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1.
为探讨食虫目小型哺乳动物的代谢产热和体温调节特征,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪测定了北小麝鼩在环境温度5 ~ 30℃下的静止代谢率(RMR),结果显示:在环境温度(Ta)为17 5 ~25℃ 的范围内,北小麝鼩的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为36.55 ± 0.38℃ ;热中性区(TNZ) 为20 ~ 25℃ ;基础代谢率BMR 为5.46 ±0.23 (mLO2 /g· h),其中环境温度在25℃ 时静止代谢率最低,为4.84 ± 0.39 (mLO2 /g· h)。在5 ~ 25℃环境温度范围内,热传导值保持稳定;在此温度范围内,北小麝鼩的热传导率(C) 最低,平均为0.42 ± 0.01mLO2 / (g·h·℃ )。总之,北小麝鼩的产热和体温调节特征为较高的BMR,中等的热传导率,较低的体温和较宽的热中性区。这些特征可能与该物种体型小、夜行性、主要以无脊椎动物为食等生活习性密切相关。 相似文献
2.
大绒鼠和高山姬鼠的体温调节和产热特征 总被引:14,自引:8,他引:14
大绒鼠和高山姬鼠为横断山地区小型哺乳动物的代表。为探讨它们在该地区的生理生态适应特征,对其体温调节和产热特征进行了测定。代谢率采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计进行测定。结果表明:大绒鼠和高山姬鼠热中性区分别为25~32.5℃ 和25~30℃;平均体温分别为35.92 ±0.37℃和36.01±0.83℃,前者体温在20~27.5℃ 范围内维持恒定,后者体温在15~27.5℃范围内维持恒定;大绒鼠和高山姬鼠基础代谢率(BMR)分别为3.76±0.07 ml O2/g.h和4.58±0.09 ml O2/g.h;大绒鼠和高山姬鼠平均最小热传导(Cm) 分别为0.28±0.005 ml O2/g.h ℃ 和0.32±0.009 ml O2/g.h℃;热中性区内,大绒鼠和高山姬鼠的F值(RMR/ Kleiber 期望RMR)/(C/Bradley 期望C) 分别为0.88±0.05 和1.10±0.05。它们的产热特征和体温调节模式很可能反映了横断山地区小型啮齿动物的特征,即体温较低、维持体温稳定的环境温度范围较窄、BMR水平较高、热传导率高。高山姬鼠的体温、C值和BMR 都比大绒鼠的高,并且高山姬鼠维持体温稳定的环境温度范围比大绒鼠的宽,它们产热特征和体温调节模式的这些差异与其分类地位、生活习性和栖息生境等因素密切相关。 相似文献
3.
黑腹绒鼠的代谢产热特征及其体温调节 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
为探讨东洋界华中区黑腹绒鼠的代谢产热特征及体温调节,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪对其代谢率、热传导和体温等热生物学指标进行了测定.结果显示:在环境温度为5~25℃的范围内,黑腹绒鼠的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为36.5±0.1℃;热中性区为25~30℃;基础代谢率为2.99±0.09 ml O2/(g·h);环境温度(Ta)在5~25℃范围内,代谢率(MR)与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为:MR[ ml O2/(g·h)]= 6.56-0.16 Ta(℃),在此范围内,黑腹绒鼠的热传导率C最低,平均为0.26±0.01 ml O2/(g·h·℃).黑腹绒鼠的基本热生物学特征为:较高的BMR、热传导率和体温以及较宽的热中性区. 相似文献
4.
采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计和数字式温度计,在环境温度(Ta)5.0~37.5℃范围内,测定了成体八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)的代谢率(MR)和体温(Tb),并计算出每个温度点的热传导(C),以及MR和C的体重预期值等指标,探讨其代谢产热特征。在Ta为5.0~37.5℃时,八哥的体温基本维持恒定,平均为(41.4±0.1)℃,热中性区(TNZ)为25.0~32.5℃,基础代谢率(BMR)为(125.33±2.08)ml O2/h,是体重预期值的60%;Ta在5.0~25.0℃范围内,MR[ml O2/h]与Ta(℃)呈负相关,回归方程为:MR=365.30-10.07Ta;Ta在10.0~25.0℃时,C最低且基本恒定,平均为(0.06±0.00)ml O2/(g.h.℃),是体重预期值的100%。八哥具有较低的基础代谢率,相对较高的热传导和体温,符合南方小型鸟类的代谢特征。 相似文献
5.
