普氏野马

<正>普氏野马(Equus ferus przewalskii),全称普尔热瓦斯基氏野马,是濒危一级保护动物、地球上现存唯一的野马,栖息于荒漠草原地带。成年马体高120 cm以上,体重常大于200 kg,四肢短粗,常有2~5条明显黑色横纹,小腿下部呈黑色,俗称"踏青"腿。原产于蒙古国西部科布多盆地和中国新疆准噶尔盆地东部北塔山及甘肃与蒙古国交界的马鬃山一带的干旱荒漠草原地带,因此也被称为蒙古野马。     

两种侵袭宿主方式的优势种马胃蝇飞行能力研究

为了解两种不同侵染宿主方式马胃蝇的飞行行为,本研究利用飞行磨系统测定了黑腹胃蝇Gasterophilus pecorum（以牧草为产卵载体）和肠胃蝇G. intestinalis（以宿主体毛为产卵载体）的飞行能力。结果表明:（1）肠胃蝇总飞行时间和距离均显著高于黑腹胃蝇,分别为后者的5.52倍和7.65倍,但平均飞行速度无显著性差异（P>0.05）。（2）黑腹胃蝇雌虫的飞行时间、距离和速度均略高于雄虫,而肠胃蝇雌虫除平均飞行速度外的飞行参数均低于雄虫。（3）肠胃蝇吊飞期间的体重消耗（24.38%）显著高于黑腹胃蝇（14.07%）;黑腹胃蝇雌雄成虫甘油三酯含量均显著下降,但两者差异不显著（P>0.05）。飞行距离差异反映了两种不同侵染宿主方式马胃蝇的飞行能力发生了适应性的变化,而总飞行时间为两种马胃蝇飞行距离差异的主导因素。     

社区对普氏原羚的保护态度和意愿及其影响因素

普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)是我国的特有种,青海湖地区是其唯一的分布区,青海湖国家级自然保护区对普氏原羚的有效保护、社区发展与保护之间矛盾的协调,对于生物多样性保护具有重要意义。了解青海湖国家级自然保护区周边社区对普氏原羚的保护态度、意愿及其影响因素,可以为自然保护区开展生物多样性保护工作,维持当地生态和平发展提供保障。基于问卷调查法对自然保护区周边社区的牧民和居民进行了调查,研究表明:(1)受访者认为草场质量退化(n=92,65.25%)和草场围栏设置(n=80,56.74%)是威胁普氏原羚的主要因素;在以保护普氏原羚和给予生态补偿为前提下,牧民拆除围栏的意愿有所提高(由20.78%分别提高至34.21%和40.79%);(2)管理部门的宣教活动(79.43%)、手机(31.91%)和电视(28.37%)等媒体报道是受访者了解野生动物保护相关政策法规的主要渠道,可以增进受访者对政策法规的了解,积极影响受访者对普氏原羚的认知(P < 0.01)、保护态度(P < 0.01)和保护意愿(P < 0.01);(3)受访者一致认为自然保护区的严格管理与保护(牧民94.81%,居民96.87%)、当地牧民对普氏原羚的包容与保护(牧民97.40%,居民87.50%)是普氏原羚能够在自然保护区周边生存的主要原因;(4)受访者对普氏原羚的保护态度和意愿均较高,且愿意参与宣传教育(92.91%)和社区共管(87.94%)工作;(5)除了受访者的文化程度、年龄、宗教信仰和家庭年收入的影响,对政策法规的了解及拆除围栏认同度是影响受访者对普氏原羚保护态度和意愿的关键因素(P < 0.01)。因此,建议自然保护区以国家公园建设为契机,加强协调保护与发展的科学研究,深入开展宣传教育,增进社区对自然保护区生物多样性的认识,提升社区共管参与度。     

Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity

Cogley T. P., Anderson J. R. and Cooley L. J. 1982. Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity. International Journal for Parasitology12: 473–480. Larvae of G. intestinalis pursued a specific migratory pathway within the equine oral cavity en route to the stomach. The larval migration included the following sequence: burrowing in the tongue mucosa, invasion of the interdental spaces, transitory attachment at the root of the tongue and movement to the stomach. The molt from first to second instar did not occur in the tongue, as commonly believed, but between the interdental spaces. Ninety five percent of the larvae invading the interdental spaces were associated with gingiva of the upper molars. SEM analysis revealed further details of the oral migration: (1) air holes excavated in the epithelium which connect with deeper burrows; (2) an intimate association between air holes and posterior spiracles of larvae; (3) precise impressions of larvae in tissue immediately surrounding the most recently formed burrows; and (4) initial larval entry into the tongue through the use of natural disruptions or healing lesions. Factors influencing the development of the oral migration are discussed.     

