中国桑寄生科植物资料(二)

我国桑寄生科(狭义的)共有8属,约49种、7变种。现续报道大苞鞘花属Elytranthe Blume 1个新记录种,离瓣寄生属Helixanthera Lour.产于云南1个新记录种及其描述和西藏2个种,桑寄生属Loranthus Jacq.2个种,梨果寄生属Scurrula Linn.3个种和钝果寄生属Taxillus Van Tiegh.4个种的分布区和标本引证,以及一些种类的寄生,异名和错误文献等。 桑寄生科植物对木本经济植物具有危害性,作者在云南、广西和广东野外工作时,注意到在局部地区,“桑寄生类”对栽培的油茶林、普洱茶林、石梓林、云南油杉林、栎林,柿树及风景区的庭园树的危害情况,已成为主要的植物病害。     

中国桑寄生科的孢粉学研究

系统报道了中国桑寄生科Loranthaceae33种5变种植物的花粉形态,并与澳大利亚 2属6种植物的花粉形态做了比较。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,国产桑寄生科花粉外壁 纹饰可明显分为两个类型:一种类型为刺状或条状纹饰,另一种为颗粒状纹饰,这与该科的鞘 花族和桑寄生族两个族相吻合。在鞘花族类型中,3合沟、钝刺状或条状纹饰的花粉是基本类 型,合半沟或孔沟形,刺状纹饰的花粉是较进化的类型;在桑寄生族类型中,等极、3合沟、 颗粒状纹饰的花粉是基本类型,异极、副合半沟-合半沟、3沟形和沟形-短沟形或沟孔形、粗 糙或模糊颗粒状纹饰的花粉是较进化类型。根据萌发孔和纹饰可将桑寄生族类型花粉分为3个 类群:类群I包括五蕊寄生属Dendrophtho、梨果寄生属Scurrula、钝果寄生属Taxillus和大苞 寄生属Tolypanthus;类群II仅包括离瓣寄生属Helixanthera;类群III也仅1属,桑寄生属Lor anthus。在这3个类群中,类群I属于基本的类型,属间花粉差别较小,其中梨果寄生属和钝 果寄生属花粉差别最小,显示出较近的亲缘关系;类群II和类群III皆是较进化类型。     

中国柽柳科植物花粉形态特征聚类分析

在观察了中国柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)4属27种植物花粉形态的基础上,对其进行了聚类分析。观察结果表明:该科植物花粉为三沟类型,无三拟孔沟类型,形态及外壁雕纹属间差异明显。花粉特征聚类分析结果表明,中国柽柳科植物花粉大致划分为明显的三组,所包含的种(某些种除外)分别隶属于柽柳科的4属:琵琶柴属(ReaumuriaLinn.)、水柏枝属(MyricariaDesv.)、山柽柳属(MyrtamaOvcz&Kinz.)和柽柳属(TamarixLinn.),而有争议的山柽柳属虽同柽柳属聚在一起,但也较早地分出成为独立的一支,结合种子形态及分子生物学证据,支持将秀丽山柽柳从水柏枝属中分出而另立新属,为传统分类学将该科划分为4属提供了依据。聚类分析进一步将水柏枝属植物花粉和柽柳属植物花粉分别分为2种类型,而琵琶柴属植物花粉类除个别种体积存在差异外,其纹饰类型较为单一,仅划分为1种类型。柽柳属植物花粉聚类分析结果与该属植物花盘类型的划分结果基本一致,融生花盘类型植物的花粉则在两组中均有出现,可能是间生花盘和假顶生花盘类型间的过渡类型。     

中国桑寄生科植物化学分类学研究

用薄层层析 (TLC)方法对中国产桑寄生科植物的 2 7个分类种 (包括变种 )进行了初步的化学分类研究。TLC结果表明 :槲寄生类植物各种均具有齐墩果酸 ,且在Rf=0 .5附近存在特征性斑点群 ,桑寄生类植物均存在槲皮素。根据TLC图谱 ,采用SPSS系统进行了聚类分析研究     

安息香科的花粉形态研究及其在分类上的意义

广义的安息香科(Styracaceae)有15个属,本文报道了其中13属93种植物的光学显微 镜与扫描电镜的花粉形态观察结果,根据这15个属的花粉形态特征可将它们归之为三个花粉 类型,即：安息香型,山矾型及非洲安息香型。在Wagenitz(1964)的安息香科系统中所包括 的11个成员,正好都是属安息香型花粉的那11个属,因此他的观点可以从花粉形态方面获得 有力的支持。将其他的四个属,即：山矾属(Symplocos),非洲安息香属(Afrostyrax),蒜味树属 (Hua),尖药树属(Lissocarpa)从安息香科中分出的处理是合理的。狭义的安息香科有11个 属,其中大多数属之间,在花粉形态上较难区分,这是由于安息香属的花粉形态变异幅度可以 将其它几个属的都包括进去。因此我们认为,狭义的安息香科是一个很自然的分类群,安息香属以外的10个属可能都是通过安息香属在进化过程中衍生而得的产物。     

