A comparison of dinitrogen fixation rates in wood litter decayed by white-rot and brown-rot fungi

Nitrogen fixation rates, as estimated by the acetylene reduction technique, were determined in conifer wood litter being decayed by brown- and white-rot fungi. Average ethylene production rates were significantly higher in white-rotted wood (15.1 nmol g^–1 day^–1) than in brown-rotted wood (2.3 nmol g^–1 day^–1). This difference may be related to a higher soluble sugar content in white-versus brown-rotted wood. The nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzospirillum was not detected in any of the decaying wood samples examined. Greater nitrogen additions from nitrogen-fixing bacteria may be a factor in the more rapid white-rot decay of hardwood litter, as compared to the slower brown-rot decay of conifer wood.     

White rot Basidiomycetes isolated from Chiloé National Park in Los Lagos region, Chile

Wood decomposition is an important component in forest ecosystems but information about the diversity of fungi causing decay is lacking. This is especially true for the temperate rain forests in Chile. These investigations show results of a biodiversity study of white-rot fungi in wood obtained from Chiloé National Park in Los Lagos region, Chile. Culturing from white-rotted wood followed by sequencing of the complete internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) or partial large subunit region of the rDNA, identified 12 different species in the Basidiomycota. All of these fungi were characterized as white rot fungi and were identified with a BLAST match of 97 % or greater to sequences in the GenBank database. Fungi obtained were species of Phlebia, Mycoacia, Hyphodontia, Bjerkandera, Phanerochaete, Stereum, Trametes, and Ceriporiopsis. This report identifies for the first time in Chile the species Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Hyphodontia radula, Phlebia radiata, Phanerochaete affinis, Peniophora cinerea, Stereum gausapatum, Phlebia setulosa and Phanerochaete sordida. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the type of decay caused by the fungi that were isolated and a combination of selective lignin degraders and simultaneous white rot fungi were found. Fungi that cause a selective degradation of lignin are of interest for bioprocessing technologies that require modification or degradation of lignin without cellulose removal.     

Do the unique properties of nanometals affect leachability or efficacy against fungi and termites?

Nanotechnology has the potential to affect the field of wood preservation through the creation of new and unique metal biocides with improved properties. This study evaluated leachability and efficacy of southern yellow pine wood treated with copper, zinc, or boron nanoparticles against mould fungi, decay fungi, and Eastern subterranean termites. Results showed that nanocopper with and without surfactant, nanozinc, and nanozinc plus silver with surfactant resisted leaching compared with metal oxide controls. Nearly all nanoboron and boric acid was released from the treated wood specimens during leaching. Mould fungi were moderately inhibited by nanozinc oxide with surfactant, but the other nanometal preparations did not significantly inhibit mould fungi. Mass loss from Gloeophyllum trabeum was significantly inhibited by all copper preparations, while Antrodia sp. was not inhibited by nanometal treatments. Nanometals imparted high resistance in southern yellow pine to the white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor. Unleached specimens treated with nanoboron or nanozinc plus surfactant caused 100% and 31% mortality, respectively. All specimens treated with nanozinc or nanozinc plus silver inhibited termite feeding, but the copper treatments were less effective against termites. Nanozinc possessed the most favorable properties: leach resistance, termite mortality, and inhibition of termite feeding and decay by the white-rot fungus.     

Decay and termite resistance of medium density fiberboard (MDF) made from different wood species

Medium density fiberboard (MDF) production worldwide is increasing due to the development of new manufacturing technologies. As a result, MDF products are increasingly utilized in traditional wood applications that require fungal and insect resistance. This study evaluated the ability of white and brown rot fungi and termites to decompose MDF consisting of different wood species by measuring weight loss. Furnish in the boards was prepared from heart and sapwood portions of pine (Pinus nigra Arnold var. pallasiana), beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), and European oak (Quercus robur L.) species. Fungal decay resistance tests were performed according to ASTM D 2017-81 standard method using two brown-rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. ex Fr.) Murr. (Mad 617), Postia placenta (Fries) M. Larsen et Lombard (Mad 698), and one white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor (L. ex Ft.) Pilat (Mad 697). MDF and wood specimens were also bioassayed against the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) in order to determine termite resistance of the specimens. MDF specimens containing oak and mixed furnish demonstrated increased durability against decay fungi. Only pine, oak, and mixed MDF specimens met the 25% or less weight loss limit to be classified resistant according to ASTM D 2017-81 standard method. Overall, MDF specimens made from oak showed better performance than oak solid wood specimens. Accelerated aging according to ASTM D 1037-96a standard method before fungal bioassay decreased fungal resistance of the specimens. In contrast to the fungal bioassay, MDF specimens made from beech and mixed furnish showed decreased weight losses from termite attack after 4 weeks. However, none of the MDF specimens were resistant to termite attack. In severe conditions, the MDFs may require the incorporation of chemical biocides prior to board production for increasing the resistance of MDF to termite attack.     

