不同诱捕器对油松毛虫性引诱剂诱虫量的影响

油松毛虫是我国辽宁省油松林中的主要害虫,每年都有大面积的发生,给松林生存和生态建设安全造成了严重威胁。为了更好地使用性引诱剂防治,本文在辽宁省建平县通过林间诱捕试验,以油松毛虫性引诱剂为诱芯,比较了不同形状、不同颜色、不同悬挂高度的诱捕器对油松毛虫雄成虫的诱虫量。结果表明,4种形状诱捕器的诱虫量由高到低依次为:大船型诱捕器、三角型诱捕器、小船型诱捕器和桶型诱捕器;大船型与小船型和桶型的差异显著,与三角型的差异不显著。小船型与桶型的差异显著,与三角形的差异不显著。3种颜色诱捕器对油松毛虫雄成虫的诱虫量由高到低依次为:黑色诱捕器、绿色诱捕器、白色诱捕器;黑色诱捕器和白色诱捕器的诱虫量存在显著性差异;而绿色诱捕器与黑色诱捕器和白色诱捕器之间差异性不显著性。3种悬挂高度诱捕器的诱虫量由高到低依次为:悬挂高度为1.7 m的诱捕器,悬挂高度为3.1 m的诱捕器,悬挂高度为2.4 m的诱捕器;悬挂高度为1.7 m的诱捕器诱虫量与其余2种悬挂高度的诱捕器诱虫量差异性显著;悬挂高度为2.4 m的诱捕器诱虫量与悬挂高度3.1 m的诱捕器诱虫量差异性不显著。本文主要对不同诱捕器形状、颜色、悬挂高度3个因素利用正交试验方法进行了组合试验,并比较了组合诱捕器的诱虫量,得出诱虫量最大的是悬挂高度为1.7 m的绿色大船型诱捕器,建议在生产实践中推广该组合。     

枣镰翅小卷蛾性信息素诱芯颜色对诱虫效果的影响

关于性信息素诱捕器诱虫效果的评价,人们对性信息素的结构、成分及其比例研究众多,而关于性信息素诱芯（下面简称性诱芯）颜色对诱捕器诱虫量的影响,未见专门报道。本试验选用在山西晋中枣区发生量大,危害严重的枣镀翅小卷叶峨A。cyl。s（A。c》yloPerO。at。。aL山（又称零粘虫）为研究对象,初步探讨了性诱芯颜色对诱捕器诱虫效果的影响。现将结果整理如下。是材料与方法1．l时间与场地：试验干1992年4月S～22日在山西省太谷县白城村西枣园进行,此时正值越冬代成虫发生期。枣园面积约10000m‘,结果枣树70O余株。1．2性诱芯;由山…     

APF-Ⅰ型松墨天牛引诱剂的应用技术研究

为完善APF-Ⅰ型松墨天牛引诱剂及诱捕器的林间应用技术,本研究开展了诱捕器不同悬挂高度、不同坡位与不同设置密度诱捕松墨天牛效果的调查。结果表明:诱捕器不同悬挂高度对松墨天牛的诱捕效果影响显著,随着诱捕器布设高度的增加,松墨天牛诱捕量增多,其中4.5 m处诱捕松墨天牛效果最好,诱虫量均值为245.5头/诱捕器。诱捕器不同坡位对松墨天牛的诱捕量无显著影响,其中山顶诱捕量最多,诱虫量均值72.3头/诱捕器。诱捕器设置密度加大,总诱捕量增多,林间死树株率下降,建议每6.67 hm~2(100亩)至少设置6个诱捕器。     