我国东南部地区夏季两种雀形目鸟类的代谢产热特征及其体温调节 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计,分别在5-35℃和5-40℃的环境温度范围内测定了白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)和丝光椋鸟(Sturnussericeus)的代谢率、热传导和体温等指标,探讨其代谢产热特征。结果显示:在环境温度(Ta)为5-35℃时,白头鹎的体温基本维持恒定,平均温度为40.3±0.1℃,热中性区为26.6-32.8℃,基础代谢率为73.10±4.11mlO2/h,是体重预期值的79%;Ta在5-26℃范围内,代谢率(MR)与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为:MR[mlO2/h]=265.37-7.24Ta(℃);Ta在5-30℃范围内,热传导值最低且基本保持恒定,平均为0.24±0.01mlO2/g·h·℃,是体重预期值的126%。丝光椋鸟的热中性区为27.6-34.5℃,平均体温为40.5±0.1℃(5-40℃),基础代谢率为160.64±9.20mlO2/h,是体重预期值的90%;最低热传导为0.16±0.05mlO2/g·h·℃,是体重预期值的129%。在5-25℃范围内,MR与Ta的回归方程为:MR[mlO2/h]=377.96-7.88Ta(℃)。白头鹎和丝光椋鸟的基本生物学特征为:较高的体温,热传导和上临界温度,较宽的热中性区和较低的代谢率,符合南方小型鸟类的代谢特征. 相似文献
6.
东北地区黑线仓鼠的代谢产热特征及其体温调节 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
为探讨寒冷地区黑线仓鼠 (Cricetulusbarabensis)的代谢产热特征及体温调节 ,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪对其代谢率、热传导和体温等热生物学指标进行了测定。结果显示 :在环境温度为 5~ 35℃的范围内 ,黑线仓鼠的体温基本维持恒定 ,平均体温为 36 33± 0 2 3℃ ;热中性区为 2 5~ 32 5℃ ;基础代谢率为 3 4 9±0 36mlO2 / (g·h) ;环境温度 (Ta)在 5~ 2 5℃范围内 ,代谢率 (MR)与Ta 呈负相关 ,回归方程为 :MR [mlO2 / (g·h) ]=9 6 0 - 0 2 2Ta (℃ ) ,在此范围内 ,黑线仓鼠的热传导率 (C)最低 ,平均为 0 2 8± 0 0 1mlO2 /(g·h·℃ ) ;代谢预期比和热传导预期比 (F值 )为 1 6 8。黑线仓鼠的基本热生物学特征为 :较高的BMR和热传导率 ,相对较低的体温和较宽的热中性区。这些特征可能限制了其在极端寒冷和干旱环境中的分布和生存. 相似文献
7.
采用封闭式氧气流体压力呼吸仪和数字式温度计,测定在环境温度(Ta)为0℃、6.5℃、10.5℃、16.5℃、20℃、22.5℃、25℃、27.5℃和30℃时珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinesis)的代谢率(MR)和体温(Tb),由此计算出每个温度点的热传导(C)以及MR和C的体质量预期值等指标,探讨其代谢产热特征。结果表明:在Ta为0℃~30℃时,珠颈斑鸠的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为(40.7±0.1)℃,热中性区(TNZ)为22.5~27.5℃,基础代谢率为(160.48±6.05)mlO2.h-1,是体质量预期值的65%;Ta在0℃~25℃范围内,热传导值最低且基本保持恒定,平均为(0.07±0.01)mlO2.g-1.h-1.℃-1,是体质量预期值的122%。珠颈斑鸠具有较低的MR,较高的C和Tb,能较好地适应南方较热的气候环境。 相似文献
8.
