CaCl2浸果对新疆枣裂果率及钙钾镁含量的影响

以新疆产不同抗裂性枣品种‘骏枣’、‘哈密大枣’、‘灰枣’、‘金铃圆枣’果实为试验材料,用不同浓度CaCl2(0、2.5、25g/L)分别浸泡12、36、60h,研究CaCl2对枣裂果率及果肉、果皮中Ca、K、Mg含量的影响。结果显示:(1)2.5、25g/L CaCl2均能有效降低枣裂果率,且25g/L CaCl2对各品种枣的防裂效果均优于2.5g/L CaCl2。(2)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中Ca显著高于极易裂品种,且各品种Ca含量均随CaCl2浓度增加而增加。(3)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中K含量高于极易裂品种,其Mg含量则表现出相反趋势,但不同浓度CaCl2处理的枣果肉、果皮中Mg、K升降幅度变化不同。(4)枣果肉、果皮中Ca、K含量与裂果率呈负相关关系,Mg含量与裂果率呈正相关关系。研究认为,CaCl2浸果能有效增加枣果肉、果皮中钙含量,影响各品种枣果实的钾镁含量,显著降低枣裂果率,并以25g/L CaCl2效果最好。     

枣果吸水动力学特征和果皮显微结构对裂果的影响

裂果是对枣产量和品质影响最大、最难防治的生理性病害,本研究旨在揭示抗裂果枣品种的抗性机制,为有效防治枣裂果和选育抗裂果枣品种提供依据。选择不同抗裂等级的枣品种为试材,通过室内浸水试验研究枣果水势、持水率、吸水率、吸水速率等吸水动力学指标与裂果率和裂果指数等抗裂等级指标之间的相关性,同时利用组织切片技术观测果皮显微结构与抗裂等级的关系。结果表明,枣果水势高低不能反映枣果固有的抗裂等级;枣果的持水率与裂果率、裂果指数之间均没有显著相关性;脆熟期枣果的吸水率与裂果率和裂果指数呈极显著正相关;吸水率阈值时的吸水速率随枣果抗裂等级的升高逐渐降低,极抗裂品种长红枣和极易裂品种骏枣吸水率阈值时的吸水速率分别为0.20%/h和0.52%/h;极抗裂品种长红枣的果皮蜡被厚度极显著高于其他品种,而且果皮细胞排列规则紧密;枣果抗裂性与果皮厚度相关性不显著;果实中上部(近果柄端)为开裂的敏感部位。     

枣果吸水动力学和果皮特征对裂果的影响

裂果是对枣产量和品质影响最大、最难防治的生理性病害,本研究旨在揭示抗裂果枣品种的抗性机制,为有效防治枣裂果和选育抗裂果枣品种提供依据。选择不同抗裂等级的枣品种为试材,通过室内浸水试验研究枣果水势、持水率、吸水率、吸水速率等吸水动力学指标与裂果率和裂果指数等抗裂等级指标之间的相关性,同时利用组织切片技术观测果皮显微结构与抗裂等级的关系。结果表明,枣果水势高低不能反映枣果固有的抗裂等级;枣果的持水率与裂果率、裂果指数之间均没有显著相关性;脆熟期枣果的吸水率与裂果率和裂果指数呈极显著正相关;吸水率阈值时的吸水速率随枣果抗裂等级的升高逐渐降低,极抗裂品种长红枣和极易裂品种骏枣吸水率阈值时的吸水速率分别为0.20%/h和0.52%/h;极抗裂品种长红枣的果皮蜡被厚度极显著高于其他品种,而且果皮细胞排列规则紧密;枣果抗裂性与果皮厚度相关性不显著;果实中上部(近果柄端)为开裂的敏感部位。     

