浅析城区白蚁危害与治理对策

城区白蚁防治是一项综合工程,应当引起重视,采取安全、高效、绿色环保的措施,改善城区环境。     

马尼拉陡胸茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾的控害潜能

为评价幼虫寄生蜂马尼拉陡胸茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾的控害潜能,编制了寄主和寄生蜂的实验种群生命表,测定了马尼拉陡胸茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的寄生功能反应。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾年龄特征生命表参数为:净生殖力(种群趋势指数)R0(I)=122.0172,内禀增长率rm=0.1522,世代平均历期T=40.8556(d),周限增长率λ=1.1644;马尼拉陡胸茧蜂寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的生殖力表参数为:R0(I)=20.2479,rm=0.3045,T=9.8788,λ=1.3559。马尼拉陡胸茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型模型,a=0.8952,Th=0.0205,Namax=48.78(头)。通过生命表参数比较和功能反应模型分析,可见马尼拉陡胸茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的寄生能力强,繁殖速率高,对甜菜夜蛾种群有较强的控制能力;从世代平均历期T的比较可知,在甜菜夜蛾繁殖1代的时间内,马尼拉陡胸茧蜂可以繁殖4个世代,在时间上天敌对害虫的发生是\"超前的\"而不是\"跟随的\"。因此在放蜂技术上应采取相应的对策,才能充分发挥天敌的控害潜能。     

稻飞虱天敌螯蜂研究进展

稻飞虱（褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus）是世界性重要的水稻Oryza sativa L.害虫之一,给水稻生产造成了重大经济损失。化学防治一直是控制稻飞虱的主要途径,但长期使用化学药剂使稻飞虱产生抗药性,并引起害虫增殖等诸多弊端,迫切需要有效的生物防控手段进行控害。螯蜂是稻飞虱若虫和成虫期重要天敌,兼具捕食与寄生的双重习性,在控制稻飞虱种群数量方面发挥着重要的作用,然而,国内外有关螯蜂的研究报道仍然偏少。本文综述了我国稻飞虱天敌螯蜂常见种类、生物学特性、控害效果及其影响因子,分析了存在的问题,旨在为进一步开发利用螯蜂资源提供参考。     

外来有害生物美国白蛾入侵、危害和治理

美国白蛾具有危害性大,易于传播等特点,是世界危险性检疫害虫。综述了其在我国的入侵和传播的过程,传播的途径,生活史和生活习性,以及其对我国农林业造成的危害和对其采取的防控手段。     

寄生蜂对稻飞虱控害作用研究进展

稻飞虱(褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱)近年来在亚洲地区连续大爆发,由次要害虫上升为主要害虫,给农业生产造成了重大的经济损失,严重威胁到世界粮食生产安全,寄生蜂作为稻飞虱的重要天敌,对其发生起着有效的自然控制作用。本文归纳整理了稻飞虱主要的寄生蜂种类及其优势种群的生物学、生态学特性,并重点总结了寄生蜂优势种群的寄生选择、种群消长影响因素以及它们的保护利用等,并对寄生蜂研究、保护、利用中存在的问题进行概括总结,旨在为稻飞虱的有效防控提供一定的参考价值。     

中华蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变相关基因的表达差异研究

【目的】文章旨在寻找中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变相关的重要基因。【方法】选取了8群中华蜜蜂,分别采集哺育蜂和采集蜂,然后通过实时荧光定量PCR对哺育蜂和采集蜂头部中mrjps、Ache、CSP3等22个基因的表达进行了分析。【结果】实验结果表明:mrjp3、mrjp7、Ache、LOC406142、Hbg3、Mblk-1、Ef-1a-f1、TpnCIIIa、Wat、Ant基因在哺育蜂和采集蜂中表达差异极显著(P<0.01),mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp4、LOC406114、CSP3、Dop1、Jhe、Oa1、Per、TpnT基因在哺育蜂和采集蜂中表达差异显著(0.010.05)。【结论】mrjp3、mrjp7、Ache、LOC406142、Hbg3、Mblk-1、Ef-1a-f1、TpnCIIIa、Wat、Ant、mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp4、LOC406114、CSP3、Dop1、Jhe、Oa1、Per、TpnT这些表达差异显著的基因很可能与中华蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂的行为转变有关。本研究的结果为我们更好地认识理解蜜蜂行为转变的机制提供思路。     