横断山区中华姬鼠的体温调节和蒸发失水 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为探讨中华姬鼠的生理生态适应特征,对该鼠的代谢率、热传导、体温和蒸发失水等生理生态指标随环境温度从-5℃ ~ 35℃ 的变化进行了测定。结果表明:中华姬鼠的热中性区(TNZ)为20℃ ~ 30℃ ,平均体温为37. 2 ±0.3℃ ,体温在20℃ ~30℃ 范围内维持恒定;基础代谢率为3.17 ±0.08 ml O2 / g· h,最大非颤抖性产热为5.99 ±0.58 ml O2 / g· h,非颤抖性产热范围(最大非颤抖性产热与基础代谢率的比率)为1. 90,平均最小热传导(Cm )为0.16 ± 0.02 ml O2 / g· h℃ ,热中性区内,中华姬鼠的F 值(RMR /Kleiber 期望RMR)/ (C /Bradley 期望C)为1.58 ±0.10,中华姬鼠的蒸发失水随着温度增高而增加,蒸发失水在35℃ 达到峰值,为0.10 ±0.02 mgH2 O/ g· h。这些结果表明中华姬鼠对林地的适应特征是:基础代谢率较高,体温相对较低,最小热传导率与期望值相当,热中性区较宽,下临界温度较低;较高的最大非颤抖性产热和非颤抖性产热范围;蒸发失水在体温调节中占一定地位;这些特征与该物种的生活习性和栖息生境等因素密切相关,也可能是该物种对横断山区的适应对策。 相似文献
9.
布氏田鼠静止代谢率特征 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:6
本文以布氏田鼠的耗氧量为指标,探讨了布氏田鼠的能量代谢特征。布氏田鼠的热中性区为27.5至32.5℃,最低静止代谢率(RMR)为1.836mlO2/g·h,是期望RMR的l32.6%。最低热传导率为0.189mlO2/g·h,是期望热传导率的I14.5%。环境温度(Ta)在5-27.5℃范围内,RMR与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为RMR=6.968 5-0.185 2Ta,体温稍有降低。Ta35℃时,RMR升高,体温升高1.9℃。布氏田鼠较高的RMR和热传导率,较宽的热中性区,及良好的化学体温调节强度等生理生态特征,是对生存环境的适应性反应。 相似文献
10.
北朱雀、燕雀和白腰朱顶雀的能量代谢特征和体温调节 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5
本实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计 ,测定了环境温度在 5 - 34℃范围内北朱雀 (Carpodacusroseus)、燕雀 (Fringillamontifringilla)和白腰朱顶雀 (Acanthisflammea)的耗氧量、热传导、体温等指标 ,探讨了其代谢产热特征。结果表明 :在环境温度 (Ta)为 5 - 30℃的范围内 ,北朱雀的体温基本维持恒定 ,平均体温为4 0 4 6± 0 1 0℃ ,热中性区为 2 2 5 - 2 7 5℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 30± 0 0 8mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 0℃范围内 ,代谢率 (MR)与Ta 呈负相关 ,回归方程为MR [mlO2 /(g·h) ]=9 34- 0 2 1Ta (℃ ) ;在此范围内 ,北朱雀的热传导率最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 4± 0 0 0mlO2 /(g·h·℃ )。在环境温度为 5 - 34℃的范围内 ,燕雀的体温基本保持稳定 ,为 4 0 4 0± 0 1 1℃ ,热中性区为 2 5 - 30℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 1 9± 0 0 5mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 5℃范围内 ,MR与Ta 的回归方程为 :MR [mlO2 / (g·h) ]=1 1 6 4 - 0 2 9Ta (℃ ) ;在 5- 30℃内 ,燕雀的热传导最低 ,平均为 0 2 9± 0 0 1mlO2 / (g·h·℃ )。白腰朱顶雀的热中性区为 2 5 - 2 8℃ ,平均体温为 4 0 4 8± 0 1 1℃ (5 - 34℃ ) ,最低代谢率为 4 4 5± 0 1 4mlO2 / (g·h) ,最低热传导为 0 3 相似文献
11.