沙棘木蠹蛾成虫种群发生动态与性诱剂诱捕剂监测技术

【目的】沙棘木蠹蛾Eogystia hippophaecolus(Hua,Chou,Fang et Chen)是严重危害沙棘林的重大钻蛀性害虫。在辽宁建平,4年1代,幼虫16龄。本试验旨在研究辽宁建平沙棘木蠹蛾的成虫发生规律,明确其幼虫虫口数量与成虫诱捕量之间的关系,为建立基于"3S"和昆虫性信息素诱捕耦合的虫灾监测技术提供基础数据。【方法】于栽植的健康沙棘根部接入不同虫龄的幼虫,统计可发育为老熟幼虫,入土化蛹并羽化为成虫的幼虫龄期范围。设定样地,采用随机抽样法调查各样地幼虫数量并悬挂性信息素诱捕器对成虫进行监测。将成虫诱捕量与不同龄期范围的幼虫数量进行曲线回归分析,获得监测林间幼虫数量的最优模型。【结果】5月下旬时已达12~16龄的幼虫均可在当年发育为老熟幼虫,入土化蛹并羽化为成虫。沙棘木蠹蛾在辽宁建平经历3个羽化高峰,在不同乡镇,其成虫期长短有较大差别(76~95 d不等)。当年13~16龄幼虫数量与成虫诱捕量的二次函数拟合效果最佳,即y=0.001x2+0.321x+38.783,R2=0.649,P0.05。【结论】明确了沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫在辽宁建平当年可入土化蛹并羽化为成虫的龄期范围,确定了其在3个试验地的成虫期和羽化高峰,构建了通过性信息素诱捕成虫以监测林间幼虫虫口数量的数学模型,为航空、航天遥感的虫灾监测提供技术支撑。     

桃蛀螟性信息素在板栗园中应用技术研究

在河北省迁西县板栗园中系统研究了不同类型和不同颜色诱捕器的悬挂位置以及诱芯种类、数量对桃蛀螟Conegethes punctiferalis雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响。林间诱捕试验结果表明:(1)自制水桶型诱捕器诱捕效果显著高于三角形及船型诱捕器;(2)白色、蓝色、绿色诱捕器的诱捕效果均显著高于黄色诱捕器,其中白色效果最佳,黄色最差;(3)诱捕器悬挂于树冠中部时的诱捕量分别是悬挂于树冠上部及下部的2.1倍和6.8倍;(4)不同供应商提供诱芯的诱捕效果存在差异;(5)含单、双诱芯诱捕器间的诱捕效果差异不显著。实际生产上应选择配置有1个中捷四方诱芯的白色水桶型诱捕器,悬挂于树冠中部位置,以期达到对板栗园内桃蛀螟的最佳诱捕效果。     

4种引进的引诱剂制剂对桔小实蝇引诱效果评价

在果园试验评价了从美国引进的4种引诱剂与1种国产引诱剂对桔小实蝇的诱集效果,结果表明国产甲基丁香酚液体制剂(CME)诱捕实蝇成虫数量最大,为493.2头/诱捕器,雌虫率为9.0%,且持效期长达60 d;美国甲基丁香酚固体制剂(MEU)的诱捕实蝇成虫数量次之,为250.2头/诱捕器,雌虫率为0.4%,持效期39 d;醋酸铵+腐胺复合固体制剂(2C)、蛋白颗粒剂(PB)和醋酸铵+腐胺+三甲胺复合固体制剂(3C)3种美国产食物引诱剂中以2C诱捕实蝇成虫效果最好,诱虫数为152.8头/诱捕器,雌虫率为96.6%,持效期36 d;PB的诱虫数为49.0头/诱捕器,雌虫率为56.3%,持效期39 d;3C诱虫数为8.4头/诱捕器,雌虫率为92.8%,持效期18 d。     