Fungal resistance of rubber wood modified by fatty acid chlorides

Decay resistance of Rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) esterified with three fatty acid chlorides (hexanoyl chloride (C6), decanoyl chloride (C10) and tetra-decanoyl chloride (C14)) was evaluated. Unmodified and modified wood samples were exposed to a brown rot (Polyporus meliae) and a white rot (Coriolus versicolor) fungus for 12 weeks. Unmodified rubber wood was severely decayed by P. meliae and C. versicolor, which was indicated by significant weight loss. The rate of decay by brown rot was higher than white rot. Modified wood samples exhibited very good resistant to brown and white-rot fungi. The degree of protection increased with increase in degree of modification. P. meliae, a brown rot fungus, removed structural carbohydrate component in unmodified wood selectively whereas, C. vesicolor showed preference to lignin. The FTIR spectra of modified wood exposed to fungi show no significant changes in relative peak intensities of lignin/carbohydrates indicating effectiveness of chemically modified wood in restricting chemical degradation. Chemical modification occurred more efficiently at carbohydrate portion of the wood. Therefore, it is more effective in retarding decay due to P. meliae.     

Selection of white-rot fungi for biopulping

Different rates of wood decay and ligninolytic activity were found in wood decayed by various white-rot fungi. Chemical and ultrastructural analyses showed wood decayed by Coriolus versicolor consisted of a nonselective attack on all cell wall components. Lignin degradation was restricted to the cell wall adjacent to hyphae or around the circumference of cell lumina. Decay by Phellinus pini, Phlebia tremellosus, Poria medullapanis and Scytinostroma galactinum was selective for lignin degradation. Secondary walls were void of lignin and middle lamellae were extensively degraded. A diffuse attack on lignin occurred throughout all cell wall layers. Variation in ligninolytic activity was found among strains of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Differences in weight loss as well as lignin and polysaccharide degradation were also found when wood of different coniferous and deciduous tree species was decayed by various white-rot fungi.     

Efficacy of tar oil recovered during slow pyrolysis of macadamia nut shells

Decay and termite resistance of wood treated with tar oil obtained from a commercial pyrolysis process of macadamia nut shells was evaluated. Vacuum-treated pinewood specimens were subjected to two brown- and two white-rot fungi based on the soil-block test method specified by the American Wood Protection Association after a 10-day-leaching process. Treated specimens were also subjected to the subterranean termite attack according to Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) for 3 weeks under laboratory conditions. In the study, growth inhibition of selected fungi with the tar oil was also tested in vitro. Treated wood specimens at a retention level of 460 kg m⁻³ showed good protection against all the fungi tested. Mass losses in leached specimens were less than those observed in unleached specimens. Similar results were seen when the specimens were subjected to termite attack. Inhibition tests showed that higher concentrations of the tar oil are critical for inhibition of the brown-rot fungi compared to the concentrations required to impede the white-rot and sap-staining fungi tested.     

Wood preference of spalting fungi in urban hardwood species

Five fungal species representing the three major spalting categories were inoculated onto wood of five different urban tree species with low to moderate economic value. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) was also inoculated to serve as a control. Test samples were evaluated both internally and externally for spalting. The tested fungi had significant preferences for different wood species, and the preferences appeared to be related to sucrose availability. Specifically, zone line producing fungi preferred American elm (Ulmus americana), while Arthrographis cuboidea (pink stain) preferred tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima). Wood species preference was also significant by decay class, with decay fungi preferring American elm, silver maple (Acer saccharinium), and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Staining fungi showed a preference for tree-of-heaven, while both decay classes readily colonized sugar maple and Norway maple (Acer platanoides).     

