椰子木蛾的产卵节律及其对寄主植物的产卵选择性

【背景】椰子木蛾是近年来新入侵我国棕榈科植物的害虫,研究其产卵习性可为监测和防治该虫提供参考。【方法】在室内条件下,观察、记录了椰子木蛾雌成虫的产卵节律及其对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性。【结果】椰子木蛾最高日产卵量可达34.4粒·头-1,且主要集中在羽化后4 d内产卵,占总产卵量的54.1%;产卵活动主要发生在夜间23:00到次日8:00;在椰子、蒲葵、大王棕、槟榔和散尾葵等寄主植物上的产卵量无显著差异,为89.3~147.7粒·头-1,但产卵位置存在差别。【结论与意义】椰子木蛾雌成虫具有较强的繁殖能力和产卵节律性,且在不同寄主植物上的产卵量一致。     

豆荚螟的人工饲养技术

【目的】豆荚螟Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke)是大豆上的一种重要害虫,为探索豆荚螟的人工饲养技术。【方法】本文研究了不同饲养器具对幼虫生长发育的影响、不同性比交配对生殖力的影响,以及不同产卵器具对成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】相比平底试管和12孔培养板,使用30 mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫存活率最高,5个龄期存活率均在93%以上,3种饲养器具幼虫历期差异不明显;不同性比值对成虫寿命和产卵孵化率的影响不明显,雌雄比为1︰2时产卵量最高;不同产卵器具对雌雄成虫寿命的影响不显著,分别约为14 d和11 d,且雌成虫只在豆荚上产卵,在其它3种器具上产卵量均为0。【结论】使用30mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫,成虫配对时保持雌雄比1︰2,提供豆荚供其产卵是目前探索出的最好的人工饲养方法。     

美洲棘蓟马对不同蔬菜寄主的偏好性

比较了美洲棘蓟马对12种不同蔬菜和1种非蔬菜的偏好性,并通过对数线性模型和方差分析对结果进行了分析.结果显示美洲棘蓟马成虫对13种寄主植物的寄主偏好性及产卵选择性具有显著差异.该虫成虫在南瓜上分布最多,平均每株寄主植物达到23.5头,在油菜上的产卵量最大,每株达50.3粒.黄瓜、南瓜、油菜、黄豆和辣椒上成虫分布量每株均在10头以上,显著多于其他寄主;而上述5种寄主上的每株产卵量也均在30粒以上,显著多于除豆角以外的其它寄主.该虫在黄瓜上发育最快,15d左右即可完成其整个未成熟期;在辣椒上未成熟期存活率最高,为80.1％.上述结果将为该虫入侵风险的评估提供重要依据.     

豆荚螟的人工饲养技术

【目的】豆荚螟Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke)是大豆上的一种重要害虫,为探索豆荚螟的人工饲养技术。【方法】本文研究了不同饲养器具对幼虫生长发育的影响、不同性比交配对生殖力的影响,以及不同产卵器具对成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】相比平底试管和12孔培养板,使用30 mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫存活率最高,5个龄期存活率均在93%以上,3种饲养器具幼虫历期差异不明显;不同性比值对成虫寿命和产卵孵化率的影响不明显,雌雄比为1︰2时产卵量最高;不同产卵器具对雌雄成虫寿命的影响不显著,分别约为14 d和11 d,且雌成虫只在豆荚上产卵,在其它3种器具上产卵量均为0。【结论】使用30mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫,成虫配对时保持雌雄比1︰2,提供豆荚供其产卵是目前探索出的最好的人工饲养方法。     

花蓟马Frankliniella bispinosa的生长繁殖特性及种群动态研究(英文)

本文提出一种用香蒲 (Typhadomingensis)花粉饲养花蓟马 (F .bispinosa)的方法 ,恒温饲养表明 ,在1 5℃时 ,该蓟马的世代历期长达 3 7 5d ,雌成虫平均寿命为 3 0d ;在 2 0℃和 2 5℃恒温下 ,世代历期分别为1 8 9和 1 3 8d ,雌成虫寿命分别为 2 9 0和 2 3 3d。平均产卵量在 2 5℃时达到最高 (1 2 3 2头 雌 ) ,而在其他几种恒温下产卵量显著减少。在佛罗里达南部 ,终年可见该蓟马在鬼针三叶草 (BidenspilosaL .)花上发生 ,而种群高峰期在三月中旬到四月初 ,平均每朵花中蓟马成虫数最高时可达 48 7头。     

