外来入侵林业害虫强大小蠹的侵袭以及相关信息化学物质

强大小蠹是入侵我国并造成很大危害的鞘翅目棘胫小蠹科大小蠹属树皮低干森林害虫。它能侵害多种针叶树和松树 ,能被寄主挥发物和其它小蠹虫的外激素所引诱。该文综述了强大小蠹的侵袭习性以及寄主挥发物、其它小蠹虫的外激素对强大小蠹的引诱和驱避作用。     

强大小蠹的简要形态学特征和生物学特征

强大小蠹Ｄ.ｖａｌｅｎｓＬｅｃｏｎｔｅ,俗名红脂大小蠹ＲｅｄＴｕｒｐｅｎｔｉｎｅＢａｒｋＢｅｅｔｌｅ是重要的松树害虫,它对树种的选择不严格,能危害多种松树,为了便于识别,特将其形态学特征和生物学特征加以阐述。形态学特征　体长53～83ｍｍ,平均约73ｍｍ,体长为体...     

不同小蠹类与天牛类引诱剂联用对蛀干甲虫的林间诱捕效果

松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope是传播松材线虫病的主要媒介,引诱剂是抑制松墨天牛种群数量的无公害调控有效方式之一。本研究通过在中国浙江富阳的林间试验测定了6种小蠹类引诱剂与1种天牛引诱剂不同组合联用对松墨天牛成虫以及其他蛀干害虫的诱捕效果。结果表明： 横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor引诱剂3-carene-10-ol、云杉八齿小蠹Ips typographus引诱剂2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol、欧洲榆小蠹Scolytus multistriatus引诱剂4-methyl-3-heptanol和纵坑切梢小蠹T. piniperda引诱剂verbenol分别与松墨天牛引诱剂联用后,对松墨天牛的引诱效果无显著性差异(P<0.05)。西部松大小蠹Dendroctonus brevicomis 引诱剂exo-brevicomin或黄杉大小蠹D. pseudotsugae引诱剂1-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-ol与松墨天牛引诱剂联用后对松墨天牛的诱捕效果有减弱的趋势。另外,与单独使用中国天牛引诱剂相比,小蠹类引诱剂与其联用后在诱捕其他蛀干害虫的种类和个体数量上均有所减少。     

几种化合物对松纵坑切梢小蠹的引诱试验

<正> 云南松Pinus yunnanesis Franch是云南省的主要乡土造林及用材树种。近年来,由于气候异常和经营管理不善,使部分松林遭到破坏,林木长势极度衰弱,导致松纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda(L.)猖獗危害。1988年全省受害面积达80万亩。使用聚集信息素来检疫、监测虫情和野外诱捕,以及同各种有引诱性的诱饵相配合使用来降低虫口密度,是目前国内外害虫综合防治的新技术。傅辉恩等用外激素粗提物对光臀八齿小蠹Ips nitidusEggers、云杉大小蠹Dendroctonus micansKug等进行了引诱试验,取得较好效果。周嘉     

小蠹属中国2新记录种记述

首次报道了采自新疆维吾尔自治区的小蠹属Scolytus Geoffroy,1762中国二新记录种：杏小蠹S. amygdali(Guérin,1847)和雅罗斯小蠹S. jaroschewskii(Schevyrew,1893),给出形态特征描述并提供多角度形态图片。标本现保存于江西农业大学入侵生物实验室。     

榆梢小蠹Cryphalus sp.坑道系统的形成过程

在对榆梢小蠹Cryphalus sp.雌雄成虫形态特征细致比较的基础上,系统持续地研究了其坑道系统的形成过程。榆梢小蠹雌雄成虫个体大小差异不大,但雌雄次性征可见,主要区别在于额面是否有隆突和前胸背板后部鳞片多寡。主坑道内的成虫配比方式多为1雌1雄和2雌1雄,少有3雌1雄。榆梢小蠹的坑道系统形成可分为5个阶段,即侵入、召唤交尾、主坑道形成、产卵和子坑道形成,一般共历时40 d左右。     

