THE ROLE OF STRESS HORMONES IN THE CONTROL OF GRANULOCYTE PRODUCTION

It has previously been indicated that the inhibitory power of the granulocytic chalone is not influenced by adrenalin. It is now shown that this is true both in absence and in presence of exogenous hydrocortisone. It is also shown that hydrocortisone itself does not cause significant inhibition of DNA synthesis in rat bone marrow cells in vitro, but that it does act to augment the inhibitory effect which the granulocytic chalone induces. It is suggested that the primary action of hydrocortisone may be on the cell membrane which changes the cell wall permeability to chalone, perhaps by reducing its rate of loss from the cells.     

GRANULOCYTE DYNAMICS AND THE QUESTION OF INEFFECTIVE GRANULOPOIESIS

A simple analysis was developed to compare granulocyte production in marrow with granulocyte turnover in peripheral blood of the dog. the analysis is anchored to the relative number of granulopoietic and erythropoietic cells that are flashlabeled with tritiated thymidine. This provides a convenient measure of relative production rates, since there is little, if any, difference in the duration of the respective DNA synthesis periods. the latter was confirmed in the present work by comparison of myeloid and erythroid cells in respect to (1) labeled mitosis curves and (2) changes in labeling intensity with constant infusion of tritiated thymidine. the ratio of flash-labeled granulocyte to erythrocyte progenitors was unity (1.02 ± 0.05) in the eight dogs studied, which means that gross production rates were essentially the same. Since net production as revealed by peripheral blood turnover is greater for erythrocytes than for granulocytes, it follows that there must be some ineffective granulopoiesis. This may correspond to over half of the total production. It is suggested that this phenomenon, which apparently occurs in man as well as in dog, could represent an important feature of granulocyte regulation.     

放射性肺损伤细胞渗出及SP-A表达的实验研究

目的探讨急性放射性肺损伤不同时间点病理和肺泡灌洗液与肺泡表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)表达的变化。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠40只随机分为对照组(C组)和照射组(R组)。行6MV-X线全胸野照射,剂量率2Gy/min,单次剂量15Gy,源皮距1m,照射面积4.5cm×4.5cm。于照射后第1,2,4,8周取肺组织作HE、Masson染色,肺泡灌洗液进行细胞计数,蛋白免疫印迹(Westernblot)检测肺组织中SP-A蛋白表达。结果HE和Masson染色提示照射后的第1周始肺泡腔有炎性细胞渗出,继之间质水肿,第4及8周出现肺泡腔变小甚至结构破坏,局部实变,肺间质出现胶原纤维;肺泡灌洗液的细胞总数照射组与对照组相比各时间段都明显增高(P<0.01);照射组各时间点SP-A蛋白表达均明显下降(P<0.001),以第1、8周下降最为明显,第2、4周出现回升。结论SP-A蛋白参与放射性肺损伤的发生、发展过程,为进一步探讨放射性肺损伤的发病机制提供了实验依据。     

有关节肢动物系统发育若干问题的研究进展

近年来对节肢动物系统发育问题的认识有了相当大的变化,尤其是支序分析研究方法的使用,以及来自分子系统学和分子发育生物学的证据,成为继比较形态学之后有力的研究手段,近年来的研究显示线虫,缓步类和有爪类是节肢动物的近缘类群,而非以前绝大多数学者所认为的软体动物的环节动物,对于节肢动物门的单系性及其内部类群间关系的问题,目前倾向于认为（1）节肢动物为单系群;（2）由甲壳类,六足类和多足类联合形成单系群－具颚类;（3）与六足类分子系统学两方面研究的支持;对第3点的争议虽较大,但就论据而言确为优势观点。     

SELECTIVITY IN THE STUDY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The principle of selectivity in the roentgenology of the cardiovascular system is now firmly established. The chambers of the heart and certain vascular beds lend themselves admirably to selective catheter or needle study, without the necessity of perfusing large segments of the cardiovascular bed which are irrelevant to a particular study.A technique of percutaneous transfemoral selective ciné coronary arteriography has been developed and applied to clinical subjects. Nevertheless, selectivity has specific limitations, and the use of the selective versus the nonselective approach must be weighed in each case, with the status of the patient as well as the requirements of the diagnostic investigation taken into account in reaching a decision.     

