土壤镉含量对高粱属植物生理生化特性的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了土壤镉(Cd)含量对一年生高粱属植物(甜高粱、高丹草和苏丹革)根系活力、叶片脯氨酸含量和细胞膜透性等生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,土壤Cd含量＞25 ng·kg-1时,3种高粱属植物根系活力均显著下降(P＜0.05);3种高粱属植物叶片中脯氨酸的含量在各浓度处理下均显著增加(P＜0.05);Cd胁迫影响了3种高粱属植物叶片和根系的细胞膜通透性,表现为不同程度的增加.     

微生物镉解毒机制及微生物-植物互作修复研究进展

镉(cadmium,Cd)是引起粮食减产的主要金属之一,具有高溶解性及高迁移性,易被植物吸收和积累。微生物长期在镉胁迫的条件下进化出一系列的镉解毒机制。微生物对镉的解毒包括抑制Cd(Ⅱ)的进入、促进Cd(Ⅱ)的外排,以及将进入胞内的Cd(Ⅱ)进行“扣押”。微生物的Cd(Ⅱ)钝化是通过细胞吸附和胞外沉淀将游离态的Cd(Ⅱ)进行钝化,这类微生物具有较强的土壤镉污染治理潜力。本文主要介绍微生物的镉解毒机制、微生物-微生物互作、微生物-植物互作机制及其在镉污染生物修复中应用的最新研究进展。     

高粱属植物对土壤镉吸收及亚细胞的分配

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了3种高粱属植物(甜高粱、高丹草和苏丹草)对土壤cd的富集效应及其亚细胞的分配.结果表明:cd在3种高粱属植物不同部位的富集量随着cd处理浓度的增加而增加,生育期内3种高粱属植物根系中Cd的富集量大于茎鞘和叶片中的富集量;高丹草对Cd的富集量高,甜高梁次之,苏丹草最低;Cd在高粱属植物叶片、茎鞘和根系中各亚细胞组分中的分布相似表现为细胞壁>可溶性部分>细胞核、叶绿体组分>线粒体.     

植物吸收、转运和积累镉的机理研究进展

重金属镉(Cd)虽然不是植物生长的必需矿质元素,但依然能被植物吸收。且部分植物具有富集镉的特点,从而导致农产品镉含量超标,并通过食物链危害人类健康。研究植物吸收、转运和积累Cd的机理,对于培育低镉作物品种、降低农产品镉含量,以及选育超富集镉植物,修复镉污染土壤具有重要意义。从影响植物吸收Cd的因子,植物吸收、转运和积累Cd的机理以及植物拒Cd和富集Cd的分子机制等方面进行综述,以期为低镉作物的研究以及Cd污染土壤的综合治理提供一些参考。     

镉胁迫对珊瑚树和地中海荚蒾生理生化指标的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同镉(Cd)浓度胁迫下忍冬科荚蒾属珊瑚树(Viburnum odoratissimum)和地中海荚蒾(V.tinus)2种园林树种3年生苗木叶片受伤害形态特征及生理生化指标(叶绿素、丙二醛、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量、电解质渗透率、过氧化物酶活性)的变化,并分析了植株各营养器官(根、茎、叶)Cd的富集水平。结果表明:Cd对珊瑚树叶片生长及生理生化指标均未产生显著影响;地中海荚蒾在Cd胁迫浓度为100mg.kg-1时出现伤害症状,电解质渗透率增加,丙二醛含量增加,叶绿素含量减少;而当胁迫浓度提高到400mg.kg-1时,植株叶片枯黄,植株萎蔫,生长势差;2种植物地下部富集量均大于地上部,可以推断珊瑚树和地中海荚蒾对土壤中Cd具有一定的富集能力,在土壤镉污染严重地区栽植具有重要意义。     

水葱对镉的超富集作用及其用于植物修复的潜力

野外观察与研究发现水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani G.)可以耐受土壤中高浓度的重金属污染,并对镉有很高的生物富集量。实验室水培试验研究了两个主要因素,营养液pH值以及镉含量,对其生物量以及镉富集效果的影响。结果表明,水葱可耐受的高浓度Cd(30mg/L)和大范围pH值变化(3.7～7.7)。当营养液pH值为4.7,Cd含量为25mg/L时,水葱富集的Cd达到最大值:地上部分264.71mg/kg,地下部分234·39mg/kg,平均转运系数1.13。这显示了它用于植物修复镉污染土壤的巨大潜力。     