温室白粉虱在雪莲果和烟草上的生物学特性比较

温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)是雪莲果和烟草种植中主要害虫之一。雪莲果和烟草都是大叶寄主植物,本研究旨在比较温室白粉虱在雪莲果和烟草上的生物学特性,为利用雪莲果作为寄主植物大量繁育温室白粉虱和丽蚜小蜂提供参考依据。在人工气候室条件下,以雪莲果和烟草作为寄主植物繁育温室白粉虱,明确各龄期若虫的大小、发育历期、存活率、成虫产卵量和寿命。结果表明,温室白粉虱各龄若虫在雪莲果上均大于烟草上若虫;温室白粉虱在雪莲果上从卵到成虫发育需要19. 5 d,明显短于烟草上21. 1 d;在雪莲果和烟草上温室白粉虱卵到成虫的存活率分别为82. 0%和80. 0%,无显著性差异;温室白粉虱在雪莲果上单雌平均产卵量为166. 2粒,明显高于烟草上132. 7粒;温室白粉虱在雪莲果上雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为31. 3 d和25. 0 d,明显长于烟草上27. 9 d和22. 0 d。本文研究结果表明,温室白粉虱在雪莲果上的生物学特性参数明显优于烟草,表明雪莲果适合作为大量繁育温室白粉虱的寄主植物,为进一步开发应用雪莲果为中间寄主植物大量繁育丽蚜小蜂提供了理论依据。     

草地贪夜蛾对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食选择性和适应性

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith对不同寄主植物和主要杂草的取食选择及适应性,以玉米Zea mays、甘蔗Saccharum officinarum、花生Arachis hypogaea、大豆Glycine max、香蕉Musa nana、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、牛筋草Eleusine indica、莎草Cyperus rotundus、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、鹅肠草Malachium aquaticum作为寄主,采用叶碟法测定草地贪夜蛾各龄幼虫对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食偏好,并测定了不同虫态的发育历期、单头蛹重、化蛹率以及单雌产卵量等。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在5种寄主植物和6种杂草上均可完成世代发育。寄主作物中,香蕉处理的草地贪夜蛾成虫前期最长,为29.66 d;甘蔗处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重和化蛹率分别为250.44 mg和71.67%,显著低于玉米和花生处理的蛹重和化蛹率;草地贪夜蛾取食花生后单雌产卵量最高,为768.93粒,与玉米上产卵量差异不显著,香蕉上最低,为498.76粒;1~2龄幼虫对玉米和香蕉的取食选择率有显著差异,3~6龄幼虫对玉米取食选择率显著高于其他寄主植物。6种杂草中取食莎草的成虫前期最长30.21 d,且单雌产卵量最低526.33粒;取食鹅肠草蛹重最低188.00 mg;取食马齿苋化蛹率最低为72.37%;草地贪夜蛾取食马唐后其蛹重、化蛹率、单雌产卵量最高,与取食其它5种杂草有显著性差异;2~4龄幼虫更偏向取食马唐,与其它5种差异显著。研究结果表明：寄主植物种类对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育有显著影响,其中草地贪夜蛾对玉米和马唐具有较高的取食偏好。     

杨树粒肩天牛的生物学特性

杨树粒肩天牛在福建省2a发生1代;老熟幼虫在第2年4月下旬至5月初开始化蛹,成虫出现期始于5月底6月初,6月中下旬到7月上旬为盛发期,9月上旬只见个别成虫;产卵期始于6月中旬,6月下旬至7月中旬为产卵高峰期;幼虫孵化期为6月下旬到8月中旬,7月上中旬为为盛发期;幼虫不越冬。杨树粒肩天牛成虫为补充营养所取食的树种较集中,主要是构树与桑树。杨树粒肩天牛幼虫对杨树危害严重,但成虫却不喜欢取食杨树,用杨树饲养的粒肩天牛成虫寿命很短,仅3-19d,不产卵;而以桑树为补充营养的雌成虫的平均寿命为55d、雄26.5d;以构树为补充营养的雌成虫的平均寿命为78d、雄45.5d,补充桑树与构树的粒肩天牛成虫均可正常产卵。雌雄成虫一生可多次交尾。雌虫有多次产卵现象,单雌每天产卵数量1-12粒不等。     