新疆6个大果红枣裂果性差异及其内在原因分析

该研究以新疆栽培的6个大果型红枣品种(‘骏枣’、‘赞新大枣’、‘金谷大枣’、‘蛤蟆枣’、‘晋赞大枣’、‘新郑大马牙’)全红期果实为对象,通过考察裂果性差异,观察果皮组织结构,测定细胞壁成分及代谢相关酶活性,分析扩展蛋白基因表达的变化,探讨造成枣品种裂果差异的内在规律,为栽培引种及抗裂品种选育提供理论基础。结果表明:(1)‘骏枣’、‘赞新大枣’、‘金谷大枣’属于易裂果品种,而‘蛤蟆枣’、‘晋赞大枣’、‘新郑大马牙’的抗裂果能力较强。(2)6个品种之间的果实角质层厚度差异显著,并以‘晋赞大枣’、‘蛤蟆枣’和‘新郑大马牙’较大;表皮层厚度在品种之间无显著差异;品种间的果肉空腔与果肉面积比例差异显著,由低到高依次为‘蛤蟆枣’‘新郑大马牙’‘晋赞大枣’‘骏枣’‘金谷大枣’‘赞新大枣’。(3)6个品种间果皮的纤维素含量、纤维素酶活性以及原果胶含量、可溶性果胶含量、果胶酶活性等指标均存在显著差异,且原果胶含量与裂果率具有相关性,抗裂品种‘晋赞大枣’和‘蛤蟆枣’的原果胶含量明显低于其他品种;其他指标与它们各自的裂果率未发现相关性。(4)扩展蛋白基因ZjEXP11和ZjEXP12在6个品种果皮中的表达水平差异显著,且与裂果率具有相关关系,并以抗裂果能力较强品种的表达量显著较低。研究发现,新疆大果型红枣的裂果性在品种间存在显著差异,抗裂果品种比易裂果品种具有更厚的角质层和表皮层,以及更小的果肉空腔面积、更低的原果胶含量和更低的扩展蛋白基因ZjEXP11、ZjEXP12表达水平。     

裂果易发性不同的荔枝品种果皮中细胞壁代谢酶活性的比较

“糯米糍”荔枝裂果率极显著高于“淮枝”,前者果皮中的果胶酶、纤维素酶和果胶甲酯酶的活性高于后者,其中以果胶酶活性差异最明显,其次是纤维素酶,果胶甲酯酶差异最小;“糯米糍”细胞壁结合型的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PP0)活性明显高于“淮枝”,而水溶性POD和PP0的活性则两个品种间无明显差异。据此认为,果皮细胞壁水解酶活性以及细胞壁结合型的POD和PPO的活性高的荔枝品种,其裂果率也高。文章对细胞壁代谢相关酶类在果皮抗裂性形成中的作用进行了讨论。     

‘蜂蜜罐’枣实生后代果实性状变异分析与评价

以优良鲜食枣品种‘蜂蜜罐’的131个实生后代为试材,对其果实描述型性状和数值型性状进行了观测。结果表明:变异系数最大的3个性状为裂果率、单株产量和可滴定酸含量;变异系数最小的3个性状为含水量、可食率和果实硬度。实生后代中,小于50%的后代在果实颜色、果皮厚度、果肉颜色、果肉汁液量和果实风味与母本表现相同或相似。对果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等8个性状进行了相关性分析,发现可滴定酸含量与含水量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖含量呈极显著负相关;维生素C含量与可溶性固形物含量呈极显著负相关。运用灰色关联分析和分值累计法筛选出综合性状优良的种质3个,另外筛选出富含可溶性总糖的种质2个、富含可滴定酸的种质5个及富含维生素C的种质5个。     

果实膨大期喷布磷酸二氢钾对三月红荔枝果实贮藏性的影响

在三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis cv.Sanyuehong)果实膨大期对树冠喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾(KP)水溶液,以探讨磷酸二氢钾对荔枝果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明:(1) KP处理的果实在贮藏期前17d,失重率及果肉可溶性固形物、酸、VitC、花色素苷等指标的变化趋势与对照基本相似;(2) KP处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量变化与对照有明显差异,而果皮的可溶性蛋白质含量在贮藏期前10d变化动态与对照一致,此后呈相反的变化趋势;(3)果皮POD活性显著高于果肉,KP处理和对照的果肉POD活性在贮藏第3d后、果皮POD活性在第17d前分别具有相似变化趋势;(4)果肉中CAT活性在贮藏第3~17d期间都显著或极显著高于果皮,KP处理和对照果肉、果皮CAT活性动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