盐角草在Cd、Pb、Li污染盐土修复中的应用潜力

滩涂和内陆盐碱地是重要的后备土地资源。近年来镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)等土壤重金属和锂(Li)污染对盐碱地开发利用和生产安全造成严重威胁。利用盐生植物修复污染盐土是最经济有效的方法。本研究以盐生植物盐角草SalicorniaeuropaeaL.为材料,采用盆栽方式,通过比较分析盐角草在不同浓度Cd(0-50mmol/L)、Pb(0-50 mmol/L)和Li(0-400 mmol/L)处理下的生长和生理生化指标及离子含量的变化,研究盐角草对3种金属污染物胁迫的耐性及积累特性,以期探讨盐角草在Cd、Pb、Li污染盐土修复中的应用潜力。结果显示,随着Cd、Pb处理浓度升高,盐角草的株高、鲜重和干重均显著下降。低浓度Li(≤20 mmol/L)处理促进盐角草的生长,而高浓度Li(≥20mmol/L)处理则抑制植物生长。盐角草对Cd、Pb、Li的耐受性顺序为Li>Pb>Cd。Cd、Pb、Li胁迫可能降低了盐角草对Na和K的吸收与转运而影响植株的生长。另一方面,盐角草抗氧化酶系统对Cd、Pb、Li胁迫表现出不同的响应机理,多种抗氧化物酶协同作用,抵制Cd、Pb、Li胁迫造成的氧化毒害。盐角草根和地上部分Cd、Pb、Li含量随着处理浓度的升高而增加,其中Cd和Pb的分布特征为根>地上部分,Li的分布特征为地上部分>根。研究结果表明盐角草对Cd、Pb、Li的胁迫均具有较强的耐受性与自我调节能力,且具有富锂特性,具备修复Cd、Pb、Li污染盐土的潜力。本研究为深入研究盐角草耐受Cd、Pb、Li胁迫的机制奠定了基础,揭示了利用盐角草修复高盐碱土壤中Cd、Pb、Li污染的应用潜力。     

镉胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗生理特性和镉富集的影响

以"甘农三号"紫花苜蓿幼苗为材料,在水培条件下,探究了在10 d内不同浓度(0～2.0 mmol·L^-1)镉(Cd)胁迫对其根长、茎长、生物量、叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、Cd富集及其亚细胞分布的影响。结果表明:低浓度(0.125 mmol·L^-1) Cd能促进幼苗根和茎的生长,增加叶片叶绿素含量,较高浓度(0.5～2.0 mmol·L^-1) Cd显著抑制幼苗根和茎的生长,叶绿素及生物量显著降低; Cd胁迫使MDA含量显著增加,而SOD和POD活性显著增强,其中Cd胁迫浓度为0.5mmol·L^-1时,SOD和POD活性达到最大值,这可能是植物对环境胁迫的一种应激保护反应; Cd在各亚细胞组分中的含量依次为细胞壁>细胞质>线粒体>叶绿体,且均随Cd胁迫浓度的升高而增加。当Cd胁迫浓度为0.125 mmol·L^-1时,水培10 d的紫花苜蓿幼苗单株地上部对Cd的净化率最高可达0.214%,而整盆植株在单位体积内对Cd的净化率最高可达15.5%;当Cd胁迫浓度为2.0 mmol·L^-1时,紫花苜蓿幼苗地上部Cd含量达89.36μg·g-1。这些结果表明紫花苜蓿对Cd具有很强的富集能力,虽未达到Cd超富集植物的临界标准,但从植株生物量、耐Cd能力、富集Cd量及对Cd的净化率等方面综合考虑,紫花苜蓿在Cd污染土壤的植物修复中具备良好的应用价值。     

镉胁迫对花生籽实品质的影响及响应机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了重金属镉(Cd)对花生籽实品质安全性的影响及花生籽实对镉胁迫的响应机制。结果表明:在供试镉处理范围内(≤10mg.kg-1),镉胁迫对花生籽实脂肪和蛋白质含量均有显著影响,但品种间存在差异;花生籽实中的镉含量随外源镉含量的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),且在土壤低镉浓度(≤1mg.kg-1)下籽实更易富集镉;受镉污染的花生籽实,其蛋白质是络合镉的主要营养部位,且其镉含量远高于食品中镉的限量值,而脂肪中镉的含量甚微,因此供试花生籽实不能作为人体植物蛋白来源,但可以作为人体食用油脂来源。     