ADVENTURES IN THE STUDY OF BREATHING

Perfect coordination is required between the amount of air breathed to ventilate the air cells of the lungs and the amount of blood pumped through them by the heart.Over-ventilation often accompanies severe emotional disturbances with far-reaching effects on the functions of the brain and other organs. Of particular interest are the effects of altering breathing upon angina pectoris.In conditions with under-ventilation the effects are serious because the carbon dioxide which accumulates acts as a narcotic on the nerve centers which control breathing. If oxygen is given to such patients they may be made much worse and become unconscious. Morphine and other narcotics also make matters worse.Under-ventilation in patients with over-distention of the air cells of the lungs results in a chronic form of carbon dioxide poisoning, so that the lungs may fail in ventilatory function. Recent work by Whittenberger has shown how to combat this situation by mechanical over-ventilation. As the excess of carbonic acid is removed the narcotic effect of the gas is lessened and the nerve center governing breathing resumes more normal operation under which the effect of oxygen is no longer deleterious.     

INFLUENCE OF AGE AND ANTIGENIC STIMULATION ON GRANULOCYTE AND MACROPHAGE PROGENITOR CELLS IN THE MOUSE SPLEEN

The frequency and proliferative activity of granulocytic and macrophage progenitor cells were determined in the spleens of C₅₇BL, BALD/c, NZB and CBA mice. These cells were detected by their capacity to form granulocytic and/or macrophage colonies ( in vitro colony-forming cells, CFC) in agar culture. In vitro CFCs were low in frequency in the adult spleen (4–28/10⁵ cells) compared with the bone marrow (180–280/10⁵ cells). However, the neonatal spleen, both in germfree and conventional mice, contained high levels of in vitro CFCs. From the low suiciding index with tritiated thymidine and the small numbers of cluster-forming cells in relation to colony numbers, many in vitro CFCs in the adult C₅₇BL spleen appear to be in a non-cycling state. The level and activity of in vitro CFCs were extremely low in the spleen of adult germfree CBA mice but were greatly increased in conventional mice following the injection of a bacterial antigen.     

CONTROL OF GRANULOCYTE PRODUCTION

In normal conditions the granulocytic cell population is prevented from excessive cell proliferation by a humoral mechanism based on a specific feedback inhibitor, granulocytic chalone. In conditions of acute functional demand a tissue-specific stimulator, granulocytic antichalone, replaces chalone in rat serum. Mature granulocytes contain, and presumably produce, the chalone which is also present in fresh normal serum. Thus, the inhibitor is both humoral and present within the same cell system on which it acts: the action of this chalone is target tissue specific as it only inhibits granulocytic precursor cells in normal rat bone marrow in vitro. Granulocytic chalone and antichalone were partly purified by gel filtration on Sephadex; the elution parameters suggested molecular weights of 4000 and 30,000–35,000, respectively. Granulocytic chalone was not separated from the erythrocytic chalone (present in fresh normal serum and in blood erythrocytes) on Sephadex; however, separation at the cellular level was easily achieved.     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CAMBIUM IN THE STUDY OF CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

1. The adjacent, undifferentiated, uninucleated cells of the lateral meristem or cambium are of two distinct shapes and sizes: (1) small, more or less isodiametric initials which are of the same general order of magnitude as the cells of the terminal meristem and embryo; and (2) large, elongated initials which in certain cases may attain a length of more than 10,000 micra and a volume of 10,000,000 cubic micra. The large initials may be induced to divide to form small initials, and the latter to regenerate elongated cells of normal dimensions. Thus, the cambium affords an unusually favorable medium for the study of a number of fundamental physiological and cytological problems. 2. A study of the cambium reveals the fact that there is a very-much greater variability in the size of meristematic cells in plants than was suspected by Sachs or Strasburger, and that the working sphere of the nucleus is by no means so restricted as assumed by these investigators. 3. Although the larger cambial initials of Pinus strobus tend to have larger nuclei, the nucleocytoplasmic-relation varies within wide limits and the diploid number of chromosomes is constant. The conditions in the cambium do not support Winkler''s view that there is a close correlation between chromosomal number (chromosomal mass) and cell size in the somatic tissue of plants, and that giant cells are hyperchromatic. 4. The process of cell plate formation in the cambium is a remarkable phenomenon, and one which is significant in discussing the relative merits of various theories concerning the dynamics of karyokinesis and cytokinesis. 5. The newly formed partition membranes in the cambial initials frequently intersect the side walls at angles of varying degrees of acuteness, which is in contradiction to Errera''s (Plateau''s) Law of Minimal Area.     

鞘喙亚目化石研究进展

详细总结和回顾了世界鞘喙亚目化石研究简史,列出已发表的化石种类名录、分布及年代,不同地质年代发现的鞘喙亚目种类、数量、地理分布位置存在差异。简要介绍了鞘喙亚目分布特点,并提出鞘喙亚目昆虫化石研究中存在的问题,展望其研究前景。