哈萨克斯坦中部（Kaydagul Formation）欧洲水松的角质层结构分析

研究了哈萨克斯坦中部上渐新统／下中新统的欧洲水松(Glyptostrobus europaeus(Brongn.)Ung．)的枝叶微彤态结构,并利用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜与“现存最近亲缘种”——水松(G.pensilis c.Koch)的表皮特征进行了比较。     

孑遗植物水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis)种群生命表和谱分析

对屏南水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis)种群依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代替年龄结构,采用匀滑技术,编制水松种群静态生命表,绘制死亡率曲线、危险率曲线及存活曲线,分析水松种群动态变化趋势.结果表明,水松种群的存活曲线趋于Deever-Ⅲ型,幼苗稀缺是其濒危的重要原因之一.水松种群天然更新过程是通过水松不同龄级的株数分布波动而表现的,谱分析表明,水松种群动态不仅受基波影响,而且在第10龄级呈现较小的周期波动,其机制与水松高生长特性有关.     

福建漳浦前湖湾海底古森林木材解剖

福建漳浦前期湖湾海底古森林（推定有6000a以上历史）木材显微观察和鉴定结构表明;该海底森林的主要组成树种为侧柏[Platycladus orientalis (Linn.)Franco]、柏林(Cupressus funebris Endl.)水松[Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunt.)Koch]、杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)Hook.]、木荷(Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.)、枫香（Liquidambar formosana Hance)、黄樟[Cunnamomum porrectrm (Roxb.)Kosterm.]、桢楠属一种(Phoebe sp.),是由原始森林被火山喷发物覆盖形成的。海底古森林木材研究对沿海防护林体系建设、木材保护、矿产资源勘探以及旅游资源开发等都有重要价值。     

水松

<正> 水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunt.)K.Koch)属杉科(Taxodiaceae)水松属,此属仅此一种,为我国特产,是珍贵、稀有、濒临灭绝的树种之一。 分布于广东、福建、广西、江西、湖南、四川、云南等省区的局部地区,南京、上海、杭州、庐山、武汉等地有栽培。适应于水湿地带,尤其是在珠江三角洲,常见为人工栽培树种,性喜潮湿,如池塘、河畔、湖泊、沼泽、岸边,甚至积水洼地,均生长良好。(图1)     

极小种群植物水松群落系统发育多样性分析

极小种群植物水松（Glyptostrobus pensilis（Staunton ex D.Don）K.Koch）是著名的孑遗植物,被列为我国Ⅰ级重点保护和极小种群野生植物,在IUCN红色名录中被评估为"极危"等级,且种群数量仍在继续减少。水松主要分布于我国华南和东南地区以及越南和老挝。本研究对我国42个水松种群周边植被、种群健康状况、群落干扰类型、外来植物入侵状况等进行了调查,采用系统发育多样性相关指数对该物种所在群落进行了研究。结果显示,系统发育多样性指数对水松种群状况具有一定的指示性,人为干扰对所在群落的影响越严重,种群的健康状况愈差;具有较高系统发育多样性水平（PD值）的群落内水松种群状况良好;入侵物种的存在会使群落系统发育结构聚集,系统发育多样性水平降低。因此,在对水松种群进行保护时,要尽量减少群落中人为恶性干扰因素和外来植物的入侵威胁,以增强水松种群和个体的健康水平,维持群落系统发育的多样性,从而提高水松种群抵抗力和恢复力的稳定性。     

盐胁迫对2种珍贵速生树种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以1/2Hoagland营养液为基础培养液,研究了在0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%NaCl胁迫条件下,毛红椿〔Toona ciliata Roem. var. pubescens(Franch.)Hand.-Mazz.〕和水松〔Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunt.ex D.Don)K.Koch〕的种子萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,2个树种的种子萌发率和简化苗木活力指数均明显下降,在0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%NaCl胁迫条件下,毛红椿和水松种子的最终萌发率分别为89.3%、87.3%、62.7%、32.0%和26.0%、16.7%、6.0%、3.3%,简化苗木活力指数分别为1.39~0.08和1.52~0.07,且毛红椿的种子萌发率和简化苗木活力指数均明显高于水松。萌发恢复实验结果表明,高浓度NaCl处理后的种子具有较高的萌发恢复率。根据实验结果初步判定毛红椿种子具有较强的耐盐性。     

我省国家重点保护植物介绍(二)

国家二级重点保护植物是指在科研上或经济上有重要意义的濒危植物种类。我国列为二级重点保护的植物有143种。我省约有15种。现陆续介绍如下:一、水松Glyptostrobus pebsilis(Staunt.) Koch, Dendr。     

水松的细胞学研究

本文报道了水松的核型公式K(2n)=22=22m,为“1A”类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=2L+4M_2+16M_1。8号染色体具长着丝点区域,这是核型的一个特征。与近缘的国产种柳杉和水杉相比较。三者由原始到进化的顺序可能为(柳杉、水松)、水杉,水松与柳杉最接近,水杉和水松较近缘。本文还计算了水松的染色体体积。     

湘东南早二叠世栖霞期早期的Schwagerina cushmani䗴类群

一前言根据古生物和地层发育的特征,湖南二叠纪地层的分区大致以"雪峰古陆"为界,分为湘西北区和湘东南两个区(周祖仁,1979,图1).湘东南下二叠统栖霞组的(竹蜓)类自下而上可以分为四个带,即Schwagerina cushmani带、Staffella vulgaris(sp. nov.)带、Misellina claudiae 带和 Parafusulina multiseptata 带.本文所讨论和描述的即介乎上石炭统船山组 Pseudoschwagerina 带与下二叠统栖霞组 Staffella vulgaris 带之间的 Schwagerina cushmani 带的(竹蜓)类动物群.湘东南的这一(竹蜓)类动物群所包含的(竹蜓)类与陈旭(1934)列入"臭灰岩"底部的大部分(竹蜓)化石     

水松地理分布及其濒危原因

水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis)被列为国家一级保护植物,主要分布于我国的广东、广西、江西、湖南、福建、四川和云南等省区和越南。根据野外调查、查阅标本和文献,结合水松的化石分布资料,对分布区内水松的生长状况和分布区的自然环境概况进行了分析,讨论了温度、雨量、光照和土壤等生态因子对水松地理分布的影响。导致水松濒危的主要原因有：历史时期气候变迁导致水松分布区大幅度缩小和居群数量剧烈下降;水松对生境要求严格;人为破坏严重。根据水松濒危的原因和现状,建议加强对水松原产地的保护,特别是保护那些遗传多样性高的居群;重视水松居群周围生境的保护;以及采取人工繁殖和进行迁地保护等策略。     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Archaeobotany of capers (Capparis) (Capparaceae)

The origins of capers, their use and cultivation are discussed. Capers seeds and charcoal are often recovered from archaeological sites of the Mediterranean and West Asia. These are referred to as C. Spinosa L. This is mostly a group of cultivars restricted to localities surrounding the Western Mediterranean and some places in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identification of the findings is discussed in terms of seed morphology, present distribution and ancient uses of C. aegyptia Lam., C. sicula Veill., C. cartilaginea Decne, C. orientalis Veill., C. decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. and other species. Citations of Capparis in early Rabbinic, Mesopotamian and Greco-Roman texts are presented. Received June 3, 2002 / Accepted October 8, 2002 Correspondence to: D. Rivera     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.