意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变相关基因的表达差异研究

【目的】深入了解蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变机制,寻找与之相关的调控因子。【方法】我们随机选取了5群意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica,分别采集相应的哺育蜂和采集蜂。利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)对哺育蜂和采集蜂头部中的mrjp1、Ache、CSP3、Dop1等22个基因的表达进行了分析。【结果】实验结果表明:mrjp2、mrjp4、mrjp6、mrjp7、LOC406114、Hbg3、Ef-1a-f1、Obp3、Wat、Oa1、Tpn T在意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂和采集蜂头部表达差异极显著(P<0.01),mrjp1、mrjp3、Ache、LOC406142、Mblk-1、Tpn CIIIa、Ant、CSP3、Dop1、Jhe、Per在意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂和采集蜂头部表达差异显著(0.01相似文献   

砂生槐种子蜂危害空间格局及理论抽样研究

应用6种聚集度指标、Taylor和Iwao回归分析法对砂生槐种子蜂幼虫的空间分布格局进行了分析,得出砂生槐种子蜂幼虫的空间分布型为聚集分布,田间调查抽样方法为分行取样法,并得出田间幼虫不同密度时的理论抽样数。     

为苹果梨授粉的角额壁蜂与长角壁蜂的生物学特性比较

连续 2年在延边苹果梨园释放角额壁蜂OsmiacornifronsRodoszkowski和长角壁蜂O .longnicornisMor.,对其生物学特性进行观察。结果表明 :2种壁蜂都能在释放的苹果梨园中定居、营巢及繁殖后代 ;角额壁蜂日访花数为 4 1 5 8朵 ,长角壁蜂日访花数为 4 35 9朵 ;长角壁蜂个体较大 ,抗低温能力、抗风飞行能力和日访花能力等均较强 ,是较好的苹果梨授粉用昆虫。     

三种稻田常见螯蜂对半翅目害虫的寄主偏好性及控害作用

【目的】探明两色食虱螯蜂Echthrodelphax fairchildii、黄腿双距螯蜂Gonatopus flavifemur和稻虱红单节螯蜂Haplogonatopus apicalis 3种稻田常见螯蜂对半翅目害虫的寄主偏好性及控害作用。【方法】在非选择条件下,分别以褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus、黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps和伪褐飞虱Nilaparvata muiri为寄主,观察两色食虱螯蜂、黄腿双距螯蜂和稻虱红单节螯蜂的取食、寄生以及子代生长发育情况;并在选择条件下观察3种螯蜂对稻飞虱的寄主选择性,评价螯蜂的寄主偏好性。根据以上试验,评出3种螯蜂各自的适宜寄主;并选择适宜寄主测定3种螯蜂的寿命、取食量和寄生量,评价其控害作用。【结果】两色食虱螯蜂可取食和寄生褐飞虱、灰飞虱、白背飞虱和伪褐飞虱,以前3种为两色食虱螯蜂的适宜寄主,伪褐飞虱次之;黑尾叶蝉为其非取食、寄生寄主。黄腿双距螯蜂可取食和寄生4种飞虱：褐飞虱和灰飞虱适合性较高,白背飞虱次之,伪褐飞虱最差。黑尾叶蝉可为黄腿双距螯蜂的取食寄主,但非寄生寄主。稻虱红单节螯蜂以白背飞虱为最适寄主,灰飞虱次之;其他3种寄主仅能被稻虱红单节螯蜂取食,不能被成功寄生。在适宜寄主上,稻虱红单节螯蜂雌虫的寿命、总取食和寄生合计量均最高,两色食虱螯蜂的最低,黄腿双距螯蜂的居中;3种螯蜂日均取食量和寄生量的消长动态波动幅度不大。【结论】两色食虱螯蜂偏好寄生褐飞虱、灰飞虱和白背飞虱,控害作用相对最弱;黄腿双距螯蜂偏好寄生褐飞虱和灰飞虱,控害作用居中;稻虱红单节螯蜂偏好寄生白背飞虱,控害作用最强。     

上海地区草坪害虫的发生为害初步调查

据作者初步调查 ,2种草坪害虫 :稻切叶野螟Psaralicarsisalis (Walker)和灰翅夜蛾Spodopteramauritia (Boisduval)在上海均以幼虫在土下越冬 ,1年发生 5代 ,后期存在世代重叠现象。灰翅夜蛾虫口密度一直到 7月份都较低 ,8月份虫口密度上升很快 ,所以在上海地区第 3 ,4代幼虫为害最严重 ;稻切叶野螟的幼虫发生期比灰翅夜蛾迟 1 0d左右 ,以 9～ 1 0月份虫口密度最高。在矮生百幕达草坪中稻切叶野螟虫口密度明显高于灰翅夜蛾 ;而在高羊茅、黑麦草等草坪中灰翅夜蛾的虫口密度则远远高于稻切叶野螟。     