拟藁本属及近缘物种中国分类群花粉形态与质体基因组系统发育研究

运用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对伞形科芹亚科拟藁本属8种及近缘类群2种(共10种)植物的花粉形态特征进行了观察与研究,并结合质体基因组系统发育树探讨拟藁本属的系统地位,提出分类处理意见,为拟藁本属的系统分类提供花粉形态学证据。结果表明：(1)显微观察显示,芹亚科拟藁本属及近缘类群10种植物花粉的极轴长与赤道轴长比值P/E为1.89～2.31,花粉大小变化范围25.45～41.70×11.29～20.52μm,花粉粒形态有近矩圆形、近矩圆-赤道收缩形、近长椭圆形和近长菱形4种,萌发孔位置皆为边孔。(2)扫描电镜观察发现,拟藁本属及近缘类群10种植物的花粉极面纹饰有条网、细孔网、细孔条网、平滑-细孔网、平滑穴网、条状6种类型,极面观有三裂圆形和三瓣形2种类型,属于伞形科较为原始至较为进化的花粉类型。(3)花粉形态学研究结果表明,拟藁本属的花粉形态均为近矩圆形型,扫描电镜下为条网状或细孔网状纹饰,属于一个较为自然的分类群,支持宜将拟藁本属从广义藁本属中独立出来单独成属,但蕨叶拟藁本的花粉形态为近长菱形,在芹亚科中属于较为原始的花粉类型。(4)分子系统发育分析表明,9个物种在亮蛇床部族内构成包含拟藁...     

中国桑寄生科植物叶表皮微形态

通过扫描电镜对中国桑寄生科桑寄生亚科8属18种和槲寄生亚科1属2种植物成熟叶的上、下叶表皮内表面和下表皮外表面进行了研究。内面观发现桑寄生科植物叶上、下表皮形状为多边形,垂周壁式样平直或稍弓形,常具有角质增厚,平周壁常覆盖厚角质或颗粒状、丝状角质增厚;气孔存在于上下表皮,通常下表皮较多,气孔的形状,特别是保卫细胞的形态在亚科间、属间或种间都具有一定的差异,气孔器类型为平列型或单圈型。下表皮表面观察了的角质膜和蜡质纹饰、气孔的形状,外部气孔缘及外部气孔缘内缘的特征。这些特征在亚科或属级水平上较为稳定,有的也表现出种间差异,有一定的分类价值。从气孔形态和外部气孔周围角质膜来看,两亚科显示出明显的不同:桑寄生亚科上、下表皮均具有内部气孔缘,而槲寄生亚科没有此结构;桑寄生亚科外部气孔周围角质膜增厚成环状,其上具增厚的条纹,而槲寄生亚科外部气孔周围角质膜增厚成脊状,不具条纹。这些特征支持槲寄生亚科作为独立1个科来处理。     

娃儿藤属(萝藦科)植物花粉器形态

用光镜对我国萝藦科(Asclepiadaceae)娃儿藤属(Tylophora)17种植物的花粉器形态进行了观察。结果表明,着粉腺的形态有4种类型:长圆形、近方形、三角形和倒立三角形。花粉块的形态有3种类型:球形、长球形和超长球形。花粉块柄的长度、着粉腺和花粉块的形态和大小在种间存在较显著的差异,可作为区分种的辅助特征,对娃儿藤属植物的分类有较大意义。     

桦木科植物的花粉形态研究

对桦木科植物(包括6属36种)的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察;系统地描 述了各属的花粉形态,划分了三种花粉类型,即桦木型、榛型、鹅耳枥型,并澄清了前人在带状加厚、孔盖和颗粒层等概念上的模糊认识。根据花粉的形态,作者不支持Hutchinson(1973)和Dahlgren(1983)把桦木科分成两个科,即榛科(包括榛属、虎榛子属、鹅耳枥属和铁木属)和桦科(包括桤木属和桦木属);而同意Abbe(1974)将桦木科作为三个族来处理,并且认为虎榛子属应该从榛族分出,置于鹅耳枥族;尽管作者不支持Kuprianova(1963)将桦木科划分为三个科,但本文所提出的三个族与Kuprianova的三个科只是分类等级上的差异。     