西瓜种质资源主要植物学性状的遗传多样性及相关性分析

以我国西瓜、甜瓜种质资源中期库内1200份西瓜种质为材料,对果实重量、果肉颜色、中心糖、种子千粒重等12项主要植物学性状进行遗传多样性和相关性分析。多样性分析结果表明:我国西瓜资源12项植物学性状多样性指数平均值为1.70,种子千粒重多样性指数最大为2.37,果实形状多样性指数最小为1.02,其中果皮底色、果皮覆纹颜色、果肉颜色、果实重量、果实中心糖、种子千粒重性状数据分布较为分散。数量性状变异系数平均值为31.8,变异幅度均比其平均值大1～3倍。相关性分析结果表明:果实形状和果形指数、果肉颜色和果实中心糖、果肉颜色和种子千粒重、果皮厚度和硬度4对性状相关性极显著。种子千粒重和果实中心糖、果实重量和果皮厚度、果实重量和果皮硬度、覆纹颜色和形状4对性状相关性显著。     

江苏不同产地‘白玉’枇杷果实品质与果实和土壤中矿质元素含量的相关性分析

对江苏高淳、溧阳、镇江和苏州4个产地‘白玉’枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica‘Baiyu’)果实的品质指标和矿质元素含量以及土壤中矿质元素含量进行测定,并据此分析果实和土壤中矿质元素含量与果实品质的相关性。结果表明:不同产地‘白玉’枇杷果实的品质指标及果实和土壤中矿质元素含量均有不同程度差异。溧阳和苏州产果实的单果质量、横径、纵径、可滴定酸含量、含水量和果肉厚度均极显著或显著高于高淳和镇江产果实,但其可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均极显著低于后二者。果实中N、P、K、Mg、Mn和Zn含量均以苏州产果实最高,Ca含量以镇江产果实最高,Na含量以溧阳产果实最高,Fe和Cu含量均以高淳产果实最高;土壤中N、P、K、Ca、Cu和Zn含量均以苏州产地最高,Mg含量以镇江产地最高,Na和Fe含量均以高淳产地最高,Mn含量以镇江和苏州产地最高。相关性分析结果表明:在果实中,除Ca和Fe含量外,其他矿质元素含量与多数果实品质指标均呈极显著或显著相关性;其中,N、P、K和Mn含量与单果质量、横径、种子质量和果肉厚度均呈极显著或显著正相关;N、P、K、Mg和Na含量与可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均呈极显著或显著负相关,与可滴定酸含量和含水量均呈极显著或显著正相关;但Cu含量却与单果质量、横径、果肉厚度、可食率、可滴定酸含量和含水量呈极显著或显著负相关,与可溶性固形物含量和固酸比分别呈显著和极显著正相关。在土壤中,Ca和Cu含量与果实品质指标均无显著相关性,K和Zn含量与固酸比分别呈极显著的正相关和负相关,Mg和Fe含量与多数果实品质指标均呈负相关,且与其中部分果实品质指标呈极显著或显著相关;此外,N含量与单果质量、果肉厚度、可滴定酸含量和含水量,P含量与横径、种子质量、果肉厚度和可滴定酸含量呈显著或极显著正相关。研究结果表明:溧阳和苏州产‘白玉’枇杷果实较大,但可溶性固形物含量较低;果实中N、P、K、Mg和Cu含量以及土壤中N、Mg、Fe、P和Na含量对果实品质均有较大影响。此外,依据研究结果,对实际生产中各元素的施用量提出建议。     

AMF对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)品种"中蜜3号"为试材,摩西球囊霉菌(Glmous mosseae,GM)为供试菌种,采用温室盆栽试验研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以明确AMF对甜瓜复合逆境下的增抗作用并探讨其生理机制。结果显示:(1)在弱光及盐胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗生长受到明显抑制,其株高、干重和鲜重均明显降低,同时体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性均比对照显著升高。(2)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF可显著促进甜瓜幼苗的生长,菌根侵染率随胁迫时间延长与盐浓度呈负相关关系。(3)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF进一步提高了甜瓜幼苗体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性,显著降低了MDA含量,且叶片SOD、POD活性变化大于根系,CAT则相反。研究表明,AMF可通过促进弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的提高,有效降低体内膜脂过氧化水平,从而增强植株对弱光及盐胁迫的耐性。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.