蓝舌病毒HbC株与不同种系细胞相互作用及群特异性抗原特征

BTV-HbC株和蓝舌病毒标准株BTV-10分别接种在不同种系细胞如猴肾传代细胞(Vero)、人宫颈癌细胞(Hela)和小鼠神经胶质瘤细胞(C6)等细胞株上,比较研究了BTV-HbC在不同种系细胞上的增殖特征,BTV-HbC与BTV-10在相同细胞上的复制增殖特征,病毒与细胞相互作用的显微和超微结构特征.用免疫交叉反应研究了BTV-HbC株与BTV-10型标准株之间的血清学关系.本研究结合本室对BTV-HbC株基因组图谱分析和蓝舌病毒群特异性抗原编码基因S7的RT-PCR分析,进一步证实了BTV-HbC株可能是一个新的血清型蓝舌病毒.     

蓝舌病毒释放机制的研究进展

蓝舌病毒(Bluetongue virus,BTV)作为由媒介昆虫库蠓传播的引起反刍动物蓝舌病(Bluetongue,BT)的病原微生物,同时也是研究无囊膜病毒(Non-enveloped virus)释放机制的经典模型。文中以BTV侵染细胞及组装为始,对BTV诱导细胞自噬并通过多囊泡体以细胞外囊泡形式释放、BTV诱导细胞凋亡而裂解释放、BTV从质膜出芽释放的不同途径以及BTV关键非结构蛋白NS3在调控BTV释放过程中作用机制的研究进展进行综述,为进一步了解BTV感染、增殖、释放的分子机制提供参考。     

BTV及其dsRNA分子诱导IFN产生和细胞凋亡

在离体培养细胞上探讨BTV(Bluetongue Virus,BTV)和BTV dsRNA分子诱导人宫颈癌Hela细胞IFN(Interferon)产生和凋亡的生物医学作用.离体培养的人宫颈癌Hela细胞单层分别施以不同水平的蓝舌病毒(BTV)和脂质体包裹的BTV dsRNA等因素处理,比较研究不同处理后细胞形态学差异;并通过MTT法检测不同处理条件下细胞存活率的差异;ELISA试剂盒检测培养细胞上清液中IFN含量及流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率.分析了不同处理条件下不同用量的病毒及不同浓度的RNA-脂质体复合物诱导培养细胞产生IFN量的差异,揭示了不同因素和不同水平处理下, Hela细胞IFN产量具有显著性差异(p<0.05), 而BTV dsRNA诱导人宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡能力低于BTV(p<0.05).BTV dsRNA可显著诱导人宫颈癌细胞产生IFN和凋亡,推断BTV dsRNA具有发展成为新的干扰素诱导剂的潜能.     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株诱导人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的凋亡

采用MTT法检测BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞的增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测BTV-HbC3诱导Hep-3B细胞的凋亡情况,透射电镜观察感染BTV-HbC3的Hep-3B细胞超微结构变化.结果表明BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞具有抑制效应,并呈浓度和时间依赖性;BTV-HbC3作用下Hep-3B细胞呈现凋亡特征;BTV-HbC3能有效感染人肝癌细胞株Hep-3B,并在其中有限地复制,同时抑制该细胞增殖,诱导其进入凋亡.本研究证实了蓝舌病毒HbC3株对人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的杀伤及其诱导凋亡作用,结合本室已反复证实该病毒不感染人源正常细胞的事实,提示了该病毒具有抗人肝癌之潜能.     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株诱导人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的凋亡

采用MTT法检测BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞的增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测BTV-HbC3诱导Hep-3B细胞的凋亡情况,透射电镜观察感染BTV-HbC3的Hep-3B细胞超微结构变化。结果表明BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞具有抑制效应,并呈浓度和时间依赖性;BTV-HbC3作用下Hep-3B细胞呈现凋亡特征;BTV-HbC3能有效感染人肝癌细胞株Hep-3B,并在其中有限地复制,同时抑制该细胞增殖,诱导其进入凋亡。本研究证实了蓝舌病毒HbC3株对人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的杀伤及其诱导凋亡作用,结合本室已反复证实该病毒不感染人源正常细胞的事实,提示了该病毒具有抗人肝癌之潜能。     