三北地区灌木林重大害虫与治理对策

对我国三北地区灌木林主要虫灾及控制措施进行简要评述。根据灌木林生态系统的特点,指出在控制策略上应立足生态调控,重点开展监测与预警,以及各种诱杀技术、抗性树种(品系)的选择与多树种合理配置等技术,使其具有较好的自我调节和保持系统稳定性的能力。最后,简要介绍灌木林重大害虫沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippop haecolus Hua,Chou,Fang et Chen和沙蒿(Artemisia spp.)上4种钻蛀性害虫的研究进展。     

韭菜根蛆的发生危害及综合防治技术研究——公益性行业(农业)科研专项“作物根蛆类害虫综合防治技术研究与示范”进展

针对我国根蛆类害虫严重危害葱蒜类蔬菜作物,特别在韭菜上问题突出的现状,项目开展了根蛆的生物学和生态学、种群规律、单项防治技术及综合防治技术的研究与示范工作。明确了我国大部分地区韭菜上的根蛆主要是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga Yang et Zhang,在甘肃和辽宁地区的优势种为异迟眼蕈蚊B.difformis Frey。采用黄板诱集成虫结合挖根查幼虫的方法,明确了华北、东北、西北和华东地区根蛆在田间的发生规律。根蛆不耐高温耐低温,春、秋和冬季发生严重,在夏季有转主危害的趋势,冬季以老熟幼虫在0~5 cm土层中越冬。蕈蚊成虫对黑色和棕色趋性最强,研发出特异性的黑色粘虫板。覆盖50~60目防虫网对根蛆的防效最佳,且对韭菜生长有促进作用。建立了蕈蚊成虫的优势捕食性天敌——瘦弱秽蝇Coenosia attenuata的饲养技术和田间应用技术,筛选出了对蕈蚊幼虫高致病力的昆虫病原线虫和Bt菌株,田间防效达60%以上。研发出保护地灌溉臭氧水、减量施药和喷淋施药等轻简化的根蛆防治技术10项。根据不同地区韭菜的种植习惯和根蛆的发生特点,在辽宁、河北、山东、甘肃等地建立了区域性的根蛆类害虫综合防治技术,建立核心示范区10个,进行技术培训5 000人次,取得了一定的经济、社会和生态效益。     

Second-stage integrated management of apple arthropod pests

To date, integrated pest management (IPM) of arthropods in commercial apple orchards has been comprised almost exclusively of a suite of what we term first-stage IPM practices focused upon pest monitoring. These practices predict first appearance, rate of development, and abundance of pest and beneficial arthropods, which leads to recommendation of selective properly-timed pesticides as the sole tactic of controlling pests not effectively suppressed by beneficials. Here, we evaluated in Massachusetts the effectiveness of what we term second-stage IPM practices. These involved integration of pesticidal control of early season apple arthropod pests and behavioral, cultural and biological control of mid and late season apple arthropod pests in the absence of insecticide and acaricide application after mid June. The behavioral approach consisted of ringing the perimeter of several apple orchard blocks (each ca. 1 ha) with sticky-coated red spheres baited with synthetic apple odor to intercept immigrating Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) flies. The cultural approach focused on removing unmanaged host trees in a ring around the orchard block perimeter to prevent entry of Cydia pomonella (L.) and Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) females. The biological approach emphasized buildup of natural enemies of foliar pests in an orchard environment free of insecticide and acaricide use after mid June.During the second year (1988) of second-stage IPM implementation, test blocks in which baited red spheres were placed 5 m apart on perimeter apple trees and in which all unmanaged host trees within 100 m of the block perimeter had been removed received only 0.6% combined fruit injury by the above and all other pests active after mid June. Nearby blocks treated under first-stage IPM practices received 0.4% combined injury from such pests. As revealed by unbaited within-block monitoring traps, comparatively few R. pomonella flies penetrated the ring of interception traps, despite the large numbers caught on the latter. Beneficial predators of pest mites and aphids were nearly twice as common in second-stage as first-stage IPM blocks. Total cost was essentially the same for second-stage as first-stage IPM practices. But we propose a potentially much less costly, labor-saving method as a substitute for using a sticky substance to control R. pomonella flies alighting on perimeter-tree spheres.