川续断目的花粉演化

以APGⅢ定义的川续断目(Dipsacales)忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)和五福花科(Adoxaceae)为研究对象,基于已有的川续断目分子系统树和花粉形态数据,分析了忍冬科25属和五福花科5属的花粉形态多样性,采用简约法(Fitch Parsimony)推测花粉祖征和演化式样,寻找共衍征和分类性状.选择花粉萌发孔数目、萌发孔类型、花粉形状、大小和外壁纹饰五个关键性状推断了其演化式样.研究表明:三孔沟、近球形、较小花粉、网状纹饰是川续断目花粉祖征.长球型、中等和较大花粉,以及刺状纹饰是忍冬科的共衍征,支持忍冬科和科下分支为单系群.忍冬科花粉刺状纹饰和五福花科花粉网状纹饰明显将两个科区分开来.通过追溯性状演化分析,支持将七子花属(Heptacodium)置于忍冬族(Caprifolieae),以及Zabelia置于刺续断科的观点.     

The first Loranthaceae fossils from Africa

An ongoing re-investigation of the early Miocene Saldanha Bay (South Africa) palynoflora, using combined light and scanning electron microscopy (single grain method), is revealing several pollen types new to the African fossil record. One of the elements identified is Loranthaceae pollen. These grains represent the first and only fossil record of Loranthaceae in Africa. The fossil pollen grains resemble those produced by the core Lorantheae and are comparable to recent Asian as well as some African taxa/lineages. Molecular and fossil signals indicate that Loranthaceae dispersed into Africa via Asia sometime during the Eocene. The present host range of African Loranthaceae and the composition of the palynoflora suggest that the fossil had a range of potential host taxa to parasitise during the early Miocene in the Saldanha Bay region.     

Pollen Morphology of Asarum in China

The present paper describes the pollen morphology of 27 species, 4 varieties and 1 form of Asarum from China. The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The apertures of pollen grains of Asarum are variable and so distinct as to allow the identification of individual subgenera and species. The exine ornamentation is compound and may be divided into two types: reticulate or cerebelloid under verrucae. The pollen grains of Subgen. Asarum and Subgen. Heterotropa are distinguishable, which supports the taxonomical subdivision based on the gross morphology. The differences in the pollen morphology between A. caulescens Maxim. and A. sieboldii Miq. in China and in Japan are discussed and some comparisons in the pollenmorphology between several species similar in the gross morphology are also made.     

Evolution of pollen morphology in Loranthaceae

Earlier studies indicate a strong correlation of pollen morphology and ultrastructure with taxonomy in Loranthaceae. Using high-resolution light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging of the same pollen grains, we document pollen types of 35 genera including 15 studied for the first time. Using a molecular phylogenetic framework based on currently available sequence data with good genus-coverage, we reconstruct trends in the evolution of Loranthaceae pollen and pinpoint traits of high diagnostic value, partly confirming earlier intuitive hypotheses based on morphological observations. We find that pollen morphology in Loranthaceae is strongly linked to phylogenetic relationships. Some pollen types are diagnostic for discrete genera or evolutionary lineages, opening the avenue to recruit dispersed fossil pollen as age constraints for dated phylogenies and as independent data for testing biogeographic scenarios; so far based exclusively on modern-day data. Correspondences and discrepancies between palynological and molecular data and current taxonomic/systematic concepts are identified and suggestions made for future palynological and molecular investigations of Loranthaceae.     

国产淫羊藿属花粉形态研究

本文用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对我国淫羊藿属Epimedium 14种花粉进行比较深入的研究,试图通过花粉形态的研究为该属的植物分类和原植物鉴定提供参考依据。     

中国栎属植物花粉形态及其系统学意义

从系统学分类学的角度出发 ,对国产栎属 31个种的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。研究结果表明栎属的花粉萌发孔对该属的系统与分类无太大的参考价值 ;但栎属的花粉纹饰有颗粒状、聚颗粒状两种主要类型 ,具有重要的系统学分类学价值。花粉形态的研究结果支持将栎属植物划分为常绿类与落叶类的观点 ;栎属巴东栎组植物的花粉纹饰在种间存在分化 ,花粉形态的研究结果支持将巴东栎组至少划分为两个不同类群的观点 ;在佐以其他证据的情况下 ,栎属植物的花粉纹饰还具有重要的分类学价值     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology of the Genus Brassica (Cruciferae) in China

The present paper reports the pollen morphology of 36 species and varieties of Brassica L. in China mostly for the first time. They were examined both under LM and SEM. Pollen grains of Brassica L. in China are long-spheroidal, subspheroidal, spheriodal, oblate, rarely reniformis or subsquare. According to the aperture characters pollen grains may be divided into four types: 2,3,4-colpate, 3-colpate, 3,4-colpate, 3,4-colporate. The exine sculpture may also be divided into three types: 1, reticulate, 2, cerebroid-reticulate, 3, foveolatereticulate. Detailed characters of pollen grains for each taxon are presented in Table 1. The 2,3,4-colpate type of pollen grains may be considered as primitive one and the 3,4-colpate or 3,4-colporate type of pollen grains is the most advanced in Brassica. The tricolpate aperture and reticulate exine have been reported by the previous authors, whereas, 3,4-colporate and cerebroid-reticulate or foveolate-reticulate pollen grains are newly reported.     