脐腹小蠹聚集信息素的提取鉴定和引诱效果

为了确定脐腹小蠹Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov的聚集信息素成分,对脐腹小蠹成虫后肠和虫粪的挥发物进行了提取鉴定和引诱试验。经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定,结果表明:雌成虫后肠挥发物成分有十四烷、十五烷、十六烷、十八烷、十九烷、十二酸和十四酸,其中十四酸含量最高,达到了42.2%;雄成虫后肠挥发物成分有十一烷、十四烷、十五烷、十六烷、十八烷和十九烷,十六烷(23.3%)和十九烷(21.5%)含量最多;雌成虫虫粪挥发物成分有十一烷、十二烷、十四烷、十六烷、十八烷和十九烷,十九烷含量最高,为29.9%;雄成虫虫粪挥发物成分有庚烷、十一烷、十二烷、十四烷、十六烷、十八烷、二十二烷和二十三烷,庚烷(20.5%)相对含量最多。此外,借助触角电位仪测定了脐腹小蠹雌雄虫触角对这些单一物质刺激的反应,结果显示,触角电位相对值较大的为十二酸、十四酸和十八烷。雌雄间比较发现十二酸、十四酸和十九烷刺激后雌雄间触角电位相对值差异达到了显著水平(P0.05)。田间诱捕结果显示,十二酸、十四酸、十九烷对脐腹小蠹的引诱数量雌雄间差异性达到了显著水平(P0.05),成虫诱捕总量最多的是十八烷,诱捕量达32.1头,其后诱捕量较多的为十二酸(24.1头)和十四酸(22.7头)。可以推断,十八烷、十九烷、十二酸和十四酸是脐腹小蠹聚集信息素的主要成分。     

不同颜色粘虫板对多毛小蠹和皱小蠹的诱集效果

试验对比了红、黄、蓝、绿、黑、白六种颜色粘虫板对新疆吐鲁番地区杏树上多毛小蠹(Scolytus seulensis)和皱小蠹(Scolytus rugulosus)的引诱效果,结果表明红色和黑色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果明显高于其他颜色;其中黑色粘虫板对皱小蠹的引诱效果最强,平均每块黑板诱捕到(11.8±5.0)头皱小蠹,红色次之,其他颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果;红色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果最强,平均每块红板诱捕到(16.±3.0)头多毛小蠹,黑色次之,其他颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果.通过色板引诱虫量的变化体现出两种小蠹的不同扬飞高峰期,多毛小蠹的扬飞高峰期应在六月初,而皱小蠹的扬飞高峰出现在六月中旬.     

我国新天敌资源——小蠹蒲螨形态与生物学研究

小蠹蒲螨Pyemotes scolyti(Oudemans,1936)为我国新纪录种。在河北,是核果类果树毁灭性害虫果树小蠹Scolytus japonicus Chapuis和多毛小蠹S.seulensis Mu-rayamy的有效天敌。该螨胎生,1年多代(25℃,8d完成1代),雌雄性比30:1～2,每雌产后代平均60余头,有较高的利用价值。     

沙棘木蠹蛾(鳞翅目：木蠹蛾科)性信息素组分鉴定及其生物活性

报道了沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的结构及组分,并报道了不同组分：顺-3-十四碳烯醇;反-3-十四碳烯醇;顺-3-十四碳乙酸酯;反-3-十四碳乙酸酯;顺-7-十四碳烯醇;顺-7-十四碳乙酸酯;顺-9-十四碳乙酸酯的室内触角电位反应和林间诱捕试验。林间诱蛾结果表明2组分和5组分的诱蛾活性高于其它组合。     