The primary objective of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that voluntary reductions in exercise intensity in heat improve heat exchange between the body and the environment, and are thus thermoregulatory behaviors. This was accomplished by observing the conscious selection of exercise intensity and the accompanying thermal outcomes of eleven moderately active males when exposed to an uncompensably hot (UNCOMP) and a compensable (COMP) thermal environment. Evidence for thermoregulatory behavior was defined relative to the specific, pre-determined definition. Self-selected exercise intensity (power output) was unanimously reduced in UNCOMP over time and relative to COMP in all the subjects. These voluntary responses were found to modify metabolic heat production over time and therefore heat exchange between the body and the environment. Likewise, the observed reductions in power output were, at least in part, due to a conscious action, that was found to be inversely related to the total body heat storage and thermal discomfort. There was no evidence for thermoregulatory behavior in COMP. These data uniquely indicate that voluntary reductions in exercise intensity improves heat exchange over time, and therefore contributes to the regulation of body temperature. These findings suggest that reductions in exercise intensity in heat are, by definition, thermoregulatory behaviors. 相似文献
12.
《Revista espa?ola de geriatría y gerontología》2019,54(5):280-295
By 2050, people over 65 years old will represent 66% of the world's population. Thermal comfort both indoors and outdoors is one of the most influential factors to improve their quality of life in cities. The aim of this paper is to present a systematic review of the literature that identifies differences in thermal comfort temperature between older adults and other age groups, as well as to determine the factors that influence them. The review focused on studies published between 2000 and 2018. The results show that, for physiological, psychological, and physical reasons, there were differences between 0.2 and 4 °C. However, the published studies were heterogeneous in terms of methodologies and sample size. Likewise, few determine the comfort temperature range for older people in a given climate, demonstrating the opportunity for future lines of research. 相似文献
13.
Whole-organism performance of ectotherms depends on body temperature, which is tightly linked to environmental temperatures. Individuals attempting to optimize fitness must thus select appropriate temperatures. The thermal coadaptation hypothesis posits that To for traits closely linked to fitness should match temperatures selected by a species (Tset) and should coevolve with Tset. To may mismatch Tset if the thermal reaction norm for fitness is asymmetric. In this study, we examined six traits related to fitness in red and in confused flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, respectively), including longevity, lifetime reproductive success, reproductive rate, and development time at four temperatures between 23 and 32 °C. For reproductive traits, To matched Tset whereas for longevity To was lower than Tset. Tribolium species have a strongly r-selected life history strategy, therefore reproductive traits are likely more tightly linked to fitness than longevity due to high predation rates at early life stages. We therefore provide support for the thermal coadaptation hypothesis for reproductive traits that are tightly linked to fitness. Our results highlight the importance of knowing the relationships of traits to fitness when studying thermal physiology. 相似文献
14.
Thermal properties of compost bulking materials affect temperature and biodegradation during the composting process. Well determined thermal properties of compost feedstocks will therefore contribute to practical thermodynamic approaches. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of 12 compost bulking materials were determined in this study. Thermal properties were determined at varying bulk densities (1, 1.3, 1.7, 2.5, and 5 times uncompacted bulk density), particle sizes (ground and bulk), and water contents (0, 20, 50, 80% of water holding capacity and saturated condition). For the water content at 80% of water holding capacity, saw dust, soil compost blend, beef manure, and turkey litter showed the highest thermal conductivity (K) and volumetric heat capacity (C) (K: 0.12–0.81 W/m °C and C: 1.36–4.08 MJ/m3 °C). Silage showed medium values at the same water content (K: 0.09–0.47 W/m °C and C: 0.93–3.09 MJ/m3 °C). Wheat straw, oat straw, soybean straw, cornstalks, alfalfa hay, and wood shavings produced the lowest K and C values (K: 0.03–0.30 W/m °C and C: 0.26–3.45 MJ/m3 °C). Thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity showed a linear relationship with moisture content and bulk density, while thermal diffusivity showed a nonlinear relationship. Since the water, air, and solid materials have their own specific thermal property values, thermal properties of compost bulking materials vary with the rate of those three components by changing water content, bulk density, and particle size. The degree of saturation was used to represent the interaction between volumes of water, air, and solids under the various combinations of moisture content, bulk density, and particle size. The first order regression models developed in this paper represent the relationship between degree of saturation and volumetric heat capacity (r = 0.95–0.99) and thermal conductivity (r = 0.84–0.99) well. Improved knowledge of the thermal properties of compost bulking materials can contribute to improved thermodynamic modeling and heat management of composting processes. 相似文献
15.
