脂联素在骨骼肌中的新功能及其与运动的关系

既往研究认为脂联素（adiponectin,ADPN）是一种脂肪因子,可以促进骨骼肌的糖原合成来调节血糖。但是近期研究表明,骨骼肌同样是分泌ADPN的重要器官。此外,ADPN在骨骼肌中不仅可以调节糖代谢,还在改变肌肉类型、介导线粒体功能、改善胰岛素抵抗、提升肌肉收缩和钙调节、促进肌肉再生等均发挥重要的生物学作用。运动可以调节血清及骨骼肌中ADPN表达水平,但其结果还存在争议。因此,探索ADPN在骨骼肌中新的生物学功能以及运动对骨骼肌ADPN表达的确切效果可能为治疗骨骼肌相关疾病提供新思路。     

心力衰竭时骨骼肌重塑北大核心CSCD

心力衰竭时骨骼肌会发生结构和功能的改变,主要包括骨骼肌萎缩、肌纤维类型的转变和毛细血管密度的降低,糖、脂、蛋白质代谢功能的改变,以及肌肉功能的变化,导致恶病质的发生。多种机制参与了心衰时骨骼肌重塑过程,其中肌肉因子的表达、合成改变发挥了关键作用。运动干预是改善骨骼肌功能的唯一有效手段,肌肉因子可能是运动作用的核心"物质基础",介导运动的效应。本文对心力衰竭恶病质时骨骼肌结构和功能的改变、骨骼肌病变的发病机制及防治手段进行了综述。     

骨骼肌的内分泌功能

长期以来,骨骼肌被认为是一种效应器官,接受神经和体液的调节。近年大量实验研究资料发现骨骼肌也具有分泌活性物质的功能,能表达、合成和分泌多种生物信号分子,包括调节肽、细胞因子和生长因子等,也是一种重要的内分泌器官。骨骼肌分泌的活性物质以旁分泌和／或自分泌方式调节骨骼肌的生长、代谢和运动功能;甚至以血液循环内分泌的方式调节机体远隔器官组织的功能。骨骼肌生成和分泌的活性物质在运动系统疾病和某些全身性疾病的发病中具有重要的作用。本文将对骨骼肌分泌的主要活性物质及其生理和病理生理学意义进行综述。     

骨骼肌质量控制信号通路

骨骼肌质量约占健康成人体重的40%。骨骼肌不仅直接参与运动,还作为分泌器官分泌多种肌肉因子影响其它器官的功能,因此骨骼肌功能的维持对机体健康具有重要意义。骨骼肌质量作为骨骼肌功能的基础,常常受到运动、疾病等多种因素的影响。如抗阻运动可引起骨骼肌细胞蛋白质合成增加,诱发肌肉肥大;而肢体废用、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、心衰、慢性肾病、恶病质、杜氏肌营养不良等疾病可导致骨骼肌细胞蛋白质合成降低或降解增强,引起肌肉萎缩。骨骼肌肥大或萎缩的过程涉及多条信号通路的改变,如IGF-1/PI3K/Akt、肌肉生长抑制素、G蛋白等介导的信号通路参与了骨骼肌肥大的调控;而泛素-蛋白酶体途径、IGF-1/Akt/FoxO、自噬-溶酶体途径、NF-κB及糖皮质激素介导的信号通路则在调节肌肉萎缩中发挥重要作用。这些信号通路在不同的条件下被激活或抑制,共同调节骨骼肌质量。本文综述骨骼肌质量控制信号通路及其主要转导机制,以加深对骨骼肌质量调控的理解与认识。     

m6A修饰在骨骼肌生成中的作用及骨骼肌损伤再生的中医疗法

骨骼肌是人体运动系统的主要器官,骨骼肌受损会降低生活质量、加重疾病恶化,探究骨骼肌再生和修复对恢复和维持肌肉功能至关重要。N6-甲基腺苷(N6-methyladenosine,m⁶A)修饰是真核生物中重要的mRNA甲基化修饰,其在调控骨骼肌生成中的作用与中医药健脾补肾法滋养肌肉生长相契合。本文总结了m⁶A甲基化修饰相关同源因子甲基转移酶、去甲基化酶和识别蛋白在骨骼肌生成中的作用,并探讨了其与中医理论的相关性,以及中医药疗法在骨骼肌生成中的应用,为深入研究骨骼肌修复与再生的相关分子机制及中医药介导m⁶A修饰调控骨骼肌生成提供理论依据和研究思路。     