Studies on Pollen Morphology in Tiliaceae of China

Pollen morphology of 44 species representing 9 genera of Tiliaceae in China was examined under light microscope, 10 of them were observed with scanning electron microscope. Nine genera involved in this paper are: Colona. Corchoropsis, Corchorus, Excentrodendron, Grewia, Hainannia, Microcos, Tilia and Triumfetta The pollen grains of Tiliaceae are eurypalynous. Based on the aperture type and ornamentation, they may be grouped into four types: (1) The Grewia type, pollen grains tricolporate: Colona, Corchorus, Grewia, Microcos and Triumfetta, (2) The Tilia type, pollen grains brevitricolporate: Hainania and Tilia, (3) The Corchoropsis type, pollen grains triporate, spinate: Corchoropsis, and (4) The Excentrodendron type, pollen grains triporate, reticulate: Exce ntrodendron. The significance of pollen morphology in taxonomy of Tiliaceae is discussed. The palynological data seem to support the separation of Microcos from Grewia and the transfer of Corchoropsis to Sterculiaceae from Tiliaceae.     

Pollen morphology of the Schisandraceae and its systematic significance

Pollen morphology of 91 samples, representing 23 species, 6 varieties and 1 form of the Schisandraceae, was examined under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Palynological data of 5 species, 4 varieties and 1 form are reported for the first time. The pollen grains are monads, heteropolar, radiosymmetric and oblate to peroblate in shape. Arrangement of their colpi is unique in angiosperms. The pollen grains can be divided into two types according to the number of their clopi: the tricolpate pollen type and the hexacolpate pollen type. The exine sculpturing is reticulate. The size of luminae and the breadth of muri are correlated with the floral morphology of the hisandraceae to a certain extent. Our results do not support the division of the pollen grains of the Schisandraceae into 4 types according to the size of inae as proposed by Praglowski. There is also still room of discussion about his conclusion that the pole where the three longer colpi converge is the distal pole. The evolutionary trends of the pollen grains of the Schisandraceae seem to be from fewer to more in the number of colpi, and from smaller to larger in the size of luminae. The view that Kadsura is more primitive than Schisnadra is not supported by palynological data; on the contrary, Kadsura seems to be more advanced than Schisandra at the general level of evolution. The two genera may be closely related, and might have originated from a common ancestor and then evolved parallelly along two different routes.     

五味子科植物花形态及其系统学意义

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了五味子科Ｓｃｈｉｓａｎｄｒａｃｅａｅ２３种、６变种和１变型的９１份花粉的形态。其中５ 、４变种和１变型的花粉形态为首次报道。该科花粉为单花粉,异极,辐射对称,扁球形至超扁球形,其萌发沟的排列格局在被子植物中是独一无二的。若按萌发沟的数目划分,该科花粉可分为３沟型和６沟型两个类型。外壁为网状纹饰,网眼的大小和网脊的宽度与花的形态有一定相关性。研究结果不支持Ｐｒａｇｌｏｗｓｋｉ对     

中国兜被兰属植物的花粉形态及其分类意义

兜被兰属Neottianthe全世界共约12种,中国均有分布,其中9种为我国所特有。本属花粉形态 和组成都很特殊,它是由许多单粒花粉粘结在一起形成复合花粉——花粉小块,其形状一般为狭长的三 棱锥体形。外壁表面具5种纹饰类型:(A)近光滑,或具十分微弱的小凹陷;(B)外壁具穿孔状纹饰; (c)外壁具沟渠状纹饰;(D)外壁具拟网状纹饰;(E)具典型的网状纹饰。奉属有些种类,例如:N．cal- cicola,N．monophylla,N．pseudo-diphylax和N．cucullata等4种在分类上还存在许多问题,有些分类 学家把N.calcicola,N.monophylla,N.pseudo-diphylax 3种均归并于N．cucullata。孢粉学资料表 明上述4个种花粉特征完全不同,因此,上述4种仍应各自独立为种。最后,强调指出N．camptoceras的花粉形状和外壁纹饰等特征在本属为特殊类型。