香蕉假茎象甲成虫的田间活动规律

本文利用引诱剂诱捕器，对香蕉假茎象甲Odoiporus longicollis (Oliver)成虫在蕉园中的活动高度、活动方向和活动节律进行研究，旨在明确该虫的田间活动规律，为其防控技术的研究与应用提供科学依据。结果表明，诱捕器的挂置高度对香蕉假茎象甲成虫的诱捕效果有一定影响，距地面160 cm的诱捕器所诱捕的成虫数量最大，而该高度是香蕉叶鞘及叶柄所处位置，说明成虫多在此处活动。而诱捕器的挂置方位对诱捕效果影响不大，挂设在东南西北四个方位的诱捕器的诱虫量差异不显著，说明香蕉假茎象甲成虫在蕉园活动时，对方向没有明显偏好。此外，在活动节律上，香蕉假茎象甲成虫多在傍晚至凌晨时分活动，16:00至翌日4:00的雌、雄虫诱虫量分别占全天雌、雄虫诱虫量的92%和96%。     

梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用技术研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园、桃园重要的果树害虫。本文比较研究了梨小食心虫性信息素在梨园、桃园悬挂不同高度、设置不同密度对梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响,结果表明:在梨树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为2 m;在桃树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为1.5 m;同时,田间诱捕效果与性信息素设置密度密切相关,梨园中,每0.067 hm2设置密度为6¹0个诱芯时,对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果影响不大,而桃园中每0.067 hm2设置8个诱芯时,有最好的诱集效果。本研究可为梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用提供指导。     

两种性信息素诱捕器对棉铃虫雄蛾的诱捕效果比较

1995年在山东和安徽棉区4个地点比较研究了性信息素笼罩诱捕器和水盆诱捕器对棉铃虫雄蛾的诱捕效果。试验结果表明,4地点笼罩诱蛾量分别是水盆诱蛾量的2.8、3.5、2.5和2.0倍,平均2.7倍。两种诱捕器诱蛾量倍数的变异系数分别为22.9%、31.5%、50.7%和51.2%。可见笼罩诱捕器比水盆诱捕器对棉铃虫雄虫具有更高的诱捕效率。考虑到笼罩诱捕器高效、稳定及简便,建议在我国尽快用其取代水盆进行棉铃虫成虫的标准化监测。     

悬挂高度和位置对性诱剂诱集柑桔潜叶蛾雄虫效果的影响

本文研究了红心蜜柚园和新余蜜橘园中诱捕器悬挂高度、设置距离对性诱剂诱集柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton雄虫效果的影响.结果表明,诱捕器悬挂的垂直高度明显影响性诱剂对柑桔潜叶蛾雄虫诱集量,同时这个影响随着高度相对树干的水平位置变化而变化.诱捕器最佳悬挂位置是三分之二树高的树冠底部边...     

What window traps can tell us: effect of placement, forest openness and beetle reproduction in retention trees

The use of flight interception traps (window traps) has been criticized for catching too many species without affinity to the immediate surroundings. We study aspen retention trees left for conservation reasons in a boreal forest in south-eastern Norway, and investigate how placement of window traps affects the beetle species assemblage, abundance of habitat specialists, saproxylic species and vagrant species. We also test the correlation between beetle trappings and beetle exit holes in wood. The window traps clearly responded to the immediate surroundings of the trap. Traps located on tree trunks had a different species assemblage than traps hanging freely. Traps mounted on trees caught more aspen associated beetles and less vagrant species than their free-hanging counterparts. The differences were larger when trees were dead than alive. There was a significant positive correlation between presence of individuals in the trunk-window traps and presence of exit holes for three aspen associated species. Thus, the trapping results indicated successful reproduction, showing that aspen associated beetles are not only attracted to but also utilise aspen retention trees/high stumps left in clear-cuts. This indicates that this conservation measure in forest management can have positive, alleviating effects concerning the dead wood deficit in managed boreal forest.     