Protecting wood from mould,decay, and termites with multi-component biocide systems

Biocides must be developed for controlling mould establishment on cellulose-based building materials. Accordingly, biocides intended for indoor applications must be non-toxic, non-volatile, odourless, hypoallergenic, and able to provide long-term protection under conditions of high humidity. Multi-component biocide systems were tested in American Wood-Preservers’ Association soil block tests for inhibition of brown-rot and white-rot decay fungi and American Society for Testing and Materials standard tests for inhibition of mould fungi and termites. Multi-component systems combining a borate base supplemented with either 0.1% azole or 0.5% thujaplicin, performed well against the two brown-rot fungi Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum; the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor; the three mould fungi Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Trichoderma viride; and the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). It was concluded that for interior applications borate-based multi-component biocide systems can protect wood from decay fungi, mould fungi, and termites, and that a system containing thiabendazole provided protection at a lower retention than the other biocides in this study. Synergy was observed between the borate base and voriconazole in inhibition of mould.     

Spatial Patterns in Hyphal Growth and Substrate Exploitation within Norway Spruce Stems Colonized by the Pathogenic White-Rot Fungus Heterobasidion parviporum

In Norway spruce, a fungistatic reaction zone with a high pH and enrichment of phenolics is formed in the sapwood facing heartwood colonized by the white-rot fungus Heterobasidion parviporum. Fungal penetration of the reaction zone eventually results in expansion of this xylem defense. To obtain information about mechanisms operating upon heartwood and reaction zone colonization by the pathogen, hyphal growth and wood degradation were investigated using real-time PCR, microscopy, and comparative wood density analysis of naturally colonized trees with extensive stem decay. The hyphae associated with delignified wood at stump level were devoid of any extracellular matrix, whereas incipient decay at the top of decay columns was characterized by a carbohydrate-rich hyphal sheath attaching hyphae to tracheid walls. The amount of pathogen DNA peaked in aniline wood, a narrow darkened tissue at the colony border apparently representing a compromised region of the reaction zone. Vigorous production of pathogen conidiophores occurred in this region. Colonization of aniline wood was characterized by hyphal growth within polyphenolic lumen deposits in tracheids and rays, and the hyphae were fully encased in a carbohydrate-rich extracellular matrix. Together, these data indicate that the interaction of the fungus with the reaction zone involves a local concentration of fungal biomass that forms an efficient translocation channel for nutrients. Finally, the enhanced production of the hyphal sheath may be instrumental in lateral expansion of the decay column beyond the reaction zone boundary.To grow to great heights, trees continually replace their water- and nutrient-conducting elements. Older elements, such as the heartwood that is formed in many trees, gradually become nonconductive. In contrast to the living sapwood, heartwood lacks active defense mechanisms against microbes. However, lignin, the polymer coating cell wall polysaccharides, is highly resistant to microbial degradation. In fact, white-rot fungi, besides having evolved the ability to tolerate or detoxify the secondary metabolites accumulating in heartwood, are the only organisms capable of efficiently degrading lignin. Following establishment in the heartwood of living trees, the colonies of pathogenic white-rot fungi expand and eventually also threaten the conductive sapwood.The white-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato, composed of three species with overlapping geographic distributions and host ranges in Europe (23), is the most important pathogen of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) in boreal forests. Primary infection of Norway spruce stands by H. annosum sensu lato takes place through fresh thinning stumps or wounds on roots and at the base of the stem. Basidiospores landing on these entrance points give rise to mycelia which colonize the root systems, and eventually the fungus spreads into the stem heartwood. At sites infested with Heterobasidion parviporum, a species primarily restricted to Norway spruce, roots of saplings can become infected by the fungus after around 10 years of growth (25). Stem colonization usually initiates only after the heartwood has started to develop, which in Norway spruce takes place in trees 25 to 40 years old (17). Due to relatively rapid axial spread within heartwood, the decay column caused by H. annosum sensu lato often is up to 10 m high in the stems of mature Norway spruce trees.In response to sapwood challenge by an expanding heartwood-based colony of H. annosum sensu lato, Norway spruce forms a so-called reaction zone (RZ) in the border area between healthy sapwood and colonized heartwood. This xylem defense is characterized by high pH due to increased carbonate content and enrichment of phenolic compounds, particularly lignans, some of which have shown antifungal properties in bioassays (14, 30, 31). Although several wood decay fungi are able to eventually penetrate the RZ regions formed in trees, the strategies employed by fungi to breach these unique defense barriers are poorly understood (24). The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the mechanisms operating in heartwood colonization and expansion of the decay column via penetration of the RZ. To do this, we examined spatial growth of H. parviporum and the associated substrate exploitation patterns within naturally colonized mature stems of Norway spruce.     