温度和寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫主要生物学参数的影响

观察研究了温度和寄主水果对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)成虫主要生物学参数的影响。结果如下：(1)寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫的产卵前期影响无明显差异,而温度明显影响产卵前期。随温度增高,产卵前期逐渐缩短。取食杨桃的桔小实蝇雌虫在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃下的产卵前期分别是41.1、29.1、13.8、12.9、15.6 d;(2)温度对桔小实蝇雄虫性成熟时间有明显影响。在温度15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃下,桔小实蝇雄成虫的性成熟时间为21.4、15.7、12.8、1 1.5和10.8 d;(3)不同温度和寄主水果条件下成虫寿命也不同,从较低温时的140－190 d缩短到高温时的34－37 d;（4）不同的寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫的产卵量影响较大,一般取食芒果和番石榴的雌虫产卵量显著高于其他几种水果。在25℃温度下,取食芒果、番石榴、香蕉、枇杷、青枣、杨桃、柑桔的桔小实蝇雌虫的产卵量分别是1634.3、1520.6、1309.1、1019.8、983.3、966.3和912.9粒/雌;(5)雌成虫性成熟并交配后开始产卵,2-3 d进入产卵盛期。分别建立了以柑桔和番石榴为食的幼虫发育成的桔小实蝇成虫日产卵量(粒)随羽化时间(d)变化的模型为:Y(fecundity)=-3.524+0.707T-0.00679T2和Y(fecundity)=-20.104+1.9827-0.0203T2;(6)推迟供给寄主明显影响桔小实蝇雌成虫的产卵量,推迟0、5、10、15、20、25 d供给寄主,取食杨桃的桔小实蝇雌虫在25℃下的平均产卵量分别为968.5、736.6、710.5、658.3、644.1和576.3粒/雌。     

不同寄主植物对幻紫斑蝶产卵选择及种群适合度的影响

通过研究幻紫斑蝶(Euploea core Cramer)成虫对6种寄主植物和2种非寄主植物的产卵选择,以及用5种寄主植物饲养下幻紫斑蝶的发育、存活和繁殖情况,为幻紫斑蝶人工规模化养殖提供理论依据。幻紫斑蝶成虫优先选择聚果榕,其次选择古钩藤和马利筋进行产卵;用黄花夹竹桃饲养的幻紫斑蝶发育历期最长,用马利筋饲养的幻紫斑蝶发育历期最短;用古钩藤、爬森藤和马利筋饲养的幻紫斑蝶蛹的质量、体长和头宽均大于其它两种寄主植物;用古钩藤、爬森藤和聚果榕饲养的幻紫斑蝶存活率较高,而黄花夹竹桃最低;用古钩藤饲养的幻紫斑蝶成虫产卵量、交配频率和卵孵化率均最高,其次为爬森藤。因此,聚果榕、古钩藤和马利筋可作为幻紫斑蝶成虫产卵的优势寄主,古钩藤和爬森藤可作为饲养幻紫斑蝶的优势寄主。     

Discrimination of parasitized aphids by a hoverfly predator: effects on larval performance, foraging, and oviposition behavior

The choice of oviposition site by female aphidophagous predators is crucial for offspring performance, especially in hoverflies whose newly hatched larvae are unable to move over large distance. Predator and parasitoid interactions within the aphidophagous guild are likely to be very important in influencing the choices made by predatory hoverfly females. In the present study, the foraging and oviposition behavior of the aphidophagous hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus DeGeer (Diptera: Syrphidae) was investigated with respect to the parasitized state of its aphid prey, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae), that were parasitized by Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). We also recorded the number of eggs laid by hoverfly females when subjected to parasitized aphids. Furthermore, we studied the influence of being fed with parasitized aphids on hoverfly larval performance. Hoverfly females did not exhibit any preference for plants infested with unparasitized or aphids parasitized for 7 days. On the other hand, plants infested with mummies or exuvia were less attractive for E. balteatus . These results were correlated with (i) the number of eggs laid by E. balteatus females and (ii) larval performance. Thus, our results demonstrate that E. balteatus behavior is affected by parasitoid presence through their exploitation of aphid colonies. Indeed, hoverfly predators select their prey according to the developmental state of the parasitoid larvae.     