滨海盐渍土壤中不同类型盐生植物富集镉的效应

为了利用被镉污染的滨海盐渍土壤,通过实验对比分析3种不同类型盐生植物对盐渍土中镉的富集效应,以期初步探明不同类型盐生植物在镉污染盐渍土壤修复中的效果。选择的3种盐生植物类型是:聚盐盐生植物,泌盐盐生植物和避盐盐生植物。通过温室盆栽实验,将植物在不同镉含量的盐渍土壤中种植培养60 d,测定和分析不同类型盐生植物对镉的生物浓缩因子、转移系数以及植株内地上部分和根部生物量和镉含量的变化。结果表明,不同镉含量的土壤对碱蓬和芦苇的生长影响较小,对二色补血草的生长影响较大。不同镉含量的土壤中,芦苇地上部分镉的生物浓缩因子变化差异不显著,并且其地上部分吸收镉的百分率较高。碱蓬和芦苇的转移系数大于二色补血草的转移系数,并且碱蓬的转移系数在不同镉含量的土壤中变化不显著;二色补血草的转移系数随着土壤中镉含量的增加而显著增大。3种盐生植物中,碱蓬最具修复镉污染盐渍土壤的潜力,这可能和它是聚盐盐生植物的生理类型有关。芦苇整个植株的地上部分富集镉的总量在3种植物中是最高的,因此,芦苇在镉含量较低时也可以做为镉污染盐渍土壤的修复材料。     

接种AMF对煤矿废弃物上高丹草的生长和叶绿素荧光的影响

为改善采矿废弃物上植被生长状况,提高植物成活率,该研究采用盆栽试验法,以高丹草为材料,选用摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,G.m)和地表球囊霉(G.versiforme,G.v)两种AM真菌,分别研究单接种和混合接种对粉煤灰(S1)、煤矸石(S2)和粉煤灰与煤矸石混合物(S3)三种煤矿废弃物基质上高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)生长及叶绿素荧光的影响,并以正常沙土(S4)作为对照。结果表明:(1)4种基质上,3种接种处理均获得较高侵染率,在基质S1、S3和S4上均为接种摩西球囊霉对高丹草根系侵染率最高,分别为49.04%、57.40%、43.34%,在基质S2上,混合接种处理对高丹草根系侵染效果最好,达49.33%。(2)3种煤矿废弃物基质上高丹草根长、干重、叶绿素含量、F_v/F_o、q P和Yield显著降低。接种AM真菌显著提高了高丹草的生长和光合效率。与其他处理相比,在基质S1、S3和S4上,接种摩西球囊霉显著增加了根长、干重、叶绿素含量、F_v/F_o、q P和Yield,在基质S2上,接种地表球囊霉显著增加了根长、干重,接种地表球囊霉和摩西球囊霉+地表球囊霉(G.mv)处理间叶绿素荧光参数均无显著差异。这表明在煤矿废弃物基质的复合逆境中高丹草生长和光合作用显著受到抑制,AM真菌可通过提高高丹草叶绿素含量,改善叶片叶绿素荧光和光合作用,促进植物生长,来缓解该复合逆境对高丹草造成的伤害,增强其对煤矿废弃物不良环境的抗逆性,提高煤矿区植被恢复效果。接种摩西球囊霉对粉煤灰以及粉煤灰和煤矸石混合基质上高丹草的促进作用最佳,而接种地表球囊霉更适于煤矸石基质上高丹草的生长。     

Abiotic constraints on the competitive ability of exotic and native grasses in a Pacific Northwest prairie

In prairie ecosystems, abiotic constraints on competition can structure plant communities; however, the extent to which competition between native and exotic plant species is constrained by environmental factors is still debated. The objective of our study was to use paired field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate the competitive dynamics between two native (Danthonia californica and Deschampsia cespitosa) and two exotic (Schedonorus arundinaceus and Lolium multiflorum) grass species under varying nutrient and moisture conditions in an upland prairie in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. We hypothesized the two invasive, exotic grasses would be more competitive under high-nutrient, moderate-moisture conditions, resulting in the displacement of native grasses from these environments. In the field, the experimental reduction of competition resulted in shorter, wider plants, but only the annual grass, Lolium multiflorum, produced more aboveground biomass when competition was reduced. In the greenhouse, the two exotic grasses produced more total biomass than the two native grasses. Competitive hierarchies were influenced by nutrient and/or moisture treatments for the two exotic grasses, but not for the two native grasses. L. multiflorum dominated competitive interactions with all other grasses across treatments. In general, S. arundinaceus dominated when in competition with native grasses, and D. cespitosa produced the most biomass in monoculture or under interspecific competition with the other native grass, D. californica. D. californica, D. cespitosa, and S. arundinaceus all produced more biomass in high-moisture, high-nutrient environments, and D. cespitosa, L. multiflorum, and S. arundinaceus allocated more biomass belowground in the low nutrient treatment. Taken together, these experiments suggest the competitive superiority of the exotic grasses, especially L. multiflorum, but, contrary to our hypothesis, the native grasses were not preferentially excluded from nutrient-rich, moderately wet environments. Laurel Pfeifer-Meister and Esther M. Cole contributed equally to this work.     