BTV及其dsRNA分子诱导IFN产生和细胞凋亡

在离体培养细胞上探讨BTV(BluetongueVirus,BTV)和BTVdsRNA分子诱导人宫颈癌Hela细胞IFN(Interferon)产生和凋亡的生物医学作用。离体培养的人宫颈癌Hela细胞单层分别施以不同水平的蓝舌病毒(BTV)和脂质体包裹的BTVdsRNA等因素处理,比较研究不同处理后细胞形态学差异;并通过MTT法检测不同处理条件下细胞存活率的差异;ELISA试剂盒检测培养细胞上清液中IFN含量及流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率。分析了不同处理条件下不同用量的病毒及不同浓度的RNA脂质体复合物诱导培养细胞产生IFN量的差异,揭示了不同因素和不同水平处理下,Hela细胞IFN产量具有显著性差异(p<0.05),而BTVdsRNA诱导人宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡能力低于BTV(p<0.05)。BTVdsRNA可显著诱导人宫颈癌细胞产生IFN和凋亡,推断BTVdsRNA具有发展成为新的干扰素诱导剂的潜能。     

RT-PCR检测蓝舌病毒技术的建立

蓝舌病毒(Bluetongue Virus,BTV)是呼肠孤病毒科(Reoviridae)环状病毒属(Orbivirus)的代表种,含10个节段的双链RNA(dsRNA)作基因组.其中,L2节段编码BTV型特异性抗原VP2,L3节段和S7节段编码群特异性抗原多肽VP3和VP7.其中,VP7是BTV粒子的主要结构多肽之一,其编码基因序列保守.VP7具有高度的抗原性,能刺激被感机体产生强的群特异性免疫反应[1].     

蓝舌病毒分子生物学研究进展

蓝舌病毒（BTV）是呼肠弧病毒科、环状病毒属的成员。是引起家畜和野生反刍动物蓝舌病的病原体。由昆虫传播。绵羊最易感,牛、山羊和鹿也是该病毒的携带者。该病给畜牧业造成了严重的经济损失。国外对BTV的研究起步早,80年代以来已深人到分子水平的研究上I‘］。我国自80年代初开始,对BTV的流行病学、诊断、防治研究以来,现已取得了显著进展。但是对BTV的分子生物学研究甚少,鉴于国内在BTV研究上的差距,本文对BTV研究的主要工作及进展作一综述。期望为国内BTV的研究在方法和方向上提供参考依据。IBTV结构特征电子显微技术…     

应用Vero-M细胞和鸡胚静脉接种法分离蓝舌病毒的比较试验

蓝舌病毒(BTV)有许多血清型(已报导24个)。血清学试验虽已广泛用于抗体检测,但常与其它环状病毒成员出现交叉反应,易与其它病毒感染混淆。因此,从病畜组织中分离病毒,仍是确证反刍动物蓝舌病的最好办法。多年来主要应用鸡胚接种,特别是静脉接种途径分离BTV。近年应用Vero-M细胞旋转培养法分离BTV获得成功,被认为是一种可以替代敏感动物和鸡胚的方法。作者应用BTV11和BTV 3     

猪细小病毒PK-15细胞适应株的培育及增殖特性

为了研究猪细小病毒不同接毒方式的增殖规律及在不同细胞的病毒含量差异。本实验利用PK-15细胞对猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)分离株进行适应性培养。针对PPV的NS1基因设计特异性引物,建立实时荧光定量PCR方法。利用该方法检测PPV分离株同步和分步接毒的病毒含量,绘制一步生长曲线;同时检测PPV在HeLa、MDBK、PK-15、ST、F81、BHK-21和Marc-145细胞上的增殖特性。结果显示,PPV分离株盲传至12代产生CPE,继续传代培养10代仍能产生稳定的细胞病变,成功培育出PK-15细胞适应株。一步生长曲线显示,分步接毒的病毒含量高于同步接毒,而增殖周期短于同步接毒;PPV在不同细胞的增殖结果显示,各细胞开始出现CPE的时间依次为PK-15、ST、HeLa和MDBK,病毒含量高低依次是ST、PK-15、MDBK和HeLa,而不能在F81、BHK-21和Marc-145细胞上增殖。本实验首次利用荧光定量PCR方法成功分析PPV不同接毒方式的增殖规律及不同细胞的增殖特性,为PPV基础研究和疫苗生产提供资料。     