Comparison of naturally and synthetically baited spruce beetle trapping systems in the central Rocky Mountains

We compared naturally baited trapping systems to synthetically baited funnel traps and fallen trap trees for suppressing preoutbreak spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, populations. Lures for the traps were fresh spruce (Picea spp.) bolts or bark sections, augmented by adding female spruce beetles to create secondary attraction. In 2003, we compared a naturally baited system ("bolt trap") with fallen trap trees and with synthetically baited funnel traps. Trap performance was evaluated by comparing total beetle captures and spillover of attacks into nearby host trees. Overall, the trap systems did not significantly differ in spruce beetle captures, although bolt traps caught 6 to 7 times more beetles than funnel traps during the first 4 wk of testing. Funnel traps with synthetic lures had significantly more spillover than either trap trees or bolt traps. The study was repeated in 2004 with modifications including an enhanced blend synthetic lure. Again, trap captures were generally similar among naturally and synthetically baited traps, but naturally baited traps had significantly less spillover. Although relatively labor-intensive, the bolt trap could be used to suppress preoutbreak beetle populations, especially when spillover is undesirable. Our work provides additional avenues for management of spruce beetles and suggests that currently used synthetic lures can be improved.     

Impacts of silvicultural thinning treatments on beetle trap captures and tree attacks during low bark beetle populations in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona

Our research used a combination of passive traps, funnel traps with lures, baited trees, and surveys of long-term thinning plots to assess the impacts of different levels of stand basal area (BA) on bark beetle tree attack and on trap captures of Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., and their predators. The study occurred at two sites in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forests, from 2004 to 2007 during low bark beetle populations. Residual stand BA ranged from 9.0 to 37.0 m2/ha. More predators and bark beetles were collected in passive traps in stands of lower BA than in stands of higher BA; however, significance varied by species and site, and total number of beetles collected was low. Height of the clear panel passive traps affected trap catches for some species at some sites and years. When pheromone lures were used with funnel traps [Ips pini (Say) lure: lanierone, +03/-97 ipsdienol], we found no significant difference in trap catches among basal area treatments for bark beetles and their predators. Similarly, when trees were baited (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte lure: myrcene, exo-brevicomin and frontalin), we found no significant difference for days to first bark beetle attack. Surveys of long-term thinning treatments found evidence of bark beetle attacks only in unthinned plots (approximately 37 m2/ha basal area). We discuss our results in terms of management implications for bark beetle trapping and control.     

First report of an attractant for a tumbling flower beetle (Coleoptera: Mordellidae)

In 2004 and 2005, large numbers of the tumbling flower beetle, Falsomordellistena bihamata (Melsheimer), were found on traps baited with sweet birch oil, whereas significantly fewer individuals were found on control traps. In both years, peak captures were at 680 DD10 degrees C. Trapping was conducted in Naugatuck State Forest in Naugatuck, CT. Little is known about the ecology and biology of the tumbling flower beetles (Coleoptera: Mordellidae), and the larval food plant for this species is not known. Thus, we cannot say why the beetle is attracted to sweet birch oil. Sweet birch oil is approximately 99.8% methyl salicylate (MeSA). MeSA is found constitutively in large quantities in some plants, but it is also an important signal in, and product of, plant stress-response pathways. MeSA has been found to attract both herbivores that need stressed plants as food and natural enemies of herbivores in stressed plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mass trapping of a tumbling flower beetle. Fuller understanding of the phenomenon awaits further study.     

Re‐forestation restores native dominance in an island beetle fauna

Native re‐forestation is a widely used restoration tool, typically undertaken with the expectation that planting native trees will initiate succession processes (including the re‐establishment of native fauna) that will eventually return the ecosystem to a native‐dominated state. Invertebrate groups can be used to assess restoration progress, as their life history traits enable them to respond more rapidly to environmental change than many other organisms. In this study, we assessed beetle responses to re‐forestation. Using two trapping methods (flight intercept traps and pitfall traps), we compared beetle assemblages in exotic pasture (pre‐restoration state), <10‐year‐old planted native forest (restoration intervention) and approximately 40‐year‐old unmanaged regenerating native forest (reference state). Analysis of the flight intercept‐trapped beetles suggests that re‐forestation has initiated a transition from an exotic‐dominated pasture fauna toward a native‐dominated fauna: in planted forests, 75% of all flight‐intercept‐trapped beetles were native (compared with 22% in pasture and 87% in unmanaged forest). Flight intercept‐trapped beetles also had higher native diversity and abundance in both forest types than in pasture. Pitfall‐trapped beetle species were predominantly native in both forest types, but there were few statistically significant differences between the forests and pasture in the pit‐fall trap data set. Both trapping methods detected significant compositional differences between the beetle assemblages in planted forest and unmanaged forest. Replanting native forest has increased native beetle diversity, abundance, and dominance (compared with the pre‐restoration state), but convergence with the unmanaged reference forest has not yet been achieved.     