平茬密度对荒漠草原人工柠条林间生境的影响

合理平茬对柠条林更新复壮及科学利用具有重要意义。以宁夏荒漠草原6 m带距人工柠条林(中间锦鸡儿,Caragana intermedia)林间草原为研究对象,研究了全平(QP)、隔一带平茬两带(G1P2)、隔一带平茬一带(G1P1)、隔两带平茬一带(G2P1)、未平茬(WP)五种密度(间距)平茬后柠条林间植被和土壤性状、小气候和土壤风蚀特征等变化。结果表明:(1)G2P1处理下林间植被物种总数、密度、高度和地上生物量最高,物种丰富度、多样性指数以G1P1、G2P1较高。(2)0—40 cm土壤容重以G1P1、G2P1较低,但机械组成无明显变化规律;土壤有机质、速效钾、全氮和速效氮以G2P1最高,但速效磷G1P1最高;土壤平均含水量以G2P1较高,达到8.33%,G1P2和WP最低,WP水分垂直变异系数最大。(3)处理间气温和风速无显著差异;风蚀量以QP、G1P2和WP较高,G1P1与G2P1较小。研究认为,适宜的密度平茬对人工柠条林间生境有改善作用,宁夏荒漠草原人工柠条林平茬时可采取隔两带平茬一带的方式。     

Comparison of five tests for the serologic diagnosis of myiasis by Gasterophilus spp. larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in horses and donkeys: a preliminary study

Abstract. Sera from 41 horses and 159 donkeys, from twelve States of México, were tested to ascertain anti-Gasterophilus circulating antibodies by double immunodiffusion (DD), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), indirect haemagglutination (IH), thin layer immunoassay (TIA) and diffusion-in-gel ELISA (DIG-ELISA) methods using crude somatic antigen from third instar larvae of G.intestinalis (DeGeer). At necropsy, 33/41 horses and 24/159 donkeys were found to be parasitized by G.intestinalis and/or G.nasalis (L.). Gasterophilus intestinalis was the species most commonly found in the equines. Analysis of the sera from the infested animals by DD showed positive results of 21.2% in horses and of 8% in donkeys. Screening the sera with CIE gave sensitivities of 69.7% in horses and of 32% in donkeys. Examination of the sera by IH showed positive results of 87.9% and of 48% in horses and donkeys, respectively. Testing the sera with TIA gave sensitivities of 93.9% in horses and of 96% in donkeys. Analysis of horses' sera by DIG-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 93.9%.     

Proteomic characterization of the released/secreted proteins of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes

Extracellular proteins secreted/released by protozoan parasites are key mediators of the host–parasite interaction. To characterise the profile of proteins secreted/released by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes, a proteomic approach combining two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), tandem matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry, and data mining was carried out. The 2DE map revealed a set of 270 secreted protein spots from which 42 were confidently identified and classified into 11 categories according to Gene Ontology (GeneDB database) and KEEG Ontology annotation of biological processes. Parasite promastigotes were able to secrete/release proteins involved in immunomodulation, signal transduction, and intracellular survival, such as HSP70, acid phosphatase, activated protein kinase C receptor (LACK), elongation factor 1β, and tryparedoxin peroxidase. Data mining showed that ~ 5% of identified proteins present a classical secretion signal whereas ~ 57% were secreted following non-classical secretion mechanisms, indicating that protein export in this primitive eukaryote might proceed mainly by unconventional pathways. This study reports a suitable approach to identify secreted proteins in the culture supernatant of L. braziliensis and provides new perspectives for the study of molecules potentially involved in the early stages of infection.     

Establishment and Dispersal ofUrophora affinis(Diptera: Tephritidae) andMetzneria paucipunctella(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Southwestern Virginia

Two European gall-producing insects,Urophora affinisFrfld. (Diptera: Tephritidae) andMetzneria paucipunctella(Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were introduced into Virginia in 1986 for biological control of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosaLam.). Adults ofU. affinis(n = 2625) andM. paucipunctella(n = 450) were released at two sites in Montgomery County, Virginia, and their populations were monitored yearly by dissecting spotted knapweed flower heads. Beginning in 1992, knapweed samples collected at various distances from the release sites were checked for dispersal.U. affinisis well established and is spreading slowly. The number of larvae per flower head and the seed numbers are inversely related as plants with the greatest number of larvae per spotted knapweed head had the lowest number of seeds. Knapweed density has declined at one of the release sites which had the highest rate of infestation byU. affinis.Establishment of the moth,M. paucipunctella,is less certain as it has been recovered at a very low level from only one site.     