Alternative methods for sustainably managing coastal forests as silvo-pastoral systems

Integration of shelter forest and herbage into a silvo-pastoral system with sustainable management can improve the ecological and economic sustainability of shelter forest in coastal China. Sustainable management of tree density and forage grasses planting was studied by establishing five experimental treatments through selective logging of the forest. The tree density at the five treatments was 5.00, 2.50, 1.67, 1.25, and 1.00 ind./100 m², respectively. The density of 1.25 ind./100 m² (Treatment 4) is the best for introduced forage plants (Sorghum sudanense, Lolium multiflorum, and Medicago sativa) and mature Populus to integrate into a silvo-pastoral system, while the density of 1.00 ind./100 m² (Treatment 5) is the best for the native grass (Setaria faberi and Arthraxon pricnode) and mature Populus. The planting experiment presented the best combination of planting practices (seed amount, planting depth, and fertilizer amount) for each introduced grass. The silvo-pastoral system has been run successfully for 3 years and has been very profitable for the local farmers. In the silvo-pastoral system, simple cultivation practices change the local dominant species of grasses. Furthermore, a new result is found about tree–grass interaction that change of tree density can alter species of forage plants under trees.     

Effects of Light Quality on Tiller Production in Lolium spp

Variations in phytochrome status in grasses were provoked by end of day red and far-red treatments and above canopy irradiations. Lolium perenne L. and Lolium multiflorum Lam. plants developed more tillers when illuminated with higher red/far-red ratios. These results show that branching of grasses is controlled by phytochrome activity in a way similar to that in dicotyledon plants.     

A Comparison of the Morphology and Anatomy of Seedling Leaves of Lolium multiflorum Lam. and L. perenne L.

A rapid technique has been developed for studying the morphologyand anatomy of leaves of forage grasses. It has been used tocompare the leaf dimensions, numbers of structural elements,tissue proportions, stomatal and unicellular hair counts, andmesophyll cell number and size in one variety of Lolium multiflorumLam. and L. perenne L. There were large differences betweenthese species in leaf dimensions, number of structural elements,and in stomatal and unicellular hair counts, but little differencein the relative proportion of different tissues and in cellsize.     

Relationship between Contents of Chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD values) and Nitrogen of Some Temperate Grasses

In a field experiment the chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD readings) and nitrogen contents of three grass species (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Lolium perenne L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and three intergeneric hybrids of Festuca pratensis Huds. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. were measured. Close relationships were found between SPAD readings and nitrogen leaf content (r ² = 0.873^** 0.491^** and 0.938^**) for the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd cut, respectively. SPAD readings and N contents were closely correlated (r = 0.836^**) confirming that SPAD measurements could be used in grass selection and/or breeding for high N concentration in herbage. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Carbon mineralization in soil of roots from twenty crop species,as affected by their chemical composition and botanical family

Background and aims

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been widely studied for agricultural applications. One aim of this study was to isolate cadmium (Cd)-tolerant bacteria from nodules of Glycine max (L.) Merr. grown in heavy metal-contaminated soil in southwest of China. The plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and the effects of the isolate on plant growth and Cd uptake by legume and non-legume plants in Cd-polluted soil were investigated.

Methods

Cd-tolerant bacteria were isolated by selective media. The isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis. The PGR traits of the isolates were evaluated in vitro. Cd in soil and plant samples was determined by ICP-MS.

Results

One of the most Cd-tolerant bacteria simultaneously exhibited several PGP traits. Inoculation with the PGPR strain had positive impacts on contents of photosynthesis pigments and mineral nutrients (Fe or Mg) in plant leaves. The shoot dry weights of Lolium multiflorum Lam. increased significantly compared to uninoculated control. Furthermore, inoculation with the PGPR strain increased the Cd concentrations in root of L. multiflorum Lam. and extractable Cd concentrations in the rhizosphere, while the Cd concentrations in root and shoot of G. max (L.) Merr. significantly decreased.