Differences in crystalline cellulose modification due to degradation by brown and white rot fungi

Wood-decaying basidiomycetes are some of the most effective bioconverters of lignocellulose in nature, however the way they alter wood crystalline cellulose on a molecular level is still not well understood. To address this, we examined and compared changes in wood undergoing decay by two species of brown rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Meruliporia incrassata, and two species of white rot fungi, Irpex lacteus and Pycnoporus sanguineus, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ¹³C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The overall percent crystallinity in wood undergoing decay by M. incrassata, G. trabeum, and I. lacteus appeared to decrease according to the stage of decay, while in wood decayed by P. sanguineus the crystallinity was found to increase during some stages of degradation. This result is suggested to be potentially due to the different decay strategies employed by these fungi. The average spacing between the 200 cellulose crystal planes was significantly decreased in wood degraded by brown rot, whereas changes observed in wood degraded by the two white rot fungi examined varied according to the selectivity for lignin. The conclusions were supported by a quantitative analysis of the structural components in the wood before and during decay confirming the distinct differences observed for brown and white rot fungi. The results from this study were consistent with differences in degradation methods previously reported among fungal species, specifically more non-enzymatic degradation in brown rot versus more enzymatic degradation in white rot.     

Effects of Nitrogen Supplements on Degradation of Aspen Wood Lignin and Carbohydrate Components by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

A supplement of KH₂PO₄, MgSO₄, CaCl₂, trace elements, and thiamine accelerated the initial rate of aspen wood decay by Phanerochaete chrysosporium but did not increase the extent of lignin degradation. Asparagine, casein hydrolysate, and urea supplements (1% added N) strongly inhibited lignin degradation and weight loss. The complex nitrogen sources peptone and yeast extract stimulated lignin degradation and weight loss. Albumen and NH₄Cl had intermediate effects. Conversion of [¹⁴C]lignin to ¹⁴CO₂ and water-soluble materials underestimated lignin degradation in the presence of the complex N sources. The highest ratio of lignin degradation to total weight loss and the largest increase in cellulase digestibility occurred during the decay of unsupplemented wood. Rotting of aspen wood by P. chrysosporium gives smaller digestibility increases than have been found with some other white-rot fungi.     

The GSTome Reflects the Chemical Environment of White-Rot Fungi

White-rot fungi possess the unique ability to degrade and mineralize all the different components of wood. In other respects, wood durability, among other factors, is due to the presence of extractives that are potential antimicrobial molecules. To cope with these molecules, wood decay fungi have developed a complex detoxification network including glutathione transferases (GST). The interactions between GSTs from two white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and an environmental library of wood extracts have been studied. The results demonstrate that the specificity of these interactions is closely related to the chemical composition of the extracts in accordance with the tree species and their localization inside the wood (sapwood vs heartwood vs knotwood). These data suggest that the fungal GSTome could reflect the chemical environment encountered by these fungi during wood degradation and could be a way to study their adaptation to their way of life.     