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Résumé A ce jour, la lutte intégrée (IPM) contre les arthropodes des vergers commerciaux de pommiers, —que nous nommons IPM de première génération —, est conçue presque exclusivement comme une suite de pratiques focalisées sur l'interception des insectes nuisibles. Ces pratiques calculent d'abord la date d'apparition, la vitesse de développement et l'abondance des phytophages et des entomophages, conduisant à l'épandage à des dates appropriées d'insecticides sélectifs, comme seule tactique de protection contre les phytophages qui ne sont pas supprimés efficacement par des entomophages.Nous avons examiné au Massachusetts l'efficacité de ce que nous avons appelé le seconde génération d'IPM. Elle implique l'intégration de la lutte chimique contre des insectes consommateurs précoces, et de la lutte comportementale, culturale et biologique contre les insectes de pleine saison et tardifs, sans traitements insecticides ou acaricides des pommiers à partir de la mi-juin.L'approche comportementale consiste à encercler plusieurs massifs de pommiers (chacun de 1 ha) avec des sphères rouges engluées d'odeur synthétique de pommier pour intercepter les vols de Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. L'approche culturale est concentrée sur l'élimination autour du verger des pommiers non inclus dans le programme de protection pour empêcher la pénétration de femelles de Cydia pomonella L. et Argyrotaenia velutinana Walker. L'approche biologique insiste sur la mise en place après la mi-juin des entomophages des ennemis du feuillage dans un verger sans insecticide ni acaricide.Pendant la seconde année (1988) de l'application du programme, les fruits attaqués par tous les phytophages après la mi-juin n'ont été que de 0,6% pour les parcelles d'arbres témoins dans lesquels les pièges rouges avaient été placés tous les 5 mètres sur les arbres du pourtour et dont les arbres non inclus dans l'expérience, avaient été enlevés sur une bande de 100 m autour de la parcelle. Des parcelles proches, traitées avec IPM première génération, avaient un taux d'attaque de 0,4% par les mêmes espèces d'arthropodes. Par rapport aux parcelles sans sphères rouges, relativement peu de R. pomonella ont pénétré au-delà de la rangée de pièges, malgré le grand nombre de mouches capturées dans ceux-ci. Les prédateurs d'acariens et de pucerons nuisibles étaient 2 fois plus abondants dans les parcelles protégées par IPM de deuxième génération, que dans celles protégées par IPM de première génération. Les coûts totaux sont à peu près les mêmes, mais nous proposons une méthode potentiellement beaucoup moins coûteuse, demandant moins de maind'uvre, par remplacement l'utilisation de la glue sur les sphères comme protection contre la pénétration de R. pomonella dans la parcelle.

     

粉虱类害虫的监测预警与可持续治理技术透视

针对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）、温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum（Westwood）、黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus（Quaintance）、桑粉虱Pealius mori（Takahashi）、禾粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus David etSubramaniam等粉虱害虫在我国暴发危害的现状,公益性行业科研专项＂粉虱类害虫可持续治理技术研究与集成示范＂项目组在华南、华东、华北、华中和西南等地区开展了粉虱类害虫的调查、监测、预警以及综合防控技术研究集成与示范。结果表明,烟粉虱在我国的发生区域超过20个省份,温室白粉虱在华北和西南地区,黑刺粉虱在华南、华东和西南地区也分布较广,桑粉虱在我国南方桑植区危害严重,禾粉虱在福建省闽东稻区发生为害逐年严重。利用mt COI DNA测序、SCAR技术和CAPS等技术对B和Q型烟粉虱的鉴定结果显示,Q型烟粉虱在我国的分布范围正在不断扩大。通过Maxent预测模型和GIS技术,预测了烟粉虱在我国的适生区、自然越冬北线和不同地区的发生世代数量。对烟粉虱的抗药性监测结果表明,阿维菌素和烯啶虫胺是目前华北地区防治烟粉虱较为理想的药剂,而对联苯菊酯、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒和吡虫啉等药剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性。研究了苘麻诱集、黄板诱杀、天敌昆虫和病原微生物对粉虱类害虫的控制作用,并在华南、华东、华北、华中和西南等地区建立了12个示范基地,分别在不同地区开展了粉虱类害虫的综合防治技术的示范和推广,累计印刷技术宣传手册12.4万份,培训各类农民和基层农技人员5.43万人次,累计示范面积4.3千公顷次,技术辐射超过4万公顷次,取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。     

Commensal and mutualistic relationships of reoviruses with their parasitoid wasp hosts