浅析体育运动训练对骨骼肌微结构的影响

运动诱导骨骼肌损伤,会由于临时性丧失肌肉功能,如果不能进行恰当处理,继续过度训练则会造成更严重的损伤,甚至导致运动员运动寿命的缩短。对体育运动训练所造成的骨骼肌微损伤进行深入研究,将有助于指导运动员训练过程中避免或减少意外情况带来的骨骼肌负面影响。     

microRNA在衰老性肌萎缩和运动干预中的调节作用

衰老性肌萎缩症是由于衰老所致的骨骼肌质量减少及功能减退的增龄性机能退化症,运动干预是其防治的最有效措施之一。研究表明,microRNAs (miRNAs)作为基因表达的调控因子,通过调节骨骼肌发育(增殖、分化)、线粒体生物发生、蛋白质合成与降解、炎症反应和代谢途径来维持衰老骨骼肌细胞稳态。此外,运动可改变miRNAs表达水平,调节骨骼肌细胞的代谢平衡,从而改善衰老相关的骨骼肌质量、组成和功能的变化。本文综述了miRNAs在衰老性肌萎缩症中的调节机制,阐述在运动条件下miRNAs在衰老性肌萎缩症中的调控作用和分子机制,以期为预防和治疗衰老性肌萎缩症提供新的思路。     

MSTN对肥胖、糖尿病发生发展的影响和机制以及运动对MSTN的调控

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin, MSTN)除负性调控骨骼肌质量外,还在肥胖、糖尿病的发生发展中起重要作用。肥胖和糖尿病患者的血清MSTN含量、骨骼肌MSTN水平显著增加,而降低MSTN表达水平或者抑制其活性可减少脂肪在体内的累积,延缓肥胖和糖尿病的发生发展。降低MSTN表达水平或活性延缓肥胖和糖尿病发生发展,除通过增加骨骼肌质量实现外,还可通过增加葡萄糖摄取,促进脂肪细胞发育、代谢和白色脂肪棕色化,提高瘦素敏感性,减轻炎症反应,以及提高线粒体功能等途径实现。运动也可显著降低肥胖和糖尿病患者的MSTN水平,这可能是运动减脂、改善胰岛素敏感性、预防糖尿病发生发展的重要机制之一。该文就MSTN对肥胖、糖尿病发生发展的影响和机制以及运动对其调控作一综述,这不仅为肥胖、糖尿病的预防和治疗提供了新靶点,也为运动改善肥胖和糖尿病发生发展的机制提供了新视角。     

心衰合并肌少症的运动干预研究进展

心衰合并肌少症导致骨骼肌萎缩和功能衰退。运动干预是治疗心衰合并肌少症最有效且有充分临床证据的方法,有氧运动、高强度间歇运动和抗阻运动均可有效治疗心衰合并肌少症。运动干预通过调节骨骼肌蛋白质合成与降解失衡、抑制骨骼肌炎症与氧化应激、改善骨骼肌线粒体功能障碍和调节骨骼肌细胞因子的表达与分泌等途径改善心衰合并肌少症。本文对心衰合并肌少症的运动干预疗效和机制进行分析,旨在为心衰合并肌少症的运动干预方法及治疗靶点筛选提供有价值的参考。     

抗阻运动经核糖体生物合成诱导骨骼肌肥大的作用

核糖体是蛋白质合成工厂,其效率(单核糖体对多种mRNA的翻译能力)和/或核糖体生物合成增加可通过上调核糖体翻译速率,进而促进蛋白质合成以诱导肌肉肥大.其中,核糖体生物合成是调节抗阻运动诱导骨骼肌纤维肥大的关键限速因素之一.研究表明,急性抗阻运动既可通过激活mTOR及其下游信号通路增加核糖体翻译效率,在一定时相内又可促进...     

Implication of basal lamina dependency in survival of Nrf2-null muscle stem cells via an antioxidative-independent mechanism

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator for the induction of antioxidative genes and plays roles in diverse cellular functions. The roles of Nrf2 in muscle regeneration have been investigated, and both important and unimportant roles of Nrf2 for muscle regeneration have been reported. Here, using aged Nrf2-null and Nrf2–dystrophic double-null mice, we showed nonsignificant phenotypes in the muscle regeneration ability of Nrf2-null mice. In contrast with these results, strikingly, almost all Nrf2-null muscle stem cells (MuSCs) isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting died in vitro of apoptosis and were not rescued by antioxidative reagents. Although their proliferation was still impaired, the Nrf2-null MuSCs attached to myofibers activated and divided normally, at least in the first round. To elucidate these discrepancies of MuSCs behaviors, we focused on the basal lamina, because both in vivo and single myofiber culture allow MuSCs within the basal lamina to become activated. In a basal lamina–disrupted model, Nrf2-null mice exhibited remarkable regeneration defects without increased levels of reactive oxidative species in MuSCs, suggesting that the existence of the basal lamina affects the survival of Nrf2-null MuSCs. Taken together, these results suggest that the basal lamina compensates for the loss of Nrf2, independent of the antioxidative roles of Nrf2. In addition, experimental conditions might explain the discrepant results of Nrf2-null regenerative ability.     

Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle measured at different times during a 24 hour period

Six groups of 5 male rats (starting body weight 109 g) were allowed free access to a conventional rat diet. At 4 hourly intervals, starting at 10.00 h muscle protein synthesis was measured. By relating the weights of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the initial body weights of the animals (i.e., at 09.30, day 1), a linear increase in muscle weight throughout the day was demonstrated. The fractional rate of muscle protein synthesis varied from 16.8% per day to 20.3% per day in gastrocnemius muscle and from 17.9% per day and 22.1% per day in the soleus. It was calculated that the maximum error incurred in estimating daily muscle protein synthesis by extrapolation of the value at any one time was 6% in gastrocnemius and 9% in soleus. It is concluded that calculations of the average rate of muscle protein degradation based on the difference between the rates of synthesis and deposition are generally valid in rats allowed free access to an adequate diet.     

Direct measurement of intracellular free magnesium in frog skeletal muscle using magnesium-selective microelectrodes

Mg²⁺-selective microelectrodes have been used to measure the intracellular free Mg²⁺ concentration in frog skeletal muscle fibers. Glass capillaries with a tip diameter of less than 0.4 μm were backfilled with the Mg²⁺ sensor, ETH 1117. In the absence of interfering ions, they gave Nernstian responses between 1 and 10 mM free Mg²⁺. In the presence of an ionic environment resembling the myoplasm, the microelectrode response was sub Nernstian (18–24 mV) but still useful. The electrodes were calibrated before and after muscle-fiber impalements. In quiescent fibers from sartorius muscle (Rana pipiens), with resting membrane potentials not less than ?82 mV, the intracellular free Mg²⁺ concentration was 3.8±0.41 (S.E.) mM (n=58) at 22°C. No significant change in the intracellular free Mg²⁺ was observed following extensive (approx. 6 h) incubation in Mg²⁺-free media. Increasing the external concentration of magnesium from 4 to 20 mM (approx. 15 min) produced a slow and small enhancement (1.8 mM) of [Mg²⁺]_i, which was fully reverted when the divalent cation was removed from the bathing solution. No change in ionic magnesium resting concentration was observed when the muscle fibers were treated either with caffeine 3 mM or with Na⁺-free solutions. In depolarized muscle fibers (?23±2.7 mV) treated with 100 mM K⁺, the myoplasmic [Mg²⁺] was 3.7±0.45 (S.E.) mM, n=6, immediately after the spontaneous relaxation of the contracture. Similar determinations in muscle fibers during stimulation at low frequency (5 Hz), and after fatigue development, showed no changes in the concentration of free cytosolic Mg²⁺. These results point out that [Mg²⁺]_i is not modified under these three different experimental conditions.     

Skeletal muscle design to meet functional demands

Skeletal muscles are length- and velocity-sensitive force producers, constructed of a vast array of sarcomeres. Muscles come in a variety of sizes and shapes to accomplish a wide variety of tasks. How does muscle design match task performance? In this review, we outline muscle''s basic properties and strategies that are used to produce movement. Several examples are provided, primarily for human muscles, in which skeletal muscle architecture and moment arms are tailored to a particular performance requirement. In addition, the concept that muscles may have a preferred sarcomere length operating range is also introduced. Taken together, the case is made that muscles can be fine-tuned to perform specific tasks that require actuators with a wide range of properties.     

The evolution of skeletal muscle performance: gene duplication and divergence of human sarcomeric α‐actinins

In humans, there are two skeletal muscle α‐actinins, encoded by ACTN2 and ACTN3, and the ACTN3 genotype is associated with human athletic performance. Remarkably, approximately 1 billion people worldwide are deficient in α‐actinin‐3 due to the common ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. The α‐actinins are an ancient family of actin‐binding proteins with structural, signalling and metabolic functions. The skeletal muscle α‐actinins diverged ～250–300 million years ago, and ACTN3 has since developed restricted expression in fast muscle fibres. Despite ACTN2 and ACTN3 retaining considerable sequence similarity, it is likely that following duplication there was a divergence in function explaining why α‐actinin‐2 cannot completely compensate for the absence of α‐actinin‐3. This paper focuses on the role of skeletal muscle α‐actinins, and how possible changes in functions between these duplicates fit in the context of gene duplication paradigms.     