蓝舌病病毒基因节段2与6的重配导致病毒血清型与增殖特性的改变

【背景】蓝舌病病毒(Bluetongue Virus,BTV)是一种侵染反刍动物的虫媒病毒,基因重配可引起病毒的快速变异。【目的】通过我国强致病性BTV-16型毒株与弱致病性BTV-4型毒株间Seg-2与Seg-6基因节段的重配,探讨病毒基因重配与表型变异之间的关系。【方法】采用全长cDNA扩增与高通量测序获取BTV-16/V158的全基因组序列,构建病毒的真核表达质粒,通过免疫荧光与WesternBlot检测目的蛋白表达;通过RT-PCR、体外转录与细胞转染等方法建立BTV反向遗传体系并获取基因重配病毒;通过蚀斑分析、增殖曲线分析与血清中和试验,比较亲本毒株与基因重配病毒在生物学特性上的差异。【结果】获取的BTV-16/V158毒株基因组大小为19 186 bp,与中国和印度BTV-16型毒株具有最近的亲缘关系;将表达BTV VP1、VP3与NS2的真核表达质粒转染细胞,检测到目的蛋白的表达;将BTV的7种真核表达质粒与基因组ssRNA共转染BHK-21细胞,成功拯救出与亲本毒株生物学特性一致的病毒;将BTV-16/V158毒株的Seg-2与Seg-6替换为BTV-4/YTS4毒株的对应基因节段,拯救出基因重配病毒BTV-16/V158-RG (BTV-4/S2,S6);与亲本病毒相比较,基因重配病毒在BHK-21细胞上形成的蚀斑变小,增殖能力减弱,血清型由BTV-16型转化为BTV-4型。【结论】建立了我国流行BTV-16型毒株的反向遗传体系,BTVSeg-2与Seg-6的基因重配可引起病毒在细胞上增殖能力的改变与血清型改变。研究结果为BTV基因重配致病毒变异与新型基因工程疫苗的研究提供了基础。     

在昆虫细胞中同时表达蓝舌病毒VP3与VP7蛋白可装配成核心样颗粒

将蓝舌病毒（ＢＴＶ）１３型Ｓ７与Ｌ３基因同时插入杆状病毒双表达载体ｐＥａｓｔＢａｃＤｕａｌ,获得重组杆状病毒ｒｖＢａｃＢＴＶＰ３７。该病毒在昆虫细胞中同时高水平表达ＢＴＶ１３ ＶＰ３与ＶＰ７蛋白,可以高效自动装配出２０面体的６０￣７０ｎｍ空心颗粒。分析表明,所获颗粒为空心的ＢＴＶ核心样颗粒（ＣＬＰ）,其成分为ＶＰ３与ＶＰ７,不含ＢＴＶ其它任何蛋白与核酸。这种装配需要ＶＰ３与ＶＰ７的共同参与,二者缺     

Saliva proteins of vector Culicoides modify structure and infectivity of bluetongue virus particles

Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are related orbiviruses, transmitted between their ruminant hosts primarily by certain haematophagous midge vectors (Culicoides spp.). The larger of the BTV outer-capsid proteins, 'VP2', can be cleaved by proteases (including trypsin or chymotrypsin), forming infectious subviral particles (ISVP) which have enhanced infectivity for adult Culicoides, or KC cells (a cell-line derived from C. sonorensis). We demonstrate that VP2 present on purified virus particles from 3 different BTV strains can also be cleaved by treatment with saliva from adult Culicoides. The saliva proteins from C. sonorensis (a competent BTV vector), cleaved BTV-VP2 more efficiently than those from C. nubeculosus (a less competent/non-vector species). Electrophoresis and mass spectrometry identified a trypsin-like protease in C. sonorensis saliva, which was significantly reduced or absent from C. nubeculosus saliva. Incubating purified BTV-1 with C. sonorensis saliva proteins also increased their infectivity for KC cells ～10 fold, while infectivity for BHK cells was reduced by 2-6 fold. Treatment of an 'eastern' strain of EHDV-2 with saliva proteins of either C. sonorensis or C. nubeculosus cleaved VP2, but a 'western' strain of EHDV-2 remained unmodified. These results indicate that temperature, strain of virus and protein composition of Culicoides saliva (particularly its protease content which is dependent upon vector species), can all play a significant role in the efficiency of VP2 cleavage, influencing virus infectivity. Saliva of several other arthropod species has previously been shown to increase transmission, infectivity and virulence of certain arboviruses, by modulating and/or suppressing the mammalian immune response. The findings presented here, however, demonstrate a novel mechanism by which proteases in Culicoides saliva can also directly modify the orbivirus particle structure, leading to increased infectivity specifically for Culicoides cells and, in turn, efficiency of transmission to the insect vector.     

Replication of live-attenuated vaccine strains of bluetongue virus in orally infected South African Culicoides species

Field-collected South African Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) were fed on sheep blood containing 16 live-attenuated vaccine strains of bluetongue virus (BTV) comprising serotypes -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -16 and -19. After 10 days extrinsic incubation at 23.5 degrees C, 11 and seven of the 16 BTV serotypes used were recovered from Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer and Culicoides (A.) bolitinos Meiswinkel, respectively. One serotype was also recovered from Culicoides (Remmia) enderleini Cornet & Brunhes. Bluetongue virus recovery rates and the mean titres for most serotypes were significantly higher in C. bolitinos than in C. imicola. Significant differences were found in virus recovery rates from Culicoides species fed on blood containing similar or identical virus titres of different BTV serotypes. In addition, we demonstrated that a single passage of live-attenuated BTV-1, -2, -4, -9 and -16 through the insect vector, followed by passaging in insect cells, did not alter its infectivity for C. imicola and that the oral susceptibility of C. imicola to the attenuated vaccine strains of BTV-1, -4, -9 and -16 remained similar for at least three consecutive seasons.     

Recovery rates of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 8 Spanish strains from orally infected Culicoides imicola in South Africa

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease of ruminants that has spread northwards in Europe during the last decade. The aetiological agent of the disease is an arbovirus [bluetongue virus (BTV)] that belongs to the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae). The virus is transmitted by certain species of biting midge within the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Information on the vector status of the Culicoides species in a specific area will be essential to predict the risk for BTV incursion. Field-collected Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer from South Africa were fed on blood containing several Spanish isolates of BTV. Despite the high virus concentrations in the bloodmeal (5.1-6.4 log(10) TCID(50) /mL of blood), virus was recovered from <1% of midges assayed after incubation. Virus concentrations >2.5 log(10) TCID(50) /midge in individual infected C. imicola suggest virus replication with possible risk for transmission to susceptible vertebrate hosts in the field for at least two of the serotypes assayed (BTV-1 and BTV-2). A third serotype (BTV-4) was very close to the estimated threshold for transmission. The relatively low to near refractory status of C. imicola compared with other vector species such as Culicoides bolitinos supports previous results, indicating that Culicoides species other than C. imicola may play a more important role in the epidemiology of BTV.     

Sequence specificity in the interaction of Bluetongue virus non-structural protein 2 (NS2) with viral RNA

The non-structural protein NS2 of Bluetongue virus (BTV) is synthesized abundantly in virus-infected cells and has been suggested to be involved in virus replication. The protein, with a high content of charged residues, possesses a strong affinity for single-stranded RNA species but, to date, all studies have failed to identify any specificity in the NS2-RNA interaction. In this report, we have examined, through RNA binding assays using highly purified NS2, the specificity of interaction with different single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) species in the presence of appropriate competitors. The data obtained show that NS2 indeed has a preference for BTV ssRNA over nonspecific RNA species and that NS2 recognizes a specific region within the BTV10 segment S10. The secondary structure of this region was determined and found to be a hairpin-loop with substructures within the loop. Modification-inhibition experiments highlighted two regions within this structure that were protected from ribonuclease cleavage in the presence of NS2. Overall, these data imply that a function of NS2 may be to recruit virus messenger RNAs (that also act as templates for synthesis of genomic RNAs) selectively from other RNA species within the infected cytosol of the cell during virus replication.     