Broilers are more vulnerable to high temperatures than mammals due to the feather cover, lack of sweat glands, fast growth and intensive breeding in commercial systems. Thermal stresses affect the function of various organs and change the expression profiles of hundreds of genes in the different tissues of broilers. Thermal manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis can increase heat tolerance in growing broilers. Small heat shock proteins (SHSPs) are a group of HSPs which participate in many cellular functions like response to different stressors. However, their role in the thermotolerance has not been fully elucidated. Ninety fertilized eggs were randomly divided into three groups (30 eggs/group; 10 eggs/replicate). Normal control (NC) eggs were incubated at 37.5 °C throughout the incubation period whereas heat stress (HS) and cold stress (CS) groups were kept at 41 °C and 33 °C from 15 to 17th day of incubation for 3 h each day, respectively. On day 20, samples from the cerebrums were harvested for histopathology and mRNA expression analyses of HSPB1, HSPB5, HSPB8, and HSPB9. There were no significant differences in survivability, defected embryos, hatchability, and body weight among treatments. TM had no major deleterious effects on the cerebral tissue except for mild degeneration in the HS group. HSPB1, HSPB5, HSPB8, and HSPB9 were expressed in the presence and absence of TM. All SHSP genes tested were downregulated in response to TM except for HSPB9 which was upregulated in the HS group. The highest change in gene expression due to TM observed for HSPB1. This study presents a broader understanding of mechanisms underlying response to TM in broilers. The results suggest that HSPB1, HSPB5, HSPB8, and HSPB9 are involved in thermotolerance in broilers and SHSPs could be involved in the gene expression profiling of TM. It may propose the use of nutritional supplements in the poultry industry to modulate SHSPs. 相似文献
16.
Temperature strongly affects performance in ectotherms. As ocean warming continues, performance of marine species will be impacted. Many studies have focused on how warming will impact physiology, life history, and behavior, but few studies have investigated how ecological and behavioral traits of organisms will affect their response to changing thermal environments. Here, we assessed the thermal tolerances and thermal sensitivity of swimming performance of two sympatric mysid shrimp species of the Northwest Atlantic. Neomysis americana and Heteromysis formosa overlap in habitat and many aspects of their ecological niche, but only N. americana exhibits vertical migration. In temperate coastal ecosystems, temperature stratification of the water column exposes vertical migrators to a wider range of temperatures on a daily basis. We found that N. americana had a significantly lower critical thermal minimum (CTmin) and critical thermal maximum (CTmax). However, both mysid species had a buffer of at least 4 °C between their CTmax and the 100-year projection for mean summer water temperatures of 28 °C. Swimming performance of the vertically migrating species was more sensitive to temperature variation, and this species exhibited faster burst swimming speeds. The generalist performance curve of H. formosa and specialist curve of N. americana are consistent with predictions based on the exposure of each species to temperature variation such that higher within-generation variability promotes specialization. However, these species violate the assumption of the specialist-generalist tradeoff in that the area under their performance curves is not constant. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating species-specific responses to temperature based on the ecology and behavior of organisms into climate change prediction models. 相似文献
17.