Oviposition behaviour and host colony size discrimination in Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Three bioassays were used to examine the oviposition behaviour of the hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus (Degeer) in which various stimuli purported to influence host assessment and choice were tested. Episyrphus balteatus failed to exhibit enhanced behavioural responses, in terms of approaches and landings, to artificial leaves with the highest numbers of aphids, suggesting that females are merely responding to the colour of the artificial leaves. A density-dependent oviposition response was reported in a second bioassay using whole bean plants, although there was an asymptotic relationship. Syrphid responses, which were measured by oviposition over a five-day period, were greatest towards those plants with the highest number of aphids. In a final series of trials, gravid female E. balteatus showed a behavioural preference for filter papers treated with the greatest honeydew concentrations (0.26 mg microl(-1) honeydew). More time was spent in the treated areas and syrphids demonstrated more proboscis and ovipositor extensions in these treatments. These bioassays provided an opportunity to isolate some of the individual components of decision-making by female E. balteatus during egg-laying behaviour. A greater understanding of natural enemy behaviour is essential before enhanced control of pest populations in the field can be established.     

棉蚜对寄主的选择及寄主专化型研究

采用叶片选择法,生命表及EPG技术研究了棉蚜对寄主植物的选择和专化性,结果表明,棉花上生长的棉蚜对棉花,西葫芦和西瓜叶片均具有强选择性,而对黄瓜和南瓜选择性弱,西瓜,南瓜和黄瓜上生长的棉蚜对其原寄主选择性强,而对棉花选择性弱,棉花上的棉蚜转接到黄瓜和南瓜上,其存活率和繁殖力极低,棉蚜的取食行为在黄瓜和马铃薯,黄瓜和棉花之间存在明显的寄主专化型,黄瓜与棉花上的棉蚜相互转接均难成功,而黄瓜和马铃薯上的棉蚜转移具有不对称性。     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析

应用生命表技术分析了拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani(T.c)和卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogramm-atoidea bactrae Nagaraja(T.b)在两种繁蜂条件组配下（分别用米蛾Corcyra cephalomica(Stainton)(RM)卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)(DBM)卵繁育）对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析,结果表明：（1）在相同寄主繁蜂条件下,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂在小菜蛾卵上显示出较强的寄生潜能,米蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-DBM)的内禀增长率为0.3509和0.3450,而米蛾卵上所繁的澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的拟澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-DBM)的仅为0.2391和0.1902,T.b-RM和T.b-DBM的每雌平均寄生卵数为70.75和46.13粒,而T.c-RM和T.c-DBM的仅为64.90和31.73粒,但拟澳洲赤眼蜂的雌蜂寿命较卷蛾分索赤眼蜂更长。（2）在不同寄主繁蜂条件下,同种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能以米蛾卵所繁的仔蜂的各项寄生特性参数（内禀增长率,每雌寄生卵量,净生殖力,平均世代历期和雌蜂寿命）均优于用小菜蛾卵所繁之蜂,米蛾卵是其适宜的中间寄主。（3）长期用中间寄主繁蜂,赤眼蜂对目标寄主表现出一定的不适应性,中间寄主的驯化对赤眼蜂的寄生潜能有不容忽视的削弱作用。     