A pair of novel primers for universal detection of the NS1 gene from various bluetongue virus serotypes

Twenty five serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV) have been identified worldwide. Rapid and reliable methods of virus universal detection are essential for fighting against bluetongue (BT). We have therefore developed and evaluated a pair of primers which can detect various serotypes of BTV by RT-PCR. Analysis of the viral protein 7 (VP7) and the non-structural protein (NS1) gene from different serotypes of BTV by DNAstar showed that the 5' end of the NS1 gene is the most conserved region. The primer pairs (P1 and P2) were designed based on the highly conserved region of NS1. The novel primers were evaluated by detecting BTV serotypes 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 21 and 22. The specificity of the primers was estimated by comparing to gene sequences of viruses published in GenBank, and further assessed by detecting BTV serotype 1-12 and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 1-4. The sensitivity and repeatability of PCR with the novel primers were evaluated by successfully detecting the recombinant plasmid pGEM-T121 containing the diagnosed nucleotide sequence. Our results suggest that these unique primers can be used in high throughout and universal detection of the NS1 gene from various BTV serotypes.     

Type I Interferon Limits the Capacity of Bluetongue Virus To Infect Hematopoietic Precursors and Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to progenitors with potential to produce multiple cell types, including dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are the principal antigen-presenting cells and represent the crucial link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Bluetongue virus (BTV), an economically important Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family, causes a hemorrhagic disease mainly in sheep and occasionally in other species of ruminants. BTV is transmitted between its mammalian hosts by certain species of biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and is a potent alpha interferon (IFN-α) inducer. In the present report, we show that BTV infects cells of hematopoietic origin but not HSCs in immunocompetent sheep. However, BTV infects HSCs in the absence of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in vitro and in vivo. Infection of HSCs in vitro results in cellular death by apoptosis. Furthermore, BTV infects bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs), interfering with their development to mature DCs in the absence of type I IFN signaling. Costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and costimulatory molecules CD40 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) are affected by BTV infection, suggesting that BTV interferes with DC antigen-presenting capacity. In vivo, different DC populations are also affected during the course of infection, probably as a result of a direct effect of BTV replication in DCs and the production of infectious virus. These new findings suggest that BTV infection of HSCs and DCs can impair the immune response, leading to persistence or animal death, and that this relies on IFN-I.     

Functional Mapping of Bluetongue Virus Proteins and Their Interactions with Host Proteins During Virus Replication

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus which is transmitted by blood-feeding gnats to wild and domestic ruminants, causing high morbidity and often high mortality. Partly due to this BTV has been in the forefront of molecular studies for last three decades and now represents one of the best understood viruses at the molecular and structural levels. BTV, like the other members of the Reoviridae family is a complex non-enveloped virus with seven structural proteins and a RNA genome consisting of 10 dsRNA segments of different sizes. In virus infected cells, three other virus encoded nonstructural proteins are synthesized. Significant recent advances have been made in understanding the structure–function relationships of BTV proteins and their interactions during virus assembly. By combining structural and molecular data it has been possible to make progress on the fundamental mechanisms used by the virus to invade, replicate in, and escape from, susceptible host cells. Data obtained from studies over a number of years have defined the key players in BTV entry, replication, assembly and egress. Specifically, it has been possible to determine the complex nature of the virion through three dimensional structure reconstructions; atomic structure of proteins and the internal capsid; the definition of the virus encoded enzymes required for RNA replication; the ordered assembly of the capsid shell and the protein sequestration required for it; and the role of three NS proteins in virus replication, assembly and release. Overall, this review demonstrates that the integration of structural, biochemical and molecular data is necessary to fully understand the assembly and replication of this complex RNA virus.