Body temperature has a major influence on the physiological processes, growth, reproductive output, and overall survival of ectotherms. When a habitat is altered as a result of natural or anthropogenic influences, the available temperatures in the habitat can change, thus affecting an animal's ability to thermoregulate. We studied thermoregulation in response to habitat change in a population of spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) in Southern Ontario, Canada. Historically, the study site was ditched to draw down water levels to facilitate peat mining, and the resulting drainage ditches were the only habitat containing surface water and turtles were restricted to these drains. Recent colonization of the site by beaver (Castor canadensis) caused increases in water level and water surface area. We followed spotted turtles (N=16) outfitted with radio transmitters and iButtons to estimate body temperatures (Tb) continuously throughout the active season post-flooding. Turtle models outfitted with iButtons (N=50) were deployed in the nine available habitat types to record environmental temperatures (Te). Turtles (N=13) were tested in a thermal gradient under laboratory conditions to determine preferred body temperature range (Tset). The Tset for the population ranged from 20 °C to 26 °C. In the field, Tb was within the Tset range 28% of the time from March to October, and 67% of the time from July to August. Efficiency of thermoregulation was calculated to be highest in July and August. The habitat type with the highest thermal quality was the shallow flooded zone created by beaver damming, and the habitat with the lowest thermal quality was the drain bottom, the drains being the only aquatic habitat available prior to flooding. This study confirms that beaver flooding provided a wide variety of preferable thermal opportunities for spotted turtles. Further investigation is needed to determine the effects of flooding on spotted turtle thermoregulation during nesting and hibernation. 相似文献
18.
The overall biology of ectotherms is strongly affected by the thermal quality of the environment. The particular conditions prevailing on islands have a strong effect on numerous features of animal life. In this study we compared mainland and island populations of the lizard Lacerta trilineata and hypothesized that insularity would affect the thermoregulatory strategy. Continental habitats were of lower thermal quality, experiencing more intense fluctuations and had higher values of operative temperatures. Nevertheless mainland lizards selected for higher body temperatures in the lab and showed more effective thermoregulation during summer than their island peers. Lizards achieved similar body temperatures in the field in both types of habitat, underlining the importance of predation as a potential factor to mainland lizards that failed to reach their higher thermal preferences. Both island and mainland populations of L. trilineata have been adapted to their thermal environment, supporting the labile view on the evolution of thermal physiology for this species. 相似文献
19.
热分析是在程序控制温度下自动连续跟踪物质的物理性质与温度关系的一类技术。尤其是差热分析和热重法与其他手段联合,可用于化合物稳定性、分解机理和相转变等方面的研究。由于种子是一个复杂化合物的有机体,我们期望发现各不同种子化合物之间在成份上和组成方式上的共性和差异性,从热化学的角度对木本植物进行热化学分类。我们选用针叶类两个科(松科、杉木科)的种子进行了DTA、TG、550℃裂解气相色谱分析;300℃逸出成份分析,发现松科种子DTA图上在240±5℃有一个共同的吸热峰,而杉木则出现在320±5℃。TG曲线同科的不同种之间非常相似,逸出成份分析和裂解气相色谱分析同科的不同种之间也具共同特征,且又显示出一定的差异性。这种分类方法是可靠的,且可为树木(或植物)分类学提供更有价值的信息。 相似文献
20.
Comparative thermal adaptation in cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) inhabiting Mediterranean ecosystems
The thermal responses of cicadas inhabiting the Mediterranean ecosystems in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australia are investigated. A total of 37 species and two subspecies from 17 genera representing eight tribes and three subfamilies of cicadas are investigated. The analysis includes species that are restricted to the Mediterranean ecosystem as well as those which also inhabit additional environments. The data suggest that cicadas adapt to the climate type regardless of particular types of plants within the various Mediterranean communities. Similarly, cicada thermal responses are independent of body size or taxonomic affinities. There is a wider range of body temperatures for the maximum voluntary tolerance temperature than for heat torpor or minimum flight temperatures. This diversity seems to be determined by the subdivision of the habitat used and the behavior of the species. All species possess relatively elevated heat torpor temperatures adapting to the general thermal characteristics of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The data suggest that cicadas adapt to the Mediterranean climate type regardless of the diversity of particular types of plants within the various communities, of body size or of taxonomic position. 相似文献