Postexercise Muscle Triacylglycerol and Glycogen Metabolism in Obese Insulin‐Resistant Zucker Rats

Objective: To determine the impact of insulin resistance and obesity on muscle triacylglycerol (IMTG) and glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged exercise. Research Methods and Procedures: Female lean (fa/?; N = 40, ZL) and obese insulin-resistant (fa/fa; N = 40, ZO) Zucker rats performed an acute bout of swimming exercise (8 times for 30 minutes) followed by 6 hours of carbohydrate supplementation (CHO) or fasting (FAST). IMTG and glycogen were measured in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and red vastus lateralis (RVL) muscles. Results: Despite resting IMTG content being 4-fold higher in ZO compared with ZL rats, IMTG levels were unchanged in either EDL or RVL muscles immediately after exercise. Resting glycogen concentration in EDL and RVL muscles was similar between genotypes, with exercise resulting in glycogen use in both muscles from ZL rats (∼85%, p < 0.05). However, in ZO rats, there was a much smaller decrease in postexercise glycogen content in both EDL and RVL muscles (∼30%). During postexercise recovery, there was a decrease in EDL muscle levels of IMTG in ZL rats supplemented with CHO after 30 and 360 minutes (p < 0.05). In contrast, IMTG content was increased above resting levels in RVL muscles of ZO rats fasted for 360 minutes. Six hours of CHO refeeding restored glycogen content to resting levels in both muscles in ZL rats. However, after 6 hours of FAST in ZO animals, RVL muscle glycogen content was still lower than resting levels (p < 0.05). At this time, IMTG levels were elevated above basal (p < 0.05). Discussion: In both healthy and insulin-resistant skeletal muscle, there was negligible net IMTG degradation after a single bout of prolonged exercise. However, during postexercise recovery, there was differential metabolism of IMTG between phenotypes.     

Caveolins in rhabdomyosarcoma

Caveolins are scaffolding proteins that play a pivotal role in numerous processes, including caveolae biogenesis, vesicular transport, cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of signal transduction. There are three different isoforms (Cav-1, -2 and -3) that form homo- and hetero-aggregates at the plasma membrane and modulate the activity of a number of intracellular binding proteins. Cav-1 and Cav-3, in particular, are respectively expressed in the reserve elements (e.g. satellite cells) and in mature myofibres of skeletal muscle and their expression interplay characterizes the switch from muscle precursors to differentiated elements. Recent findings have shown that caveolins are also expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma, a group of heterogeneous childhood soft-tissue sarcomas in which the cancer cells seem to derive from progenitors that resemble myogenic cells. In this review, we will focus on the role of caveolins in rhabdomyosarcomas and on their potential use as markers of the degree of differentiation in these paediatric tumours. Given that the function of Cav-1 as tumour conditional gene in cancer has been well-established, we will also discuss the relationship between Cav-1 and the progression of rhabdomyosarcoma.     

Alterations in intrinsic mitochondrial function with aging are fiber type-specific and do not explain differential atrophy between muscles

To determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction is causally related to muscle atrophy with aging, we examined respiratory capacity, H(2) O(2) emission, and function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in permeabilized myofibers prepared from four rat muscles that span a range of fiber type and degree of age-related atrophy. Muscle atrophy with aging was greatest in fast-twitch gastrocnemius (Gas) muscle (-38%), intermediate in both the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (Sol) muscles (-21%), and non-existent in adductor longus (AL) muscle (+47%). In contrast, indices of mitochondrial dysfunction did not correspond to this differential degree of atrophy. Specifically, despite higher protein expression for oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) system in fast Gas and EDL, state III respiratory capacity per myofiber wet weight was unchanged with aging, whereas the slow Sol showed proportional decreases in oxphos protein, citrate synthase activity, and state III respiration. Free radical leak (H(2) O(2) emission per O(2) flux) under state III respiration was higher with aging in the fast Gas, whereas state II free radical leak was higher in the slow AL. Only the fast muscles had impaired mPTP function with aging, with lower mitochondrial calcium retention capacity in EDL and shorter time to mPTP opening in Gas and EDL. Collectively, our results underscore that the age-related changes in muscle mitochondrial function depend largely upon fiber type and are unrelated to the severity of muscle atrophy, suggesting that intrinsic changes in mitochondrial function are unlikely to be causally involved in aging muscle atrophy.