Effects of food and temperature on development,fecundity and life‐table parameters of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Development, reproduction and life tables of Adalia bipunctata (L.) were studied at three temperatures (19, 23 and 27°C) on a mixture of frozen pollen and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs as a factitious food and on the aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) as natural foods. Development time of A. bipunctata on all tested diets decreased with increasing temperature. Mortality was lowest at 23°C, averaging 44.5%, 42.6% and 24.3% on factitious food, A. pisum and M. persicae respectively. The shortest developmental time from egg to adult at this temperature was observed on factitious food (18.55 days). However, the factitious food was inferior to the aphid diets in terms of reproduction, yielding the longest pre‐oviposition period, shortest oviposition period and lowest fecundity. The mean oviposition rate at 23°C varied from 19.94 to 25.03 eggs day^?1 on factitious food and M. persicae respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) on different foods increased with increasing temperature and ranged from a minimum of 0.08 females/female/day on factitious food (19°C) to a maximum of 0.18 females/female/day on A. pisum (27°C). The results suggest that a mixture of E. kuehniella eggs and pollen fully support development of A. bipunctata larvae and can be used as an alternative to live aphids in the mass rearing of the pre‐imaginal stages of the predator. However, reproductive performance of a laboratory population may be better on aphids than on the factitious food.     

Aseptic rearing of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on a meridic diet

The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), was reared aseptically from newly hatched larvae to adults for three generations on a meridic diet. Growth and development on this diet were comparable with that on oligidic diets and on host‐plants. At 25 ± 1°C, 50–60% R.H., and 12‐h photophase, the average larval period was approx. 28 days, pre‐pupal and pupal 11–12 days, and pre‐oviposition approx. 2 days; the incuva‐tion period of eggs was approx. 7 days. The average developmental period from egg to adult was thus about 49 days; 89 % of larvae reached the adult stage. The average fecundity was 598 eggs per female, and the sex ratio was nearly 1:1. There were no differences in the rate of development or in fecundity of insects reared on media with and without a mould inhibitor.     

Role of prey–host plant associations on Harmonia axyridis and Episyrphus balteatus reproduction and predatory efficiency

In order to predict possible locations of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Episyrphus balteatus DeGeer (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the field, we studied their oviposition and prey preferences in relation to several host plant–prey associations under laboratory conditions. Oviposition preference of H. axyridis and E. balteatus females was determined for three aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)–host plant associations: Microlophium carnosum Buckton on stinging nettle [ Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae)], Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris on green pea [ Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae)], and Sitobion avenae F. on wheat [ Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae)]. Prey preference of H. axyridis and E. balteatus larvae was determined with the aphids M. carnosum , A. pisum , and S. avenae . Harmonia axyridis females showed a strong oviposition preference for the stinging nettle– M. carnosum association. The preferred association for ovipostion by E. balteatus was pea-hosting A. pisum , on which fecundity was also highest. Feeding behaviour was less restricted in H. axyridis , in which the preferred preys were M. carnosum and S. avenae . A lower specificity of predation was observed in E. balteatus larvae with respect to A. pisum . These laboratory experiments may help us to understand the spatial distribution of H. axyridis and E. balteatus in the field.     

合肥郊区春季菜园和茶园昆虫群落的组成及差异

20 0 0年春对合肥郊区菜园和茶园进行了 5天 1次的系统调查 ,共发现菜园有 3 7科 49种昆虫和蜘蛛 ,主要害虫为小菜蛾、菜粉蝶、几种蚜虫和潜叶蝇 ;茶园有 3 1科 44种。重要害虫是茶蚜和黑刺粉虱等。菜园和茶园中主要天敌是黑带食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫、蚜茧蜂和斜纹猫蛛。自 4月中旬 ,菜园物种数、个体数和多样性指数明显增大。茶园物种数、个体数和多样性指数波动性稍小。菜园害虫种数较多 ,个体数波动较大。茶园中益害物种数之比是 1 0 0 ,菜园中则为 0 5 8。主成分分析显示茶园群落的稳定性稍强。     

有性棉蚜交配和产卵习性的观察

有性棉蚜有多次交配习性,交配时间平均为41分钟。雌蚜寿命为28．1±6．0天,产卵前期为3．0±1．2天,产卵历期为15．3±3．8天,产卵后期为9．7±3．4大,每雌产卵8．1±1．6粒,卵的产出率平均为88．4％。群体产卵的始盛、高峰和盛末期分别在羽化后3～4天、7～8天和15～16天。未经交配的雌蚜在产卵方面有明显的负效应,产出的受精卵也不能孵化。