The European struggle to control Ips typographus - past, present and future

The achievement of the Scandinavian campaign is seen in the swift development and unorthodox transfer of an innovative trapping technique into the management of pest populations of the spruce engraver Ips typographus without the use of pesticides. The pheromone traps proved to be far more efficient in the prevention of engraver reproduction and the reduction of beetle numbers than the cumbersome trap trees they replaced. The wholesale application of pheromone traps as an integrated part of engraver pest management is justified alone by the empirically proven benefits that result from a "surveillance with the intent to control", although appraisal of the actual impact of trapping on the population density remains scientifically ambiguous for the lack of reliable methodology. Furthermore, the campaign opens a new era in bark beetle management by stipulating for the commercial availability of pheromones and traps as well as for research on basic and applied aspects. As the years to come may show, behaviour chemistry is likely to bear more promises to engraver management than just trapping techniques.     

Attractive responses by Monochamus galloprovincialis (Col., Cerambycidae) to host and bark beetle semiochemicals

Abstract:  The pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis is the European vector of the recently introduced pine wood nematode. This nematode is the causal organism of pine wilt disease, a serious tree killer in East Asia. Efficacious baits and traps to monitor and control this beetle are now required. The effect of bark beetle ( Ips spp.) pheromone components, released individually (ipsenol) or in blends (ipsenol, ipsdienol, cis -verbenol and methyl-butenol), together with host volatiles (turpentine or α -pinene and ethanol) on M. galloprovincialis trap catches has been studied in Spain. A kairomonal response by male and female of M. galloprovincialis to Ips semiochemicals was found. Beetles were more attracted to host blends supplemented with bark beetle pheromones than to host volatiles alone. Ipsenol alone was attractive to pine sawyers, and was synergistic with α -pinene and ethanol. The full blend of the four Ips semiochemicals and the host compounds was highly attractive. Multiple-funnel traps were as effective as black cross-vane traps in capturing this insect when the escape of trapped beetles was prevented. Trapping of non-target bark beetle predators was also evaluated. The trogossitid Temnochila coerulea and clerid Thanasimus formicarius were kairomonally attracted to and killed in traps baited with bark beetle pheromones. These results suggest that effective monitoring of M. galloprovincialis would be possible by baiting any of these traps with host volatiles and Ips semiochemicals, but reduction of the lure components and trap modification to minimize impact on predators should be considered.     

Wildfire provides refuge from local extinction but is an unlikely driver of outbreaks by mountain pine beetle