Stage-specific mortality of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to three species of Steinernema nematodes

Mortality of larval, pupal, and adult western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Tephritidae) exposed to the steinernematid nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, and Steinernema intermedium, was determined in the laboratory and field. Larvae were the most susceptible stage, with mortality in the three nematode treatments ranging from 62 to 100%. S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were equally effective against larvae at both 50 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm². S. intermedium was slightly less effective against larvae than the other two species. Mortalities of R. indifferens larvae at 0, 2, 4, and 6 days following their introduction into soil previously treated with S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae at 50 IJs/cm² were 78.6, 92.5, 95.0, and 77.5% and 87.5, 52.5, 92.5, and 70.0%, respectively, and at 100 IJs/cm² were 90.0, 92.0, 100.0, and 84.0% and 90.0, 50.0, 42.0, and 40.0%, respectively. There was no decline in mortality caused by S. carpocapsae as time progressed, whereas there was in one test with S. feltiae. Larval mortalities caused by the two species were the same in a 1:1:1 vermiculite:peat moss:sand soil mix and a more compact silt loam soil. In the field, S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were equally effective against larvae. Pupae were not infected, but adult flies were infected by all three nematode species in the laboratory. S. carpocapsae was the most effective species at a concentration of 100 IJs/cm² and infected 11–53% of adults that emerged. The high pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae against R. indifferens larvae and their persistence in soil as well as efficacy in different soil types indicate both nematodes hold promise as effective biological control agents of flies in isolated and abandoned lots or in yards of homeowners.     

Natural establishment of a parasitoid complex on Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii

Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most recent of four tephritid fruit fly species accidentally introduced into Hawaii. Although parasitoids have been released against other tephritid fruit fly species and have shown partial success in Hawaii, no parasitoids were released until 2004 to suppress populations of B. latifrons. The present study was conducted to document the parasitoid complex that has naturally established against B. latifrons in Hawaii and to assess whether there is a need for improving the biological control of this species. Based on ripe turkeyberry (Solanum torvum Sw) fruit collections over three consecutive years B. latifrons was the dominant tephritid fruit fly infestating turkeyberry at all four sites surveyed, across three major islands in Hawaii. The overall percentage parasitism of B. latifrons ranged from a low of 0.8% (Hana, Maui) to a high of 8.8% (Kahaluu, Oahu). Five primary parasitoid species were recovered from individually held B. latifrons puparia: Fopius arisanus (Sonan), Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), D. tryoni (Cameron), and Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri. F. arisanus was the predominant parasitoid at three of the four sites. Low levels of parasitism suggest that there is a need to improve biological control of B. latifrons, to minimize chances of this species causing economic impacts on crop production in Hawaii. We discuss the possibility of improving biological control of B. latifrons through augmentative releases of F. arisanus or introduction and release of specific and efficient new parasitoid species.     

亚洲东部毛冠果蝇亚属修订（双翅目：果蝇科：冠果蝇属）

基于李彤等(2012)对冠果蝇属组(Stegana genous group)3个属间系统发育分析的结果,对亚洲东部冠果蝇属毛冠果蝇亚属(Orthostegana)进行了修订:将独冠果蝇亚属(Anastega)合并至毛冠果蝇亚属;记述了4新种:黄尾冠果蝇Stegana(O.)flavicaudua,密毛冠果蝇Stegana(O.)hirsutinna,林栖冠果蝇Stegana(O.)hylecoeta和多鬃冠果蝇Stegana(O.)multicaudua;补充描述了已知种弯脉冠果蝇Stegana(O.)curvinervis(Hendel,1914)和独冠果蝇Stegana(O.)singularis Sidorenko,1990;列表提供了上述6种毛冠果蝇间mtDNA COI & ND2基因序列的遗传距离。     

Biological control of Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) using entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) is the major insect pest in grassland in Northwest Europe and has been accidentally introduced to North America. Oviposition occurs during late August and first instars hatch from September until mid-October. Laboratory and field trials were conducted to assess the control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) against T. paludosa and to investigate whether synergistic effects can be exploited by simultaneous application of nematodes and Bti. Results indicate that the early instars of the insect are most susceptible to nematodes and Bti. In the field the neonates prevail when temperatures tend to drop below 10 °C. S. carpocapsae, reaching >80% control, is more effective against young stages of T. paludosa than S. feltiae (<50%), but the potential of S. carpocapsae might be limited by temperatures below 12 °C. Mortality of T. paludosa caused by Bti was not affected by temperature even at 4 °C but the lethal time increased with decreasing temperatures. Synergistic effects of Bti and EPN against T. paludosa were observed in 3 out of 10 combinations in laboratory assays but not in a field trial. The potential of S. carpocapsae was demonstrated in field trials against early instars in October reaching an efficacy of >80% with 0.5 million nematodes m⁻² at soil temperatures ranging between 3 and 18 °C. Results with Bti were strongly influenced by the larval stage and concentration. Against early instars in autumn between 74 and 83% control was achieved with 13 kg ha⁻¹ Bti of 5,700 International Toxic Units (ITUs) and 20 kg ha⁻¹ of 3,000 ITUs. Applications in spring against third and fourth instars achieved between 0 and 32% reduction. The results indicate that application of Bti and nematodes will only be successful and economically feasible during the early instars and that the success of S. carpocapsae is dependent on temperatures >12 °C. Synergistic effects between S. carpocapsae and Bti require more detailed investigations in the field to determine maximal effect.