Montan wax improves performance of boron-based wood preservatives

Importance of boron compounds in wood preservation is increasing due to their low environmental impact, high efficacy and the fact that many other active ingredients have been removed from the market after the introduction of the Biocidal Products Directive. The most important drawback of boron is prominent leaching in wet environment. In order to improve their fixation, and performance against wood decay fungi, boric acid was combined with montan wax emulsion. Possible synergistic effects of boric acid and montan wax were determined according to modified EN 113 procedure. Norway spruce and beech wood specimens were exposed to three white rot (Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Hypoxylon fragiforme) and brown rot wood decay fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum, Antrodia vaillantii and Serpula lacrymans) for 12 weeks. Boron leaching from vacuum/pressure treated Norway spruce wood was determined according to the continuous (EN 84 and ENV 1250-2) and non-continuous (OECD and prCEN/TS 15119-1) procedures. Boron was determined with ICP mass spectrometry in collected leachates. The results of the fungicidal tests clearly showed that montan wax emulsion and boric acid act synergistically against tested wood decay fungi. Approximately 50% lower boric acid retentions are required in combination with montan wax emulsions to achieve sufficient protection against wood rotting fungi. However, it is even more important that all leaching tests performed proved that the addition of montan wax decreased boron leaching from impregnated specimens for 20% up to 50%.     

Metabolic activities and ultrastructure imaging at late-stage of wood decomposition in interactive brown rot - white rot fungal combinations

Basidiomycota brown rot fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola) and two white rot fungi (Phlebia radiata, Trichaptum abietinum) were cultivated on thin slices of spruce wood individually and in interspecies combinations. Within 12 months, F. pinicola substantially decomposed spruce wood observed as mass loss, also in three-species combinations. However, white rot fungi through hyphal interactions negatively affected the brown-rot indicative iron reduction capacity of F. pinicola. Decay-signature gene expression in mycelial interaction zones indicated suppression of brown rot mechanism but stimulation of enzymatic white-rot lignin attack by P. radiata. Wood ultrastructure imaging showed white-rot dominance in the fungal combinations, whereas destructive brown-rot was evident with F. pinicola alone. Our results confirm the dynamic pattern of enzyme production in fungal combinations, and transition from brown to white rot decomposition metabolism during the late stage of wood decay after one year of interspecific interactions.     

Biodeterioration of brazilwood Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae—Caesalpinioideae) by rot fungi and termites

The heartwood of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae) (commonly called brazilwood) is used for violin bow manufacture due to the unique vibrational and physical properties found in the wood. In the present work, the effects of Pycnoporus sanguineus (white-rot fungus), Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown-rot fungus), Chaetomium globosum (soft-rot fungus), and Cryptotermes brevis (dry-wood termite) on weight losses and chemical composition of extractives and cell-wall polysaccharides of C. echinata wood were investigated under laboratory conditions and compared to those obtained for Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Eucalyptus grandis, and Pinus elliottii. The heartwood of C. echinata was found to be as resistant as A. macrocarpa to the decay fungi tested and to the attack of the dry-wood termite. Pinitol and galactopinitol A were the main sugar alcohols found in the extractives of wood of C. echinata, their presence, however, did not appear related to the resistance to fungal decay. Although only incipient stages of decay were found, the modifications in cell-wall polysaccharide composition of heartwood of C. echinata by rot fungi were related to decrease in polymers other than xylans. The high resistance of C. echinata to xylophages is probably due to the presence of toxic extractives in the wood.     

Accumulation and decay dynamics of coarse woody debris in a Japanese old-growth subalpine coniferous forest

Far less is known about the coarse woody debris (CWD) stock and decay process in temperate Asia compared with that in boreal and temperate Europe and North America. We estimated coniferous CWD stock (logs and snags), decay rate and process, and fungal species responsible for the decay process in a Japanese subalpine coniferous forest. The CWD mass was 42.4 Mg ha^?1, which was the greatest among the previous data recorded in temperate Asia. The decay rate calculated using the annual input of CWD divided by CWD accumulation was 0.036 year^?1, whereas the decay rate when measured chronosequentially was 0.020–0.023 year^?1. The decay process was divided into two phases characterized by different dominant organic chemical constituents. In the first phase, both acid-unhydrolyzable residue and holocellulose decayed simultaneously, suggestive of the white-rot process. In the second phase, holocellulose was selectively decomposed and AUR accumulated, suggestive of the brown-rot process. Nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Mg, and Ca) were mineralized in the first phase but immobilized in the second phase. The fruiting bodies of 26 taxa of fungi were recorded as occurring on CWD in the study area. Trichaptum abietinum and T. fuscoviolaceum, which dominated in the first phase and are known as white-rot fungi, were assumed to be the main decomposers of lignocellulose in the first phase. Although no known strong wood decomposers dominated the second phase, Laetiporus sulphureus and Oligoporus caesius, known as brown-rot fungi, were expected to participate in the selective decomposition of holocellulose in the second phase.     