外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应

2002年,利用寄主挥发性物质(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和(-)柠檬烯按不同配比制成诱芯,采用自行研制的挥发物释放装置,在山西省关帝山森林经营局西葫芦林场对危害油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.的重大外来入侵林业害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctomus valens LeConte进行了引诱试验。结果表明,3蒈烯对红脂大小蠹的引诱作用最强,明显优于单独使用(+)-α-蒎烯和(-)-β-蒎烯的诱虫效果,也比北美应用的标准诱芯［(+)- α蒎烯(-)-β-蒎烯与3-蒈烯的比例为1∶1∶1］效果好;在标准诱芯中加入油松另一主要成分-(-)柠檬烯会明显降低诱虫效果。红脂大小蠹引诱剂最佳释放量为150 mg/d。该研究不仅对我国红脂大小蠹的监控具有实际应用意义,也从理论上探讨了红脂大小蠹与寄主油松协同进化的化学生态学过程。     

红脂大小蠹入侵机制与化学生态学研究

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte是近来入侵我国的重大林业害虫,入侵山西后迅速在相邻省份扩展蔓延。文章围绕作者对红脂大小蠹入侵来源地、暴发机制以及红脂大小蠹化学生态学等领域开展的研究工作进展进行了总结。历史资料记载和分子证据均支持红脂大小蠹由北美(美国西海岸)地区传入。松树萜烯类化合物是红脂大小蠹寻找适合寄主的重要信号物质,近期在北美和中国几个地区同时开展的研究,确认了3-蒈烯对红脂大小蠹具有最强引诱作用,该研究结果简化和修正了先前北美一直使用的3组分植物源引诱剂配方;在筛选有效引诱成分的基础上,开展了引诱剂定量缓释载体的研究,该释放载体已经被授权专利,并得到广泛推广应用。红脂大小蠹信息素一直没有得到鉴定,近来通过对红脂大小蠹后肠提取物的分析,分离鉴定了5种电生理和行为上有生物活性的萜烯类氧化物,其中有3个组分对红脂大小蠹植物源引诱剂具有增效作用。在驱避剂方面,研究证实了马鞭草烯酮以及非寄主挥发物对红脂大小蠹具有驱避作用。同时,研究证明,马鞭草烯酮对红脂大小蠹的作用存在剂量效应。目前,作者正开展红脂大小蠹-共生菌-寄主松树三者相互关系以及红脂大小蠹与土著种之间化学通讯等方面的研究,以期阐明红脂大小蠹的入侵性及暴发机制,寻求更有效的控制途径。     

A population survey of Beauveria bassiana in the microhabitat of the red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valens,in Chinese pine forests

Field survey of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in association with the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens, was undertaken in three pine plantations in Northern China. In total, 88 strains of B. bassiana sensu lato were isolated from the soil, bark, beetle frass, living adult and cadaver samples and soil was proved to be an important inoculum reservoir for fungal entomopathogens. Of these, 77 isolates were included for genetic diversity analysis by PCR for inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of the isolates from three sites and five niches demonstrated high genetic diversity and heterogeneity between and/or within populations. Wright's statistics revealed a high gene flow rate (4.529) among the three populations, especially among the soil-derived isolate subpopulations. Low variation was mainly caused (94.8%) by variation among different substrates, suggesting the importance of microhabitat substrates on genetic diversity of B. bassiana. Phylogenetic variation was not associated with geographic distance.     

红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质的鉴定、触角电位和室内趋向实验

对外来松树害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的信息化学物质进行了研究。通过GC-MS测定,鉴定出红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质中除了含有松树挥发性物质α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯外,还含有马鞭草烯醇和马鞭草烯酮;利用触角电位技术,对马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮以及在林间引诱效果最好的3-(+)-蒈烯进行了触角电生理测试;利用Y-型双向选择嗅觉仪对这些物质进行了室内趋向实验。实验结果表明: 1 μg的马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮和3-(+）-蒈烯引起雌雄触角的电位反应分别达416 μV/470 μV、597 μV/630 μV和926 μV/1 099 μV。浓度为1 μL/mL的马鞭草烯酮引起红脂大小蠹的正趋向反应,而在100 μL/mL浓度下引起红脂大小蠹的负趋向反应;在1 μL/mL的浓度下,3-(+ )-蒈烯引起了红脂大小蠹正趋向反应,而马鞭草烯醇则对红脂大小蠹具有驱避作用,说明这些物质在红脂大小蠹搜寻寄主和调节虫口密度方面起着重要作用。     

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Luliang Mountains, China

The alien red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure (south- and north-facing), host-tree locations according to relief (valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top) and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley (3 sites). The results showed that (i) RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; (ii) RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; (iii) RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; (iv) the attack density of RTBs (measured by pitch tubes/pine) was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.     

