伞形科山芹属8种17个居群的植物花粉形态研究

该研究采用光学显微镜与扫描电子显微镜对山芹属（Ostericum Hoffm.）8种17个居群的花粉形态特征进行观察和分析,为山芹属分类鉴定与属下系统关系研究提供依据。结果显示：（1）山芹属17个居群的花粉类型包含椭圆形、近长方形、超长方形和赤道收缩形4种类型。（2）花粉赤道面观有近椭圆形、近长方形与超长方形,极面观多为三角圆形,少数为三角形。（3）花粉极轴长度为24.7~35.6 μm,赤道轴长度为10.6~17.4 μm,极轴与赤道轴的比值P/E为1.7~2.5,体积指数P×E^1/2为18.2~22.6。（4）花粉萌发孔均具三孔沟,且多为边萌发孔,角萌发孔较少,沟细长且均匀。（5）花粉赤道区外壁纹饰分为3类,即片状脑纹、长条状脑纹和短棒状脑纹,少数具有颗粒状或疣状的附着物。研究认为,山芹属植物花粉的形状与赤道区外壁纹饰类型存在较高的种内一致性,萌发孔类型、花粉中部是否凸出以及纹饰条纹长度、密集程度、附属物等特征则存在一定的种内差异性;花粉形态特征可为山芹属植物不同层次的分类鉴定与亲缘关系研究提供重要的证据。     

10种金花茶组植物的花粉形态及分类学意义

金花茶组(Sect.Chrysantha)植物具有很高的观赏价值,但其分类存在争议.为探讨金花茶组植物花粉的形态特征和分类学意义,该研究用扫描电镜观察了10种金花茶的花粉形状、外壁纹饰以及穿孔特征,统计了极轴长、赤道轴长和萌发沟长,并进行聚类分析.结果表明:(1)10种供试金花茶植物花粉为中粒花粉,大部分花粉形状呈近球...     

中国15种变豆菜属植物的花粉形态及系统学分析

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对变豆菜属15种植物的花粉形态进行观察。结果表明,变豆菜属15种植物的花粉大小为（28.51~54.29） μm~（12.23~28.98） μm,极轴与赤道轴比值（Polar axis/Equatorial axis）为1.48~2.46,具三孔沟。花粉粒赤道面观有近矩形、赤道收缩形、长椭圆形等类型,其中近矩形和赤道收缩形占多数;极面观为圆形或三角圆形。在扫描电镜下,其外壁表面纹饰为网状。我们研究结果支持在伞形科变豆菜亚科中,变豆菜属植物的花粉具有中等进化、比较进化的形态特征,花粉形态可为个别物种的分类处理提供孢粉学证据。     

茴芹属16种植物的花粉形态及系统学分析

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对茴芹属16种植物的花粉形态进行了观察,其中12种为首次报道。结果表明,茴芹属16种植物花粉大小为（19.75～33.03）μm×（11.52～17.41）μm,极轴与赤道轴的比值（P/E）为1.40～2.28,体积大小指数（P×E）^1/2为16.71～23.97,属于中型花粉,具三孔沟,萌发孔位置为边萌发孔。花粉粒赤道面观有近矩形、赤道收缩形、椭圆形和近菱形等类型,其中近矩形和赤道收缩形占多数;极面观为三角形或三角圆形。扫描电镜下,其外壁表面纹饰赤道面观为脑纹状,极面观近光滑或为穴纹状。在伞形科芹亚科中,茴芹属植物的花粉具有中等进化、比较进化的形态特征。研究认为,花粉形态可为个别物种的分类处理提供孢粉学证据。     

扫描电镜下山东丹参与近缘种花粉形态特征比较观察

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜相结合,对山东丹参、丹参、南丹参发育良好成熟的花粉粒进行比较观察。结果表明：花粉粒形态、大小和外壁网状雕纹特征均具有较显著区别,首次为山东丹参新种积累孢粉学资料、确立其在植物分类学上的地位以及研究其种质,提供花粉形态的重要依据;丹参和南丹参花粉粒形态特征及外壁网状雕纹与前人报道相一致,为揭示山东丹参与丹参、南丹参之间的亲缘关系及种间分类鉴定提供了孢粉学依据;也为山东丹参药用植物新资源的开发提供科学依据。     

天目当归的花粉形态和染色体数及其与近缘种的亲缘关系

首次报道了染色体高多倍性种天目当归（Angelica tianmuensis Z.H.Pan et T.D.Zhuang)的染色体数（n=55）及花粉形态。通过与近缘种拐芹（A.polymorpha Maxim.）、曲柄当归（A.genuflexa Nutt.)和重齿当归[A.biserrata(shan et Yuan)Yuan et Shan]花粉形态的比较,在赤道区外壁纹类型相似性程度的基础上,结合外部形态,明显看出赤道区纹饰为脑纹-网状的天止当归与具有近脑纹-网状纹饰的曲柄当归似有较密切的亲缘关系,与具有拟脑纹-网状纹饰的拐芹和重齿当归关系稍远。     