Bark beetle outbreaks and wildfire are important disturbances in conifer ecosystems, yet their interactions are not well understood. We evaluated whether fire injury increased susceptibility of lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), how it influenced beetle reproductive success, and whether beetle population phase altered this interaction. Eight sites that experienced wildfire and eight unburned sites were examined in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (USA). Half were in areas where D. ponderosae was undergoing outbreaks, and half were in areas with low populations. We examined 2056 trees one year after fire for burn injury and beetle attack. We quantified beetle reproductive success in a random sample of 106 trees, and measured gallery areas of D. ponderosae and competing subcortical herbivores in 79 additional trees. Baited flight traps sampled stand-level populations of subcortical herbivores and predators. Wildfire predisposed trees to D. ponderosae attack, but nonlinearly, with moderately injured trees being most preferred. This tree-level interaction was influenced by stand-level beetle population size, in that both healthy and fire-injured trees of all classes were attacked where populations were high, but no healthy trees, and only low and moderately injured trees were killed where populations were low. The number of adult brood produced per female was likewise curvilinear, being highest in moderately injured trees. This reflected an apparent trade-off, with high intraspecific competition arising from the large number of beetles needed to overcome defenses in healthy trees, vs. high interspecific competition and low substrate quality in more injured trees. These results suggest that fire-injured trees can provide a reservoir for D. ponderosae during periods when populations are too low to overcome defenses of healthy trees, and might otherwise face localized extinction. However, the likelihood of populations increasing from endemic to outbreak levels in response to increased susceptibility is offset by the opposing constraints of lower substrate quality and higher competitor load in severely injured hosts, and the relative scarcity of moderately injured trees. Wildfire may confer some reproductive increases to populations already outbreaking. We present a conceptual model of how these disturbances and inherent feedbacks interact to affect beetle population dynamics.     

Interaction between natural and synthetic fruit odor influences response of apple maggot flies to visual traps

In order to improve perimeter trapping for apple maggot fly behavioral control, we designed a set of experiments which aimed to reach a better understanding of the nature of the interaction between the natural host odor released by susceptible and low‐susceptibility apple cultivars, and an artificial host odor currently employed as a lure along with visual traps for apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), perimeter trapping programs. The response of apple maggot flies to lured and unlured visual traps deployed in different rectangular arrays of susceptible and low‐susceptibility apple cultivars (two central trees of a particular cultivar surrounded by four perimeter trees of the same or a different cultivar) was evaluated over 2 years under field conditions. In uniform blocks of susceptible (Tidemann Red, Jersey Mac) or low‐susceptibility (Marshall McIntosh) cultivars, lured traps recovered a significantly greater proportion of the total capture than unlured traps, irrespective of lure position (center or perimeter trees). Unlured traps on central susceptible apple cultivars (Red Astrachan, Gala, Fuji) recovered a significantly greater proportion of the total capture than unlured traps on surrounding low‐susceptibility cultivars (Marshall McIntosh, Paula Red, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious). Placing the lures near traps on low‐susceptibility cultivar trees surrounding unlured traps on central susceptible cultivar trees reduced apple maggot fly visits to traps on central trees, but the latter still recovered a similar proportion of the total capture as lured traps on perimeter trees. By contrast, placing the lures near traps on central susceptible cultivar trees surrounded by unlured traps on low‐susceptibility cultivar trees allowed lured central traps to receive a significantly greater proportion of the total capture than unlured perimeter traps. We conclude that the synthetic and natural host odor of susceptible cultivars interact additively in attracting apple maggot flies to visual traps, and that, when given the choice, traps and lures should be deployed on preferred rather than on less preferred cultivar trees. Implications for trap deployment strategies for tephritid monitoring and control are discussed in the light of our findings.     

The aggregation pheromone system of a Dendroctonus bark beetle in Guatemala

Analysis of the volatile contents of hindguts from a Dendroctonus bark beetle in Guatemala indicated distinct differences from those of D. frontalis, which it resembles morphologically. The major compound in emergent males, most of which disappears during initial attack of host trees (Pinus maximinoi), was identified as 1-phenylethanol. During initial attack females produce frontalin and trans-verbenol, males produce myrtenol, and both sexes produce 1-heptanol and 2-heptanol. Synthetic frontalin attracted predominantly males to small traps, but the use of larger trapping surfaces increased the proportion of females caught. The heptanols, as well as 1-phenylethanol, apparently had some regulatory effect on the response to frontalin, but myrtenol and trans-verbenol were inactive. The results suggest that frontalin is the key compound responsible for the aggregation of this species, but the response-regulating mechanism differs from that of D. frontalis.