Conclusions

This study indicates that inoculation with Cd-tolerant PGPR can alleviate Cd toxicity to the plants, increase Cd accumulation in L. multiflorum Lam. by enhancing Cd availability in soils and plant biomass, but decrease Cd accumulation in G. max (L.) Merr. by increasing Fe availability, thus highlighting new insight into the exploration of PGPR on Cd-contaminated soil.     

Phytostabilization of Acidic Soils with Heavy Metal Contamination Using Three Forage Grasses in Combination with Organic and Inorganic Amendments

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on metal stabilization and the potential of three forage grasses, i.e., Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum, Euchlaena mexicana, and Sorghum dochna, for phytostabilization of acidic heavy metal-contaminated soils. The three grasses died 5 days after transplanting into the contaminated soils. Organic fertilizer (pig slurry and plant ash) only or combined with lime, NPK fertilizer, and sewage sludge resulted in adequate grass growth in the contaminated soils through a significant increase in the soil pH, N, P, K, and organic matter contents, and a decrease in the metal concentrations. The shoot biomass of P. americanum×P. purpureum and S. dochna was 1.92 and 2.00 times higher than that of E. Mexicana. The solubility of Cd, Pb, and Zn strongly depends on organic matter, while the solubility of Cu strongly depends on both soil organic matter and pH. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in plant shoots growing in soil with a mixed amendment were significantly lower than plants growing in soil amended with an organic fertilizer only, whereas the Cu concentrations in plant shoots exhibited the opposite trend. The results indicated that 5% organic fertilizer only or combined with 5% sewage sludge were appropriate amendments and S. dochna and P. americanum × Pennisetum are suitable plants for phytostabilization of acidic heavy metal-polluted soils.     

Availability and toxicity of cadmium to forage grasses grown in contaminated soil

It is important to know the mechanisms for forage development, especially those related to the tolerance of potentially toxic elements, when considering their use in phytoremediation in heavy metal contaminated areas. In this study, we evaluated plant growth, concentration, and the availability of cadmium (Cd) for forage grasses (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Aruana and cv. Tanzânia; Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk; Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés and cv. Marandu) cultivated in Cd contaminated soils. The experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions over a 90-day evaluation period, and the Cd rates were 2, 4, and 12 mg/kg of soil. The relative growth rate of the forage grasses decreased as Cd rates increased, and the following descending order of susceptibility was observed: Marandu > Xaraés > Aruana > Tanzânia > Basilisk, with regard to phytotoxicity in these plants. The forage Cd concentration increased in line with increases in the Cd rates. Cd contents extracted by Mehlich-1 and by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid presented high positive correlation with forage relative growth. The forage plants did not block Cd entry into the food chain because they were not capable of limiting Cd absorption.     

替代物种与除草剂对紫茎泽兰的防效及其互作效应

[目的]研究替代物种与选择性除草剂,以实现对紫茎泽兰安全、高效和绿色的防控。[方法]采用植物间竞争试验法测定替代物种（高丹草、非洲狼尾草和黑麦草）和除草剂对紫茎泽兰的防效及其互作效应。[结果]高丹草、非洲狼尾草和黑麦草的竞争力依次强于紫茎泽兰。随着3种替代物种密度比例增加,紫茎泽兰的株高、分枝、根冠比、叶面积比均受到显著抑制,当替代物种与紫茎泽兰密度比为5∶1时,高丹草、非洲狼尾草和黑麦草对紫茎泽兰的替代控制效果分别为55.1%、46.9%和40.3%。除草剂氨氯吡啶酸、三氯吡氧乙酸、氯氟吡氧乙酸和二氯吡啶酸的毒力测定表明,二氯吡啶酸相对最高,LC₉₀为902.1 g·hm^-2,但三氯吡氧乙酸对替代物种的安全性相对最好,对高丹草、非洲狼尾草和黑麦草选择性指数分别为3.75、2.79和2.67。高丹草和非洲狼尾草与紫茎泽兰种植密度比例为3∶1时,结合二氯吡啶酸和三氯吡氧乙酸,非洲狼尾草和二氯吡啶酸结合表现拮抗作用,与三氯吡氧乙酸结合表现加成作用;高丹草和二氯吡啶酸结合表现加成作用,与三氯吡氧乙酸结合表现增效作用,在同等取得90%防效的情况下,可减少三氯吡氧乙酸用量20.0%~35.0%（即210.0~370.0 g·hm^-2）。[结论]合理的替代物种结合除草剂应用可实现互作增效,可作为紫茎泽兰综合防控的重要措施。