广西主要金花茶组植物的花粉形态及其分类学意义

金花茶组(Sect. ChrysanthaChang)植物分布狭窄,大部分野生金花茶资源仅分布于广西壮族自治区防城港市,具有较高的观赏价值、食用价值和药用价值。本研究应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对广西防城金花茶国家级自然保护区的18种(包括4变种)金花茶组植物的花粉进行了观察和研究,详细地描述了它们的花粉形态。结果表明,金花茶组植物的花粉平均大小为37.6μm×28.5μm,沟长为32.9μm,极轴/赤道轴(P/E)值为1.35。单粒花粉呈近球形或长球形,具三拟孔沟或三孔沟,内孔横长,外壁具有细微的瘤状、脑纹状或颗粒状纹饰,符合山茶属花粉形态的一般特征。花粉外壁纹饰在各个种间又存在较明显差异,可作为金花茶组植物进一步分类鉴定的依据。最后,结合聚类分析结果及花粉形态的演化规律分析研究了金花茶组植物花粉的演化规律和分类学意义,为探究金花茶组植物的迁移和演化提供重要参考依据。     

金槐和米槐主流品种花粉形态研究

该研究以6个金槐品种和2个米槐品种的花粉为材料,采用美国卡尔蔡司EVO18扫描电镜对其极面、赤道面、外壁纹饰等形态特征进行了观察,并对金槐、米槐品种间的亲缘关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)金槐和米槐花粉的共有特征有极面观为三裂圆形,极面光滑;具3孔沟,沟较窄且达两极;沟缘中部外凸,具颗粒状突起;沟在极面上没有交会,形成宽大的沟界极区。(2)金槐的花粉粒为长球形,金槐J6的极轴最长,金槐J2的极轴最短,极轴长/赤道轴长表现的规律与极轴长相一致;网眼直径最大的是金槐J2,最小的是金槐J5;网眼密度最大的是金槐J6,最小的是金槐J2。(3)米槐的花粉粒为近圆球形,极轴长和极轴长/赤道轴长明显小于金槐,但其赤道轴长大于金槐;双季米槐的赤道轴长、极轴长、极轴长/赤道轴长、网眼密度都小于单季米槐。(4) 8个品种可分为3组,金槐J4、金槐J1和金槐J6 3个品种亲缘关系较近,金槐J5、金槐J3和金槐J2 3个品种亲缘关系较近,单季米槐和双季米槐2个品种亲缘关系较近。花粉形态是鉴别金槐和米槐两大类品种的重要根据,并可为进一步的品种划分提供重要依据。     

中国葱属Daghestanica组植物的花粉和种子微形态学研究及其分类学意义

该研究采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对中国葱属Daghestanica(Tscholok.)N.Friesen组6种植物的花粉与种子微形态特征进行观察和对比分析,以揭示该组植物花粉及种子微形态特征的系统分类学意义,为Daghestanica组植物物种间的分类学鉴定提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)中国葱属Daghestanica组植物花粉形态为长球形,赤道面观为椭圆形,极面观为圆形,左右对称,花粉大小为(17.84~29.84)μm×(12.23~19.18)μm,花粉外壁纹饰为皱缩网纹纹饰;花粉外壁穿孔在Daghestanica组6种植物之间具有差异性特征。(2)野黄韭的花粉较大,极轴明显长于其余种,金头韭极轴长度最小。(3)中国葱属Daghestanica组植物种子卵形,种皮表面纹饰为梯形;种皮细胞多边形,排列相对疏松,表面具疣突,垂周壁是弧线和直线混合型。(4)种皮细胞的形态、排列以及次级纹饰等在各物种间存在一定差异。研究表明,中国葱属Daghestanica组花粉和种子微形态学特征可作为该组植物系统分类鉴定的依据。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅵ.凤尾蕨科

利用扫描电镜对国产凤尾蕨科(Pteridaceae)2属30种4变种植物孢子进行了观察。其中凤尾蕨属(Pteris)29种4变种,孢子三裂缝,辐射对称;极面观为钝三角形,赤道面观为半圆形或超半圆形;孢子极轴长26~54μm,赤道轴长34~97μm;外壁厚,形成孢子表面纹饰的轮廓;周壁薄,紧贴于外壁上;多数种类孢子外壁具沿赤道加厚的赤道环,孢子表面呈瘤块状、疣块状,或隆起的脊连成网状或拟网状等纹饰,有的种类具近极脊和远极脊。凤尾蕨属植物孢子的形态稳定,种间差异明显,但孢子形态特征与孢子体的形态特征是不相关的。栗蕨属(Histiopteris)植物孢子为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形;孢子极轴长22~23μm,赤道轴长29~36μm;周壁很薄,由外壁形成孢子纹饰的轮廓;表面呈粗的块状纹饰。从孢子形态上看,栗蕨属与凤尾蕨属有很大差异,将其放在一个科中不合适。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.