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valans （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, in the Luliang Mountains,China

The alien red turpentine beetle （RTB）, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure （south- and north-facing）, host-tree locations according to relief （valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top） and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley （3 sites）. The results showed that （i） RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; （ii） RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; （iii） RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; （iv） the attack density of RTBs （measured by pitch tubes/pine） was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.     

Variables associated with the occurrence of Ips beetles,red turpentine beetle and wood borers in live and dead ponderosa pines with post‐fire injury

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Attraction of red turpentine beetle and other Scolytinae to ethanol, 3‐carene or ethanol + 3‐carene in an Oregon pine forest

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一种红脂大小蠹天敌切头郭公虫Clerus sp.生物学初探

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte,原产于北美,于20世纪80年代随木材贸易传入我国山西,是一种危害油松、白皮松、华山松等松科植物的毁灭性入侵害虫。本文对红脂大小蠹天敌切头郭公甲虫Clerus sp.的基本生物学特征进行了初步探讨。野外诱捕发现,红脂大小蠹诱剂3-蒈烯能诱捕到切头郭公甲虫Clerus sp.,并观察到此郭公甲虫紧抱红脂大小蠹的捕食行为及红脂大小蠹头部被切下的残骸。诱捕动态监测表明切头郭公甲虫与红脂大小蠹的发生在时间和数量上具有跟随关系。室内测定结果显示切头郭公甲虫平均体重约15.5 mg且个体大小与捕食能力呈正相关。切头郭公虫平均存活时间约38 d,10 d内平均每头郭公虫捕食3头红脂大小蠹,最多达8头。行为嗅觉试验表明切头郭公虫Clerus sp.对红脂大小蠹诱芯反应敏感,红脂大小蠹信息素组分frontalin不能增加其对红脂大小蠹诱芯的敏感性。本研究初步探明了红脂大小蠹天敌切头郭公虫Clerus sp.生物学特征,其较长捕食周期和较强的捕食能力决定其可作为红脂大小蠹的生物防治因子具有一定的优势和较好的天敌应用前景。     

Key structural features in cis-carane, (+)-3-carene,cis-pinane, (+)-α-pinene,and (−)-β-pinene influencing red turpentine beetle primary attraction when released with ethanol

1. In US Pacific Northwest ponderosa pine forests the primary attraction order shown previously for red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is (−)-β-pinene+ethanol > (+)-3-carene+ethanol > (+)-α-pinene+ethanol. The monoterpenes are bicyclic C₁₀H₁₆ isomers containing one 6-carbon ring with one double bond. Both pinenes have a 4-carbon second ring and differ only by their endocyclic or exocyclic double bond. The (+)-3-carene second ring has 3-carbons; its double bond is endocyclic like (+)-α-pinene.
2. Ring system and double bond influences on primary attraction were evaluated by hydrogenating (+)-3-carene and (+)-α-pinene to cis-carane and cis-pinane, respectively. Field test primary attraction strengths were (−)-β-pinene+ethanol > cis-carane+ethanol > cis-pinane+ethanol > ethanol.
3. In combination with ethanol (i) a double bond is not required in either ring system to attract D. valens, (ii) the cis-carane bicyclic 3, 6-carbon ring system provides stronger beetle attraction than the cis-pinane 4, 6-carbon bicyclic ring system, and likely structural basis for stronger (+)-3-carene attraction over (+)-α-pinene, (iii) adding an exocyclic double bond to the 4, 6-carbon ring system elevates attraction above the 3, 6-carbon ring system with no double bond, and (iv) the 4, 6-carbon ring system is a much stronger attractant with an exocyclic rather than endocyclic double bond.