During evolution, certain endoparasitoid wasps have developed mechanisms to suppress the defence systems of their hosts. For this purpose, these species, all of which belong to the families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, inject various kinds of virus-like particles. The most studied of these particles are classified as polydnaviruses (family Polydnaviridae) which are symbiotic viruses. Over the past decade, it has also been shown that several wasp species harbour reoviruses (family Reoviridae), and that two of these suppress host defence, allowing the development of the parasitoid eggs. In this paper, we summarize the key features of these viruses and their relationships with their wasp hosts. Five reoviruses are known that appear to be non-pathogenic for the wasps. Three of these, McRVLP, HeRV, OpRVLP, use their wasp hosts as vectors, and do not appear to be involved in host defence suppression. The fourth, DpRV-1, is a commensal reovirus detected in most field populations of the wasp, Diadromus pulchellus. This reovirus is always found associated with an ascovirus, DpAV-4a, which is indispensable for host immune suppression. Although DpRV-1 has not been shown to directly increase D. pulchellus parasitic success, it may contribute to this success by retarding DpAV-4a replication in the wasp. The fifth reovirus, DpRV-2, occurs in a specific population of D. pulchellus in which DpRV-1 and DpAV-4 are absent. This virus has a mutualistic relationship with its wasp host, as its injection by females during oviposition is essential for host immunosuppression. Interestingly, these viruses belong to several different reovirus genera.     

Disturbance effects on community structure of Ficus tinctoria fig wasps in Xishuangbanna, China: Implications for the fig/fig wasp mutualism

Abstract  Fig trees are important components of tropical forests, because their fruits are eaten by so many vertebrates, but they depend on pollinating fig wasps to produce mature fruits. Disturbance to habitat structure can have a major impact on insect diversity and composition, potentially reducing fruit yields. We investigated the impact of habitat disturbance on the fig wasp community associated with male figs of Ficus tinctoria in Xishuangbanna, China. The community comprised one pollinator species Liporrhopalum gibbosae and six non-pollinating wasp species: Sycoscapter sp.1, Philotrypesis ravii , Philotrypesis sp.1, Neosycophila omeomorpha , Sycophila sp.1, and Walkerella sp.1. More disturbed areas were characterized by higher temperatures, less shade, and more vehicle noise. The response of the fig wasp community was complex, with no simple relationship between intensity of disturbance and pollinator abundance. However, the sex ratios (proportion of male progeny) of pollinators increased significantly in more disturbed areas. We conclude that potential changes in fig wasp community composition brought about by disturbance, are unpredictable, with unclear consequences for tropical rainforest biodiversity.     

绿色功夫和锐劲特对食用菌害虫的防治效果测定

室内毒力测定和菇房药效试验表明,绿色功夫和锐劲特对食用菌害虫眼蕈蚊和果蝇有较强的毒力和较好的防治效果。绿色功夫对眼蕈蚊和果蝇的ＬＣ５０分别为５．０８ｍｇ／Ｌ和２．４５ｍｇ／Ｌ。锐劲竺对眼蕈蚊和果蝇的ＬＣ５０分别为８．７５ｍｇ／Ｌ和８．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。菇房防治效果显示：用质量浓度１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ和６．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ的绿色功夫液浇淋和务菌代防治效果达８８．６％、８１．８％和７５．９％、６５．１％。用质量浓     

Molecular components and toxicity of the venom of the solitary wasp, Anoplius samariensis

The solitary spider wasp, Anoplius samariensis, is known to exhibit a unique long-term, non-lethal paralysis in spiders that it uses as a food source for its larvae. However, neither detailed venom components nor paralytic compounds have ever been characterized. In this study, we examined the components in the low molecular weight fraction of the venom and the paralytic activity of the high molecular weight fraction. The major low molecular weight components of the venom were identified as gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid by micro-liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry analysis. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass analysis revealed that the A. samariensis venom contained the various proteins with weights of 4-100 kDa. A biological assay using Joro spiders (Nephila clavata) clearly showed that the high molecular weight fraction of the venom prepared by ultrafiltration exerted as potent non-lethal long-term paralysis as the whole venom, whereas the low molecular weight fraction was devoid of any paralytic activity. These results indicated that several venomous proteins in the high molecular weight fraction are responsible for the paralytic activity. Furthermore, we determined the primary structure of one component designated As-fr-19, which was a novel multiple-cysteine peptide with high sequence similarity to several sea anemone and snake toxins including dendrotoxins, rather than any insect toxic peptides identified so far. Taken together, our data showed the unprecedented molecular and toxicological profiles of wasp venoms.