Wood durability of home-garden teak against brown-rot and white-rot fungi

Natural decay resistance of teak wood grown in home-garden forestry and the factors influencing decay resistance were determined in comparison with that of a typical forest plantation. Accelerated laboratory tests were conducted on 1800 wood samples drawn from 15 trees of three planted sites. Analysis of variance based on a univariate mixed model showed that planted site, fungal species, and their interaction terms were important sources of variation in decay resistance. With increasing decay resistance from centre to periphery of the heartwood, radial position was a critical factor and the interaction effect of fungal species × radial position was significant in influencing the durability. No significant differences were found in decay resistance either between the opposite radii or due to the various possible interaction terms of radii with the site, fungal species and radial position. There were significant differences in decay resistance against brown-rot fungi between wet and dry sites of home-garden teak although differences against white-rot fungi were non-significant among the three planted sites. Polyporus palustris was the more aggressive brown-rot fungus than Gloeophyllum trabeum. The higher susceptibility of wet site home-garden teak to brown-rot decay was associated with a paler colour of the wood and lower extractive content.     

Screening of New Zealand Native White-Rot Isolates for PCP Degradation

From a pool of 367 white-rot fungi native to New Zealand (over 77 genera), isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential of pentachlorophenol (PCP). Fungi were tested for their ligninolytic activity (Poly R-478, 367 isolates; wood decay, 235 isolates), tolerance to temperature (261 isolates), resistance to PCP (253 isolates), and PCP degradation potential plus laccase expression (20 isolates). Of the isolates tested, 26% showed a discolouration in the polymeric dye assay, but all caused wood decay (5 to 169 mm) on willow cuttings. In the temperature tolerance tests, all isolates survived incubation from 0 to 30°C, however, 18% and 40% did not survive incubation at 35 and 40°C, respectively. In the PCP resistance tests, 23 isolates (9%) were able to grow on 200 mg/L PCP amended agar, of which 20 isolates were further studied for laccase expression and PCP degradation in vitro. All 20 isolates reduced (P < 0.05) PCP in the liquid fraction in the absence or presence of laccase and five of the isolates produced no detectable levels of PCP. None of the screening tests were predictive for PCP degradation in vitro. The requirements to build a database to select a superior white-rot fungal isolates for bioremediation is discussed.     

Elucidating wood decomposition by four species of Ganoderma from the United States

The laccate (shiny or varnished) Ganoderma contain fungi that are important wood decay fungi of living trees and decomposers of woody debris. They are also an important group of fungi for their degradative enzymes and bioprocessing potential. Laboratory decay microcosms (LDMs) were used to study the relative decay ability of G anoderma curtisii, Ganoderma meredithiae, Ganoderma sessile, and G anoderma zonatum, which are four commonly encountered Ganoderma species in the U.S., across four wood types (Pinus taeda, Quercus nigra, Q uercus virginiana, and Sabal palmetto). Generally, all Ganoderma species were able to decay all types of wood tested despite not being associated with only certain wood types in nature. G. sessile, on average caused the most decay across all wood types. Among the wood types tested, water oak (Q. nigra) had the most mass loss by all species of Ganoderma. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess micromorphological decay patterns across all treatments. All Ganoderma species simultaneously decayed wood cells of all wood types demonstrating their ability to attack all cell wall components. However, G. zonatum caused selective delignification in some sclerenchyma fibers of the vascular bundles in palm (S. palmetto) as well as in fibers of water oak. In addition, G. zonatum hyphae penetrated fibers of palm and oak wood causing an unusual decay not often observed in basidiomycetes resulting in cavity formation in secondary walls. Cavities within the secondary walls of fibers gradually expanded and coalesced resulting in degradation of the S2 layer. Differences in colony growth rates were observed when Ganoderma species were grown on medium amended with water soluble sapwood extracts from each wood type. G. meredithiae had enhanced growth on all media amended with sapwood extracts, while G. curtisii, G. sessile and G. zonatum had slower growth on loblolly pine extract amended medium.