in anatomy and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract influence the concentration and types of bacteria residing as the normal intestinal microflora.     

The effect of "Solco" lactobacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus) on the survival and microflora of mice with a Salmonella infection

The Solco lactobacterial strain L. acidophilus Lat 11/83 has been used for the normalization of intestinal microflora in experimental post-infectious intestinal dysbacteriosis in mice. The results of experiments indicate that the intragastric administration of live Solco lactobacteria contributes to an increase in the survival rate of infected animals and the normalization of their gastrointestinal microflora. This strain may be used as a bacterial preparation for the regulation of intestinal microbiocenosis.     

The use of a rat-derived microflora for providing colonization resistance in SPF rats

To obtain a suitable species-specific microflora for a new rat SPF-unit, germ-free WAG/Rij rats were associated with a flora derived originally from selectively decontaminated Cpb: WU (Wistar) rats. Caecal and ileal contents of these rats had been cultured anaerobically (37 degrees C) for 7 days and harvested. This cultured flora was given to germ-free Cpb: SE (Swiss) mice, which were kept in an isolator system and acted as a source of the flora to associate germ-free Wag/Rij rats. In these associated rats, several parameters indicative of the 'quality' of the intestinal microflora were investigated and compared to those in rats with a mouse derived anaerobic microflora. Parameters included relative caecal weight, colonization resistance and the concentration of faecal bile acids. The cultured rat-derived microflora normalized the observed intestinal parameters better than the mouse derived microflora, and provided better colonization resistance. We conclude that culturing of intestinal contents of selectively decontaminated animals can be a useful way to obtain a species-specific donor-microflora which can be used to start new SPF units.     

白蚁肠道微生物研究方法概述

白蚁是木质纤维素的主要降解者,在森林生态系统碳氮循环过程中发挥着重要作用。白蚁肠道共生微生物主要包括原生生物、细菌、古菌和真菌。在白蚁对木质纤维素进行降解、发酵,从而产生乙酸、氢气和甲烷以及对氮的固定过程中,白蚁肠道共生微生物起着重要的作用。本文对白蚁肠道微生物的研究方法进行总结,概述了各种方法的优缺点,同时对肠道微生物的研究进展进行了总结,以期为白蚁肠道微生物的进一步研究和利用提供参考。     

健康与腹泻林麝肠道菌群的多态性

目的 分析圈养状态下正常林麝和腹泻林麝粪便菌群的组成差异,找到能够影响肠道总菌群稳态的标志菌,为减少林麝腹泻提供防治新策略。 方法 测序分析54只健康林麝(正常组)和18只有腹泻症状的林麝(腹泻组)肠道菌群总DNA中16S rRNA基因V3-V4区,注释微生物种类和数量。计算Chao1、Ace、Shannon和Simpson等多样性指数,进行聚类分析。 结果 正常组和腹泻组之间共有的可操作分类单元(OTUs)2 366个,正常组特有的OTUs 409个,腹泻组特有的OTUs 150个。按组计算α多样性指数,结果表明腹泻组Chao1指数(1 352.766±75.497,t=10.798 7,P结论 腹泻发生时,林麝的肠道菌群丰富度和多样性有所下降,菌群总量显著增加。拟杆菌门物种丰富度极显著性减少的同时,作为潜在致病菌标志的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)比例上升,Chryseobacterium数量极显著升高,研究结果丰富了对林麝腹泻基于肠道菌群变化的认识。     

Intestinal microflora and homeostasis of the mucosal immune response: implications for probiotic bacteria?

The intestinal microflora can be considered a postnatally acquired organ that is composed of a large diversity of bacteria that perform important functions for the host and can be modulated by environmental factors, such as nutrition. Specific components of the intestinal microflora, including lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, have been associated with beneficial effects on the host, such as promotion of gut maturation and integrity, antagonisms against pathogens and immune modulation. Beyond this, the microflora seems to play a significant role in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and prevention of inflammation. The contribution of the intestinal epithelial cell in the first line of defense against pathogenic bacteria and microbial antigens has been recognized. However, the interactions of intestinal epithelial cells with indigenous bacteria are less well understood. This review will summarize the increasing scientific attention to mechanisms of the innate immune response of the host towards different components of the microflora, and suggest a potential role for selected probiotic bacteria in the regulation of intestinal inflammation.     

多器官功能不全综合征时肠道细菌微生态学改变的实验研究

为研究多器官功能不全综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）时肠道细菌微生态的变化以及Ｇ＾－杆菌消长与肠道和血液中内毒素水平的关系,本实验选用ＳＤ大鼠,应用无菌Ｚｙｍｏｓａｎ腹腔注射制备大鼠ＭＯＤＳ模型,并对ＭＯＤＳ大鼠肠道菌群进行定量分析,对门静脉和外周静脉血中的内毒以及肠道游离内毒素含量进行定量测定。结果发现,ＭＯＤＳ状态下肠道细菌微生态发生明显变化,表现为肠杆菌和肠球菌等肠道内需氧菌的数量明显增多,双歧杆菌和乳酸     

Does the intestinal microflora synthesize pyrroloquinoline quinone?

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) functions as a cofactor for prokaryotic oxidoreductases, such as methanol dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase. When chemically-defined diets without PQQ are fed to animals, lathyritic changes are observed. In previous studies, it was assumed that PQQ was produced by the intestinal microflora; consequently, antibiotics were routinely added to diets. In the present study this assumption is tested further in mice by: (i) examining the effects of dietary antibiotics on fecal PQQ excretion, (ii) isolating the intestinal flora to identify bacteria known to synthesize PQQ and (iii) determining in vitro if the intestinal microflora synthesizes PQQ from radio-chemically labeled precursors. The results of these experiments indicate that little if any PQQ is synthesized by the intestinal microflora. Rather, when PQQ is present in the intestine, the diet is a more obvious source.     

消化道肿瘤术后肠道菌群失调的诊治

目的 :探讨消化道肿瘤术后肠道菌群失调的诊断与治疗。方法 :收集 10 4例消化道肿瘤患者 ,并分别给以常规补液、肠内营养及肠外营养。结果 :17例患者术后发生腹泻 ,肠内营养组无术后肠道菌群失调(P<0 .0 5 ) ,常规补液组及肠外营养组肠道菌群失调症患者 14例 ,给以双歧杆菌制剂等治疗菌群失调 ,症状得以改善。结论 :肠内营养有防治肠道菌群失调的作用 ,双歧杆菌等微生态制剂可用于治疗消化道肿瘤术后肠道菌群失调。     

复方树舌液对肠道微生态失调小鼠的调节作用

目的应用复方树舌液作为微生态调节剂对肠道微生态失调小鼠进行调节。方法用盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调模型,用复方树舌液进行治疗,在治疗期间分别检测各组小鼠的肠道优势菌群、乙酸、内毒素含量及肝脏肠杆菌易位。结果小鼠肠道菌群失调得到恢复、小鼠肠道内乙酸含量增加、内毒素含量下降、易位至肝脏的肠杆菌数量减少,与自然恢复组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,树舌组优于丽珠肠乐组。结论复方树舌液作为益生元对小鼠肠道菌群失调具有调节作用。